Patent Grant
7744167
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to deceleration control systems for vehicles, and more particularly concerns an adaptive brake application and initial skid detection system for braking of one or more wheels of an aircraft during landing that prevents deep initial skids, and to thus allow rapid brake application in a controlled manner.
2. Description of the Related Art
Anti-skid and automatic braking systems commonly have been provided on commercial and large turbine aircraft to aid the deceleration of the aircraft upon landing. Modern anti-skid systems typically optimize braking efficiency by adapting to runway conditions and other factors affecting braking to maximize deceleration, corresponding to the level of brake pressure selected by the pilot. In conventional antiskid systems, brakes are typically applied mechanically via a metering valve by the pilot, and as soon as the wheel brake pressure approaches the skid level, such as when an initial skid is detected, a brake pressure value is used to initialize the antiskid control system. However, it has been found that the success of this method does can be affected by such factors as the mode of aircraft operation, aircraft weight, tire/runway interfaces, and the like. It would therefore be desirable to provide an adaptive brake application system that can adjust brake pressure or torque application to account for such factors.
Furthermore, rapid pedal application by an aircraft pilot also can often create deep initial skids before an effective anti-skidding brake pressure or brake torque is determined and skidding is effectively controlled by conventional antiskid and brake control systems. Eliminating or reducing initial skids would result in shorter aircraft stopping distances, which allow the aircraft to land on shorter runways, and can result in reduced tire wear. It would thus be desirable to provide an initial skid detection system to automatically anticipate initial skid conditions and adjust to prevent deep initial skids, to allow the pilot to depress the brake pedals at any rate, while still providing for rapid brake application in a controlled manner. The present invention provides an adaptive brake application and initial skid detection system that meets these needs.
Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides for an adaptive brake application and initial skid detection system that allows rapid brake application, while preventing deep initial skids, by implementation of a skid anticipation system that is initialized as soon as a wheel approaches a skid level to reduce brake application pressure or torque and to apply brakes in a controlled manner.
The invention accordingly provides for a “smart” brake application and initial skid detection system for braking of a wheel of an aircraft during landing. The system is applicable to one or more wheels having a wheel brake for applying brake torque to the wheel. A brake pressure sensor generates brake pressure signals that are a function of the braking pressure applied to the wheel brake, and the brake pressure signals are compared with a predetermined threshold brake pressure. A wheel speed transducer produces wheel speed signals that are a function of the rotational speed of the wheel, and a wheel velocity signal is generated based upon the wheel speed signals. The wheel velocity is compared with a reference velocity signal for generating wheel velocity error signals indicative of the difference between the aircraft wheel velocity signals and the reference velocity signal. A pressure bias modulator integrator is also provided that is responsive to brake pressure signals for adjusting the wheel velocity error signals to provide an anti-skid control signal, and in one currently preferred embodiment the pressure bias modulator integrator is initialized with the predetermined threshold brake pressure plus a predetermined constant pressure value. A command processor generates a command brake pressure signal generated in response to a deceleration command, and brake pressure comparison means are provided for comparing the brake pressure signals with the command brake pressure signal for generating brake pressure difference signals indicative of the difference between the brake pressure signals and the command brake pressure signal. Control means provide an adjusted brake pressure signal to the wheel brake to control the wheel brake independently of operator brake application, in response to the brake pressure difference signals. In another presently preferred embodiment, the pressure bias modulator integrator is initialized to the value of a measured brake pressure when the wheel velocity error signal indicates the beginning of a skid.
In a currently preferred embodiment, means are also provided for adjusting the brake pressure error signals by a proportional pressure gain, an integral pressure gain, and a differential pressure gain. In another presently preferred embodiment, transient control means for providing a proportional control signal and compensation network means, both responsive to the velocity error signal, are also provided, and the outputs of the transient control means and compensation network means are summed with the output of the pressure bias modulator integrator.
From the above, it can be seen that the present invention provides a system and method to initiate brake control after rapid application of the brake pedal, but before the onset of skidding occurs. These and other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, which illustrate by way of example the features of the invention.
Effectiveness of conventional antiskid systems can be affected by the mode of aircraft operation, aircraft weight, tire/runway interfaces, and similar factors. Rapid aircraft brake pedal application, especially panic application, can also create deep initial skids before antiskid control is initiated, resulting in lengthening of aircraft stopping distances and increased tire wear.
The present invention provides a system and method for direction of the conditions for the onset of skidding, and the initiation of brake control to prevent deep skids prior to controlled deceleration. With reference to
The position of the aircraft brake pedal 32 operated by the pilot is typically read by a microcontroller 33 that generates a brake pedal command signal 34, from which a pressure application profile is determined. The command processor 30 receives the brake pedal command signal, the anti-skid control signal 28 via feedback line 36, and preferably also receives a locked wheel protection signal 38 indicating whether a wheel is locked, and a touchdown/hydroplaning protection signal 40, to guard against hydroplaning of a wheel on touchdown at high speeds. In a currently preferred embodiment, the command processor operates on the lowest input of the locked wheel protection signal, the touchdown protection signal, the pedal signal, and the antiskid signal. The commanded brake pressure signal output 42 of the command processor is compared with the brake pressure feedback signal 44 from brake pressure sensor 46 by comparator 48, which generates an output pressure error signal 50.
In a currently preferred embodiment, the brake pressure error signals are also adjusted by a proportional gain by proportional gain circuitry 52, an integral gain by integral gain circuitry 54, and a differential gain by differential gain circuitry 55 that together form a PID control loop, and the outputs of which are summed at summing junction 56 to provide an adjusted brake pressure signal 57. The adjusted brake pressure signal is also typically amplified by valve amplifier 58 to provide an amplified brake control signal applied to the brake control valve 60 that controls the application of pressurized brake fluid from system pressure 62 to the wheel brake.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the functions of the elements in the block 63 are performed by one or more microprocessors under appropriate software control, although alternatively these or analogous functions may be performed by suitable hardware components. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the component parameters and configurations will vary from aircraft to aircraft and that there is thus wide variability in how the system can be used.
“Smart” Brake Application:
Referring to
“Smart” Skid Detection:
When a wheel approaches the skid level, such as when Vs is detected to be greater than the present wheel velocity limit, then the PBM integrator is initialized by a means for initializing the PBM, such as the INIT unit 21 shown in
It should be apparent that this invention is not limited to velocity error type systems, and that the invention is also applicable to other brake control skid detection concepts, such as rate control/detection, as well as any system that monitors the brake application and pressure or torque.
From the above, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the present invention provides a new and novel method and apparatus to indicate brake control prior to the initialization of skids and to prevent overshoot and instability after brake control is begun.
It will also be apparent from the foregoing that while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/349,064, filed 22 Jan. 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,387,349, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/027,820, filed 21 Dec. 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,350, issued 4 Mar. 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/887,581, filed 21 Jun. 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,345,872, issued 2 Feb. 2002, which is a division of application Ser. No. 09/591,093, filed 8 Jun. 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,299,262, issued 9 Oct. 2001, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/850,680, filed 2 May 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,016, issued 12 Oct. 2000.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09591093 | Jun 2000 | US |
| Child | 09887581 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10349064 | Jan 2003 | US |
| Child | 12119673 | US | |
| Parent | 10027820 | Dec 2001 | US |
| Child | 10349064 | US | |
| Parent | 09887581 | Jun 2001 | US |
| Child | 10027820 | US | |
| Parent | 08850680 | May 1997 | US |
| Child | 09591093 | US |
