The present disclosure relates generally to a manufacturing system and, more particularly, to a system and head for continuously manufacturing composite structures.
Continuous fiber 3D printing (a.k.a., CF3D®) involves the use of continuous fibers embedded within a matrix discharging from a moveable print head. The matrix can be a traditional thermoplastic, a powdered metal, a liquid resin (e.g., a UV curable and/or two-part resin), or a combination of any of these and other known matrixes. Upon exiting the print head, a head-mounted cure enhancer (e.g., a UV light, an ultrasonic emitter, a heat source, a catalyst supply, etc.) is activated to initiate and/or complete curing of the matrix. This curing occurs almost immediately, allowing for unsupported structures to be fabricated in free space. When fibers, particularly continuous fibers, are embedded within the structure, a strength of the structure may be multiplied beyond the matrix-dependent strength. An example of this technology is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,511,543 that issued to Tyler on Dec. 6, 2016 (“the '543 patent”).
Although CF3D® provides for increased strength, compared to manufacturing processes that do not utilize continuous fiber reinforcement, improvements can be made to the structure and/or operation of existing systems. The disclosed additive manufacturing system is uniquely configured to provide these improvements and/or to address other issues of the prior art.
In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to an additive manufacturing system. The additive manufacturing system may include a print head configured to discharge a continuous reinforcement that is at least partially coated in a matrix, and a compactor configured to compact the continuous reinforcement and the matrix. The additive manufacturing system may also include a cure enhancer configured to direct a path of cure energy toward the matrix after discharge, wherein the path of cure energy passes through at least a portion of the compactor.
In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for additively manufacturing a composite structure. The method may include discharging a continuous reinforcement that is at least partially coated in a matrix, and compacting the continuous reinforcement and the matrix with a compactor. The method may also include directing cure energy through the compactor toward the matrix.
Head 16 may be configured to receive or otherwise contain a matrix. The matrix may include any type of material (e.g., a liquid resin, such as a zero-volatile organic compound resin; a powdered metal; a solid filament, etc.) that is curable. Exemplary matrixes include thermosets, single- or multi-part epoxy resins, polyester resins, cationic epoxies, acrylated epoxies, urethanes, esters, thermoplastics, photopolymers, polyepoxides, thiols, alkenes, thiol-enes, reversible resins (e.g., Triazolinedione, a covalent-adaptable network, a spatioselective reversible resin, etc.) and more. In one embodiment, the matrix inside head 16 may be pressurized, for example by an external device (e.g., an extruder or another type of pump—not shown) that is connected to head 16 via a corresponding conduit (not shown). In another embodiment, however, the matrix pressure may be generated completely inside of head 16 by a similar type of device. In yet other embodiments, the matrix may be gravity-fed through and/or mixed within head 16. In some instances, the matrix inside head 16 may need to be kept cool and/or dark to inhibit premature curing; while in other instances, the matrix may need to be kept warm for similar reasons. In either situation, head 16 may be specially configured (e.g., insulated, temperature-controlled, shielded, etc.) to provide for these needs.
The matrix may be used to coat, encase, or otherwise at least partially surround (e.g., wet) any number of continuous reinforcements (e.g., separate fibers, tows, rovings, ribbons, and/or sheets of material) and, together with the reinforcements, make up at least a portion (e.g., a wall) of composite structure 12. The reinforcements may be stored within (e.g., on separate internal spools—not shown) or otherwise passed through head 16 (e.g., fed from one or more external spools—not shown). When multiple reinforcements are simultaneously used, the reinforcements may be of the same type and have the same diameter and cross-sectional shape (e.g., circular, square, flat, hollow, solid, etc.), or of a different type with different diameters and/or cross-sectional shapes. The reinforcements may include, for example, carbon fibers, vegetable fibers, wood fibers, mineral fibers, glass fibers, metallic wires, optical tubes, etc. It should be noted that the term “reinforcement” is meant to encompass both structural and non-structural types of continuous materials that can be at least partially encased in the matrix discharging from head 16.
The reinforcements may be exposed to (e.g., coated with) the matrix while the reinforcements are inside head 16, while the reinforcements are being passed to head 16 (e.g., as a prepreg material), and/or while the reinforcements are discharging from head 16, as desired. The matrix, dry reinforcements, and/or reinforcements that are already exposed to the matrix (e.g., wetted reinforcements) may be transported into head 16 in any manner apparent to one skilled in the art.
The matrix and reinforcement may be discharged from head 16 via at least two different modes of operation. In a first mode of operation, the matrix and reinforcement are extruded (e.g., pushed under pressure and/or mechanical force) from head 16, as head 16 is moved by support 14 to create the 3-dimensional shape of structure 12. In a second mode of operation, at least the reinforcement is pulled from head 16, such that a tensile stress is created in the reinforcement during discharge. In this mode of operation, the matrix may cling to the reinforcement and thereby also be pulled from head 16 along with the reinforcement, and/or the matrix may be discharged from head 16 under pressure along with the pulled reinforcement. In the second mode of operation, where the matrix material is being pulled from head 16 with the reinforcement, the resulting tension in the reinforcement may increase a strength of structure 12 (e.g., by aligning the reinforcements, inhibiting buckling, equally distributing loads, etc.), while also allowing for a greater length of unsupported structure 12 to have a straighter trajectory (e.g., by creating moments that oppose gravity).
The reinforcement may be pulled from head 16 as a result of head 16 moving away from an anchor point 18. In particular, at the start of structure-formation, a length of matrix-impregnated reinforcement may be pulled and/or pushed from head 16, deposited onto a stationary or moveable anchor point 18, and cured, such that the discharged material adheres to anchor point 18. Thereafter, head 16 may be moved away from anchor point 18, and the relative movement may cause additional reinforcement to be pulled from head 16. It should be noted that the movement of the reinforcement through head 16 could be assisted (e.g., via internal feed mechanisms), if desired. However, the discharge rate of the reinforcement from head 16 may primarily be the result of relative movement between head 16 and anchor point 18, such that tension is created within the reinforcement.
Any number of reinforcements (represented as “R”) may be passed axially through head 16 and be discharged together with at least a partial coating of matrix (matrix represented as “M” in
A controller 22 may be provided and communicatively coupled with support 14, head 16, and any number and type of cure enhancers 20. Controller 22 may embody a single processor or multiple processors that include a means for controlling an operation of system 10. Controller 22 may include one or more general- or special-purpose processors or microprocessors. Controller 22 may further include or be associated with a memory for storing data such as, for example, design limits, performance characteristics, operational instructions, matrix characteristics, reinforcement characteristics, characteristics of structure 12, and corresponding parameters of each component of system 10. Various other known circuits may be associated with controller 22, including power supply circuitry, signal-conditioning circuitry, solenoid/motor driver circuitry, communication circuitry, and other appropriate circuitry. Moreover, controller 22 may be capable of communicating with other components of system 10 via wired and/or wireless transmission.
One or more maps may be stored in the memory of controller 22 and used during fabrication of structure 12. Each of these maps may include a collection of data in the form of models, lookup tables, graphs, and/or equations. In the disclosed embodiment, the maps are used by controller 22 to determine desired characteristics of cure enhancers 20, the associated matrix, and/or the associated reinforcements at different locations within structure 12. The characteristics may include, among others, a type, quantity, and/or configuration of reinforcement and/or matrix to be discharged at a particular location within structure 12, and/or an amount, intensity, shape, and/or location of desired curing. Controller 22 may then correlate operation of support 14 (e.g., the location and/or orientation of head 16) and/or the discharge of material from head 16 (a type of material, desired performance of the material, cross-linking requirements of the material, a discharge rate, etc.) with the operation of cure enhancers 20, such that structure 12 is produced in a desired manner.
In some applications, higher levels of interlaminar strength, increased fiber volume, and/or decreased void content may be realized by pressing newly discharging material against underlying layers of material that were discharged during previous fabrication passes of head 16, before and/or while the newly discharged material is exposed to the energy from cure enhancers 20. Historically, this pressing action was facilitated by a rolling or sliding compactor located at the discharge end of head 16. An exemplary compactor 24 is illustrated in
As shown in the embodiments of
In order to inhibit energy dissipation and/or loss of the cure energy within compactor 24, outer surface 34 may be segmented via one or more dividers 36. Dividers 36 may lie in a plane generally aligned with and passing through an axis of wheel 26, and extend radially outward at least partially through outer surface 34. Dividers 36 may be fabricated from or otherwise coated with a material configured to reflect the energy from cure enhancer(s) 20. Any number of dividers 36 may be utilized to create as many separated energy-transmitting channels and/or energy-blocking areas as desired. In addition to dividers 36, it is contemplated that one or more dividers 38 lying in a plane generally orthogonal to (or oriented at an oblique angle relative to) the axis of wheel 26 may be used to further focus the energy from cure enhancer(s) 20. In some applications, a spacing between dividers 36 and/or 38 may be adjustable during material discharge to selectively vary and/or focus cure path parameters.
During discharge, the reinforcement may at least partially wrap around wheel 26 to the nip point at or near curing location 30. Cure energy may pass through wheel 26 and at least partially cure the coating of matrix on the reinforcement.
In another example of compactor 24 shown in
It is contemplated that the amount and/or intensity of energy within the line formed by slit 44 may be generally consistent along a length of the line. However, in some applications, it may be beneficial for portions of the line to have a greater amount and/or intensity of cure energy. This may be helpful, for example, when cornering, such that material at an outer radius of a corner (e.g., where a velocity of compactor 24 over the material may be greater) may be exposed to about the same amount and/or intensity of energy as material passing under compactor 24 at an inner radius of the corner. This gradient may be achieved via additional cure enhancer(s) 20 that are selectively activated, additional conduits that are selectively exposed to the cure energy, and/or conduits having greater energy passing capabilities.
During discharge of the composite material, the matrix may snap-cure as slit 44 moves over the material, thereby limiting wandering of the associated reinforcement in the axial direction of compactor 24. Both inner and outer rollers 40, 42 may be biased toward the discharging material (e.g., via a spring, a pneumatic piston, a mechanical bracket, etc.—not shown), such that the material is compacted by a desired amount at the time of curing.
In some applications, it may be possible for excess matrix material to cure onto the transparent outer surface of roller 42. In these applications, a scraper 46 may be provided to scrape away or otherwise remove the excess matrix.
Although compactor 24 in the embodiments of
In the example of
As shown in the examples of
In some embodiments, instead of the energy path(s) passing straight through compactor 24, one or more of the path(s) may be redirected (e.g., bent—shown in
In a final example illustrated in
The disclosed systems may be used to continuously manufacture composite structures having any desired cross-sectional shape and length. The composite structures may include any number of different fibers of the same or different types and of the same or different diameters, and any number of different matrixes of the same or different makeup. Operation of system 10 will now be described in detail.
At a start of a manufacturing event, information regarding a desired structure 12 may be loaded into system 10 (e.g., into controller 22 that is responsible for regulating operations of support 14 and/or head 16). This information may include, among other things, a size (e.g., diameter, wall thickness, length, etc.), a contour (e.g., a trajectory), surface features (e.g., ridge size, location, thickness, length; flange size, location, thickness, length; etc.), connection geometry (e.g., locations and sizes of couplings, tees, splices, etc.), desired weave patterns, weave transition locations, etc. It should be noted that this information may alternatively or additionally be loaded into system 10 at different times and/or continuously during the manufacturing event, if desired. Based on the component information, one or more different reinforcements and/or matrix materials may be selectively installed and/or continuously supplied into system 10.
To install the reinforcements, individual fibers, tows, and/or ribbons may be passed through head 16. In some embodiments, the reinforcements may be passed under compactor 24 (e.g., under wheel 26) and/or attached to anchor point 18. Installation of the matrix material may include filling head 16 and/or coupling of an extruder (not shown) to head 16.
The component information may then be used to control operation of system 10. For example, the reinforcements may be pulled and/or pushed along with the matrix material from head 16. Support 14 may also selectively move head 16 and/or the anchor point in a desired manner, such that an axis of the resulting structure 12 follows a desired three-dimensional trajectory. Once structure 12 has grown to a desired length, structure 12 may be severed from system 10.
The disclosed head 16 may have improved curing and discharge-location control. Curing may be improved via precise control over the location at which a desired amount and intensity of cure energy impinges discharging material. Discharge-location control may improve curing at the nip location, such that the discharging material does not move significantly after compactor 24 has moved over the material.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed system and head. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed system and head. For example, it is contemplated that the disclosed cure enhancer/compactor relationships may be applied to heads 16 which include a nozzle that feeds material to compactor 24 or that are nozzle-less, as desired. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/769,498 that was filed on Nov. 19, 2018 and 62/853,610 that was filed on May 28, 2019, the contents of all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3286305 | Seckel | Nov 1966 | A |
3809514 | Nunez | May 1974 | A |
3984271 | Gilbu | Oct 1976 | A |
3993726 | Moyer | Nov 1976 | A |
4643940 | Shaw et al. | Feb 1987 | A |
4671761 | Adrian et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
4822548 | Hempel | Apr 1989 | A |
4851065 | Curtz | Jul 1989 | A |
5002712 | Goldmann et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
5037691 | Medney et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
5296335 | Thomas et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5340433 | Crump | Aug 1994 | A |
5425848 | Haisma | Jun 1995 | A |
5746967 | Hoy et al. | May 1998 | A |
5866058 | Batchelder et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
5936861 | Jang et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
6153034 | Lipsker | Nov 2000 | A |
6459069 | Rabinovich | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6501554 | Hackney et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6799081 | Hale et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
6803003 | Rigali et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
6934600 | Jang et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
7039485 | Engelbart et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7555404 | Brennan et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7795349 | Bredt et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
8221669 | Batchelder et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8962717 | Roth et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
9126365 | Mark et al. | Sep 2015 | B1 |
9126367 | Mark et al. | Sep 2015 | B1 |
9149988 | Mark et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
9156205 | Mark et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
9186846 | Mark et al. | Nov 2015 | B1 |
9186848 | Mark et al. | Nov 2015 | B2 |
9327452 | Mark et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
9327453 | Mark et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
9370896 | Mark | Jun 2016 | B2 |
9381702 | Hollander | Jul 2016 | B2 |
9457521 | Johnston et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
9458955 | Hammer et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
9527248 | Hollander | Dec 2016 | B2 |
9539762 | Durand et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
9579851 | Mark et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
9688028 | Mark et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
9694544 | Mark et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
9757879 | Engel | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9764378 | Peters et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9770876 | Farmer et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
9782926 | Witzel et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
9796140 | Page | Oct 2017 | B2 |
10427332 | Engel | Oct 2019 | B2 |
20020009935 | Hsiao et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020062909 | Jang et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
20020113331 | Zhang et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020165304 | Mulligan et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030044539 | Oswald | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030056870 | Comb et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030160970 | Basu et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030186042 | Dunlap et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030236588 | Jang et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20050006803 | Owens | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050061422 | Martin | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050104257 | Gu et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050109451 | Hauber et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050230029 | Vaidyanathan et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20070003650 | Schroeder | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070228592 | Dunn et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20080176092 | Owens | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20090095410 | Oldani | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20110032301 | Fienup et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110143108 | Fruth et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20120060468 | Dushku et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120159785 | Pyles et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120231225 | Mikulak et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
20120247655 | Erb et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20130164498 | Langone et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130209600 | Tow | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130233471 | Kappesser et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130260110 | Yasukochi | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130292039 | Peters et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130337256 | Farmer et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20130337265 | Farmer | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140034214 | Boyer et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140061974 | Tyler | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140159284 | Leavitt | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140232035 | Bheda | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140268604 | Wicker et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140291886 | Mark et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
20150136455 | Fleming | May 2015 | A1 |
20150273762 | Okamoto | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20160012935 | Rothfuss | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160031155 | Tyler | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160046082 | Fuerstenberg | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160052208 | Debora et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160082641 | Bogucki et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160082659 | Hickman et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160107379 | Mark et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
20160114532 | Schirtzinger et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
20160136885 | Nielsen-Cole et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160144565 | Mark et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160144566 | Mark et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
20160192741 | Mark | Jul 2016 | A1 |
20160200047 | Mark et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
20160243762 | Fleming et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160263806 | Gardiner | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160263822 | Boyd | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160263823 | Espiau et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160271876 | Lower | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160297104 | Guillemette et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160311165 | Mark et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
20160325491 | Sweeney et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160332369 | Shah et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160339633 | Stolyarov et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160346998 | Mark et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160361869 | Mark et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160368213 | Mark | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160368255 | Witte et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20170001384 | Eitzinger et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007359 | Kopelman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007360 | Kopelman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007361 | Boronkay et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007362 | Chen et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007363 | Boronkay | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007365 | Kopelman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007366 | Kopelman et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007367 | Li et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007368 | Boronkay | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170007386 | Mason et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170008333 | Mason et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170015059 | Lewicki | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170015060 | Lewicki et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170021565 | Deaville | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170028434 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028588 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028617 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028619 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028620 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028621 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028623 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028624 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028625 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028627 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028628 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028633 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028634 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028635 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028636 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028637 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028638 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028639 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170028644 | Evans et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170030207 | Kittleson | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170036403 | Ruff et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170050340 | Hollander | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170057164 | Hemphill et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170057165 | Waldrop et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170057167 | Tooren et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170057181 | Waldrop et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170064840 | Espalin et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170066187 | Mark et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170087768 | Bheda et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170106565 | Braley et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170120519 | Mark | May 2017 | A1 |
20170129170 | Kim et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170129171 | Gardner et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170129176 | Waatti et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170129182 | Sauti et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170129186 | Sauti et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170144375 | Waldrop et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
20170151728 | Kunc et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170157828 | Mandel et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170157831 | Mandel et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170157844 | Mandel et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170157851 | Nardiello et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170165908 | Pattinson et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170173868 | Mark | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170182712 | Scribner et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
20170210074 | Ueda et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
20170217088 | Boyd et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20170232674 | Mark | Aug 2017 | A1 |
20170259502 | Chapiro et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20170259507 | Hocker | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20170266876 | Hocker | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20170274585 | Armijo et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
20170284876 | Moorlag et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20170305041 | Engel | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20190016066 | Schlegel | Jan 2019 | A1 |
20200164572 | Bartow | May 2020 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
4102257 | Jul 1992 | DE |
2661551 | Nov 2013 | EP |
2589481 | Jan 2016 | EP |
3124213 | Feb 2017 | EP |
3219474 | Sep 2017 | EP |
100995983 | Nov 2010 | KR |
101172859 | Aug 2012 | KR |
2013017284 | Feb 2013 | WO |
2016088042 | Jun 2016 | WO |
2016088048 | Jun 2016 | WO |
2016110444 | Jul 2016 | WO |
2016159259 | Oct 2016 | WO |
2016196382 | Dec 2016 | WO |
2017006178 | Jan 2017 | WO |
2017006324 | Jan 2017 | WO |
2017051202 | Mar 2017 | WO |
2017081253 | May 2017 | WO |
2017085649 | May 2017 | WO |
2017087663 | May 2017 | WO |
2017108758 | Jun 2017 | WO |
2017122941 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017122942 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017122943 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017123726 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017124085 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017126476 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017126477 | Jul 2017 | WO |
2017137851 | Aug 2017 | WO |
2017142867 | Aug 2017 | WO |
2017150186 | Sep 2017 | WO |
2017150186 | Sep 2017 | WO |
Entry |
---|
A. Di. Pietro & Paul Compston, Resin Hardness and Interlaminar Shear Strength of a Glass-Fibre/Vinylester Composite Cured with High Intensity Ultraviolet (UV) Light, Journal of Materials Science, vol. 44, pp. 4188-4190 (Apr. 2009). |
A. Endruweit, M. S. Johnson, & A. C. Long, Curing of Composite Components by Ultraviolet Radiation: A Review, Polymer Composites, pp. 119-128 (Apr. 2006). |
C. Fragassa, & G. Minak, Standard Characterization for Mechanical Properties of Photopolymer Resins for Rapid Prototyping, 1st Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies of Design in Mechanical Engineering, Bertinoro, Italy (Jun. 25-28, 2008). |
Hyouk Ryeol Choi and Se-gon Roh, In-pipe Robot with Active Steering Capability for Moving Inside of Pipelines, Bioinspiration and Robotics: Walking and Climbing Robots, Sep. 2007, p. 544, I-Tech, Vienna, Austria. |
Kenneth C. Kennedy II & Robert P. Kusy, UV-Cured Pultrusion Processing of Glass-Reinforced Polymer Composites, Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology, vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 182-186 (Sep. 1995). |
M. Martin-Gallego et al., Epoxy-Graphene UV-Cured Nanocomposites, Polymer, vol. 52, Issue 21, pp. 4664-4669 (Sep. 2011). |
P. Compston, J. Schiemer, & A. Cvetanovska, Mechanical Properties and Styrene Emission Levels of a UV-Cured Glass-Fibre/Vinylester Composite, Composite Structures, vol. 86, pp. 22-26 (Mar. 2008). |
S Kumar & J.-P. Kruth, Composites by Rapid Prototyping Technology, Materials and Design, (Feb. 2009). |
S. L. Fan, F. Y. C. Boey, & M. J. M. Abadie, UV Curing of a Liquid Based Bismaleimide-Containing Polymer System, eXPRESS Polymer Letters, vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 397-405 (2007). |
T. M. Llewelly-Jones, Bruce W. Drinkwater, and Richard S. Trask; 3D Printed Components With Ultrasonically Arranged Microscale Structure, Smart Materials and Structures, 2016, pp. 1-6, vol. 25, IOP Publishing Ltd., UK. |
Vincent J. Lopata et al., Electron-Beam-Curable Epoxy Resins for the Manufacture of High-Performance Composites, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 56, pp. 405-415 (1999). |
Yugang Duan et al., Effects of Compaction and UV Exposure on Performance of Acrylate/Glass-Fiber Composites Cured Layer by Layer, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 123, Issue 6, pp. 3799-3805 (May 15, 2012). |
International Search Report dated Sep. 30, 2019 for PCT/US2019/043733 to Continuous Composites Inc. Filed Jul. 26, 2019. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20200156315 A1 | May 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62853610 | May 2019 | US | |
62769498 | Nov 2018 | US |