Patent Application
20050033717
The disclosures herein relate generally to providing web based services and particularly to providing a variety of services linked to a distributed Internet application.
A problem in building Java-based web applications is that in order to build web pages, web developers need to know how to retrieve data from various objects, each of which contains its own unique data model and relationship to other objects. Each of these objects will have a different interface, and thus, the page developer must know how to interact with each object based on its specific interface.
It would be of benefit to avoid such problems and build a common model of page data as a basis for use in a multi-tiered E-commerce architecture. This model of page data can then enhance interaction between various tiers of the architecture.
One embodiment, accordingly, provides a method of providing client services including providing a distributed Internet application linked to a presentation tier, an integration tier and a business tier. An application service is coupled to the presentation tier to determine task sequencing.
A principal advantage of this embodiment is that the E-commerce architecture is a tiered architecture implemented through a standard set of technical frameworks, each performing a well-defined set of functionality. These frameworks are designed to be extended at pre-defined points to create the specific functionality of each individual E-commerce application. These applications retain a standard flow of control as enforced by the frameworks and are delivered through a well-defined and repeatable process.
An E-commerce architecture is a process used by a provider for delivering applications to users on the Internet. An architecture that is process based defines components of the architecture and how they communicate.
A multi-tiered process based architecture is illustrated in
At the user interface 200,
As indicated previously, the E-platform application architecture 100 is a tiered architecture with specific frameworks providing the pattern and high-level control flow for the behavior of applications on each tier. The following sections describe the three key frameworks: Presentation Services, Application Services, and Connectivity Services as well as describing the approach used for interacting with Business and Data Services.
The purpose of the presentation tier 300 in a layered architecture is to communicate with the business tier 500 and to render the user interface 200 for the application relative to the specific device that is executing the application. Its role is to render the application user interface 200 for the appropriate device and to provide for personalization of the application content as required based on the user. The presentation tier 300 is responsible for managing the user interaction, handling simple field syntax validations, and communicating the results of user interactions to the business tier 500 for further processing. It may also handle some very simple application flow and would be responsible for factoring the application flow into smaller chunks for devices that have limited user interface viewports such as PDAs 206, phones 208, 212 etc.
The presentation tier 300 is implemented by presentation services 302. The presentation services 302 framework provides the following capabilities:
It should be noted that page data structure provides a generalized view of the data for a page supplemented by metadata (data that describes data) for things such as field labels, domain lists, edit rule definitions, help content and other extended attributes to enable generating the user interface for the page.
The integration tier 400 of the architecture is made up of two key frameworks including application services 402 and connectivity services 404.
Application services 402 is the mediator between presentation services 302 and connectivity services 404. It manages the high-level flow of the application between major business functions or tasks, manages the application context, controls access to the appropriate business and data services needed by the application and manages the interaction with the presentation tier, providing it with various presentation tasks for the user to interact with.
Application services 402 also facilitates other application functions such as handling application errors and exceptions, and providing for caching application context as necessary.
Connectivity services 404 provides for cross-platform connectivity with various business and data services. The following capabilities are supported:
The business tier 500 is responsible for encapsulating the interaction with the data tier 600 in order to translate data from back-end data sources into a set of objects and services that can be interacted with to perform specific business functions. The business tier 500 may include various business units including A, B, C and D. Each unit may be the provider of products and or services for the user. These business units may be for a single provider.
The primary purpose of the data tier 600 is to provide connectivity to back-end data sources and to provide the appropriate techniques for applications to access such data. It is responsible for insuring CRUD data access (create, read, update, delete functions) as well as mapping data from the business model to physical data stores. It also provides transactional support and error code to exception mapping. It also has a role in notifying applications when certain data has changed so that they can take appropriate action. The data tier 600 may include a data storage for each business unit, described above, as it relates to a specific client, accessible with an access code.
The presentation tier 300,
A field edit services portion 306, of the presentation tier 300 controls how to validate input fields, such as a social security number or other identifying data. A message display portion 308, controls how input errors are shown, for example, highlighting and displaying errors on a display screen. Also, a dynamic section generator portion 310, generates a user interface from the page data.
A controller portion 312 controls the flow of functions of the presentation tier 300. The controller portion 312 includes a presentation controller 314 and an application servlet 316 which validates a session established with a user and confirms security issues. A page data model is updated at 318 if valid.
The presentation tier manages the set of pages to be displayed for a particular presentation task. It uses a page flow configuration 319 to determine if more pages are needed, e.g., web pages P1, P2, P3, P4 . . . Pn, and schedules the appropriate page to be displayed. Pages are rendered through the use of Java Server pages at 320 with custom tags at 322 used to extract data from the page data model 318. The dynamic section generator 310 of presentation services 302 provides the ability to generate some or all of the hypertext markup language (HTML) code for a Java Server page 320 automatically based upon data and metadata found in page data model 318. This dynamically generated presentation can be tailored through the use of dynamic section templates 321. When the presentation task is completed and the page data model 318 has been updated, further communication is made with the application services 402 of the integration tier 400. Page flow 319 provides a rules-based page flow mechanism for controlling the flow of pages within a particular presentation task.
The integration tier 400 includes application services 402 and connectivity services 404. Application services 402 handles requests and responses at 406 as an interface with the presentation tier 300. Also, application services 402 interacts with the business tier 500 and data tier 600 via the connectivity services 404. This enhances updating and verifying data needed by the presentation tier 300 to build the page data model 318. An application service manager 408, controls the task order in which the data passes back to the presentation tier 300, e.g., tasks T1, T2, T3, T4 . . . Tn.
A connectivity layer 410 provides a continuous translation of data between the various data sources of data tier 600, which may be in various formats, and the business format being used in the presentation tier 300. The connectivity layer 410 monitors a record of data in and out of the data tier 600.
The business unit A of the business tier 500 may, for example, provide banking services. Business unit B may, for example, provide credit card services. Business unit C may, for example, provide property and casualty insurance services. Business unit D may, for example, provide investment services. Each unit A, B, C and D is connected to, and has access to a respective database AD, BD, CD and DD, which includes data relating a user to a particular business unit.
Therefore, the presentation tier 300 communicates with business tier 500 and data tier 600 via the integration tier 400. The connectivity layer 410 provides data translation capability between the various data formats of databases AD, BD, CD and DD and the business format in the presentation tier 300.
Thus, the data required from a specific business unit, e.g. data CD from business unit C, is mapped into the page data model 318, and is updated and verified as task T1, for example, until complete as determined by the application service manager 408. The application service manager 408 then presents the next task, e.g., T2 until completed. The break out of major business tasks T1-Tn is continued until all tasks are completed, verified and error free.
In use for example, in
Referring to flowchart 700,
An application servlet at step 710 receives the request. This application servlet collaborates with the Presentation Controller at step 711 as the controller (driver) for the application. It inherits from and extends the functionality provide by a servlet super-class provided by the Presentation Services framework of the E-Platform architecture.
The servlet super-class is responsible for implementing application security. It does so by delegating to a security module at step 715. This security module at step 715 authenticates the current user. If security checks are not passed at step 720 (Security passed=No), the user is automatically redirected to a screen to enter their user ID and password or a personal identification number (PIN) (depending on the requirements of the application). Once the user has been authenticated appropriately at step 720 (Security passed=Yes), the application is allowed to proceed.
Once the user has been authenticated by the framework and it has been determined that the user has authority to execute the application, the framework establishes the appropriate application context for the application at step 725. It does so by first checking to see if the request is for a new application or if the request is for a subsequent page of an application currently in progress. If the request is for a new application, the framework performs certain initialization activities for the application including setting up a new application context area at step 725 for the application in session. It also reads in various configuration files at step 726 for the application. If the request is for a subsequent page of an application, the framework connects to the existing application context at step 725.
The framework then prepares the appropriate references to Environment, User and Browser profiles at step 730 for use by the application.
Next, the framework uses information from the Browser Profile to determine the client device that is accessing the application at step 735. This information is used to determine the appropriate user interface to render.
If the request includes Form input data, the framework performs any front-line field edit checks at step 740 that the application has defined. These checks include mandatory field checks, data type checks, domain list validations, etc. If any checks fail at step 754 (Validations Passed=No), the previous page is redisplayed at flowchart 900 (discussed below) to the user with appropriate error messages inserted by the framework. Individual applications may extend or override these standard edit checks as necessary.
Once all validation checks have been passed at step 754 (Validations Passed=Yes), the PageData model that holds the data for the Presentation Tier pages is updated at step 755. The Presentation Services framework then determines if there are additional pages to be displayed within the current presentation task at step 760, to do so, it leverages the Page Flow Configuration 780. If more pages exist in the current Presentation Task 765 (More Pages in current Task=Yes), the framework determines the appropriate page to be displayed next 775. The framework then renders the presentation for the page 900.
If there are no additional pages to be displayed within the current presentation task at step 765 (More Pages in current Task=Yes), the application obtains the next Presentation Task from Application Services at step 770. It does so by interacting with flowchart 800 by invoking a specific Application Service at step 805. It passes any data collected within the current presentation task to the appropriate Application Service. The Application Service obtains the “action” from the data in the Application Service Request at step 810. For the case of a brand new application request, a factory class is called to retrieve an instance of an appropriate Application Service instance to interact with.
Application Services takes the data from the presentation tier and determines the next business task to be performed at step 815 and creates an instance of the task. To do so, it leverages an externalized Business Process Definition at step 820 for the application. The task then determines the data it needs to execute and invokes one or more commands at step 825 via Connectivity Services. A command can then execute a Business Service at step 835 to update an application database at step 840, or it may execute a Business Service at step 835 to obtain additional data needed from an application database at step 840.
Application Services then executes any application logic that has been defined at step 845. Optionally, it may also update the Application Services Global Cache at step 860 or the Application Services User Cache at step 855.
The data that is then returned to flowchart 700 via the Application Services Response at step 850 and populated into the PageData structure.
Once the PageData structure has been populated, the Presentation Tier flowchart 700 determines the next page to be displayed at step 775. Once the page to display has been determined, the presentation is rendered at flowchart 900.
The Render Presentation sub-process begins at step 910. The first step in this sub-process is to determine the page template within which to display the application page at step 920 and to actually include the page template at step 930.
Sub-pages are then included within the composite Java Server Pages (JSP) page template at step 940. These pages are then rendered by accessing dynamic application data and metadata through the proprietary Presentation Services custom tag library 950.
The Presentation Services Custom Tag Library at step 960 accesses dynamic application data from PageData at step 961 and application Metadata at step 962 through the Application Metadata Reader at step 963. These custom tags also provide the ability for pages to do iterations over collections of fields, execute conditional logic, etc. within pages. These tags allow pages to be defined in an explicit fashion via static JSP page layouts as well as providing the ability to dynamically render pages from the PageData model at step 961 in such a way that new fields and data elements can be dynamically introduced on the backend without having to change the JSP pages or the presentation tier. Any messages to be displayed to the user are accessed from the User Message Repository at step 965 through the User Message Manager at step 964.
If additional sub-pages are to be included at step 970 (Additional Page Found=Yes), then steps beginning at step 940 above are executed again for the additional sub-page until all pages have been completed. Once all sub-pages have been processed at step 970 (Additional Page Found=No), the render presentation sub-process is complete at step 980 and the HttpResponse is returned to the requester at step 799 (see flowchart 700).
One of the advantages of JavaServer Pages is that they provide the ability to attain a strict separation between presentation—the way data is displayed to the user—and implementation—the code used to generate that information.
The benefit of de-coupling these two aspects of application development is that it allows for changes to be made to one aspect without requiring changes to the other. In other words, the way data is displayed (font selection, color scheme, page layout, etc.) can be revised without modification to the Java code. This de-coupling also provides flexibility in changing the underlying implementation as long as standard component interfaces are provided to the JavaServer Pages.
As a result of this de-coupling of presentation and implementation, a clear division of labor can be achieved in the development and maintenance of dynamic web applications. The use of a common page data model and a tag library for mapping this data to web pages standardizes the development process for each web page built upon the architecture.
Although illustrative embodiments have been shown and described, a wide range of modification, change and substitution is contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and in some instances, some features of the embodiments may be employed without a corresponding use of other features. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60399871 | Jul 2002 | US |
