System and method for characterizing color separation misregistration

Abstract

A system and method is provided for characterizing color separation misregistration associated with marking a substrate. The method includes providing an input image having a plurality of patches, each patch having a pattern using a first and second color; marking a substrate with a copy of the input image using a first and second color separation to correspond to the first and second colors, respectively; and measuring a color characteristic of markings of respective copied patches of the copied plurality of patches and generating corresponding colorimetric values. Misregistration of the first color separation markings relative to the second color separation markings is characterized based on the measured calorimetric values.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary color separation misregistration characterization system in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a portion of an image input to a printer device of the system shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a plot of measured chroma for a series of patches of an image output by the printer device of the system shown in FIG. 1, and a plot of expected chroma for a theoretical image output by a printer device in which color separation registration is ideal;

FIG. 4 is an embodiment of an analysis unit of the system shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is another embodiment of the analysis unit of the system shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 shows plotted chroma measurements and a fitted curve for a series of patches of the image output by the system shown in FIG. 1, where lines of the image line screen of the series of patches are oriented at 45°;

FIG. 7 shows plotted chroma measurements and a fitted curve for a series of patches of the image output by the system shown in FIG. 1, where lines of the image line screen of the series of patches are oriented at 135°; and

FIG. 8 is flow chart of steps performed by the phase lag analysis module of the exemplary embodiments of the analysis units shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the drawing figures, in which like references numerals identify identical or corresponding elements, the color separation misregistration characterization (CSMC) system and method in accordance with the present disclosure will now be described in detail. With initial reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary CSMC system in accordance with the present disclosure is illustrated and is designated generally as CSMC system 100. CSMC system 100 includes a printer device 102 and an analysis unit 104. An input image 105 having a plurality of color patches 106 is input to the printer device 102 which marks a substrate with an image that corresponds to the input image 105. The marked substrate is output as an output image 107 having a plurality of marked color patches 108 that correspond to respective color patches 106 of the input image 105. The output image 107 is submitted to the analysis unit 104 for analysis of colors of the respective marked color patches 108 of the output image 107.

The term “printer device” as used herein encompasses any apparatus or system, such as a digital copier, xerographic printing system, ink jet printing system, reprographic printing system, bookmaking machine, facsimile machine, multifunction machine, textile marking machine, etc., which performs a marking output function for any purpose. The modality for marking may include, for example, applying toner, ink, dye, etc., to the substrate or embossing, peening, etching, etc. the substrate. The substrate may be a material such as paper, cardboard, a transparency, a paper derivative, metal, plastic, glass, wood, cloth, etc.

FIG. 2 shows at least a portion of the plurality of patches 106 of an exemplary input image 105 in greater detail. The plurality of patches 106 of the input image 105 includes at least a first series of patches 202 and a second series of patches 204. In the first series 202, each patch includes an image line screen having a plurality of parallel lines, including lines formed of a first color separation 206 (such as cyan, shown as the lighter shaded lines 206) and lines formed of a second color separation 208 (such as magenta, shown as the darker shaded lines 208).

The first series 202 includes eight patches numbered 210-217, with the lines shown oriented at a 45° angle relative to the horizontal. The first patch 210 uses a line-on-line rendering, and the fifth patch 214 uses a line-off-line rendering. Line-on-line refers to lines of a first color separation superimposed over the lines of a second color separation for achieving a desired color, similar to dot-on-dot, and line-off-line refers to the lines of a first color separation placed in the voids of the lines of a second color separation for achieving a desired color, similar to dot-off-dot.

The lines 208 remain in a fixed position in all of the patches 210-217. For patches 211-217, the lines 206 are translated or displaced by an incremental amount relative to the previous patch in a horizontal direction, which is equivalent to translating them by (1/square root 2) or 0.707 times the increment in a direction that is perpendicular to the orientation of the lines 206 and 208. The displacement of lines 206 relative to lines 208 is also referred to as phase shift or screen displacement. As the lines 206 are translated incrementally in each subsequent patch, the line-on-line pattern of patch 210 transitions gradually to the line-off-line pattern of patch 214, and then gradually towards a line-on-line rendering again in patches 215-217, completing a full cycle or halftone period.

In the example shown, the translation increment is ¼ the width of the lines 206 and 208 (all having an equal width that is half the width of the line-screen period). The transition from patch 210 to 217 represents a full halftone period, with each of the eight patches 210-217 representing a ⅛ halftone period. The color characteristics of the patches 211-217 change due to the different overlap of lines 206 relative to 208. For example, the fifth patch 214 in which the lines are rendered line-off-line has the greatest chroma, which refers here to the degree of colorfulness. The change in color characteristics (e.g., chroma) is measurable. Likewise, differences in lightness (luminance) between these patches are also measurable.

The second series 204 includes eight patches numbered 220-227, with the lines 206 and 208 shown oriented at 90° angle relative to the lines of the first series 202, which is a 135° angle relative to the horizontal. The first patch 220 uses a line-on-line rendering, and the fifth patch 224 uses a line-off-line rendering.

As in the first series 202, the lines 208 of the second series 204 remain in a fixed position as the lines 206 are incrementally translated in a direction that is perpendicular to the orientation of the lines 206 and 208. As the lines 206 are translated incrementally in each subsequent patch, the line-on-line pattern of patch 220 transitions gradually to the line-off-line pattern of patch 224 and then gradually towards a line-on-line rendering again in patches 225-227. Measurements of one or more color characteristics (chroma or lightness (luminance)) of patches 220-227 are indicative of color separation misregistration, as described further below.

The printer device 102 receives the input image 105 and outputs output image 107. The input image 105 may be received as a digital file in a printer ready language, often referred to as a page description language, such as PostScript™, PDF™, or PCL™. The digital file may be received by the printer device 102 via a job request from a remote or local device, such as a computer terminal or scanner (not shown), or by scanning in a document having the plurality of patches 106 printed or marked thereon. In the latter case, the scanning is performed by positioning the document on a scanner plate or platen glass of the printer device 102, and the document is scanned in by a scanner integrated with the printer device 102.

The printer device 102 marks a substrate in accordance with the input image 105 generating the output image 107. The patches are in the form of binary lineart and do not require further halftoning. When color separation registration of the printer device 102 is ideal (e.g., no color separation misregistration), the output image 107 is substantially identical to the input image 105, and the color characteristics of the patches 108 are substantially identical to the color characteristics of the patches 106.

FIG. 3 shows a plot of points of curves 300 and 302 of chroma of a first series of patches of patches 108 of the output image 107 which correspond to the first series of patches 202 of the input image 105 in which the plurality of lines 206 is oriented at 45° relative to the horizontal. Curve 300 shows expected chroma measurements for the first series of patches of patches 108 for ideal registration of color separation, and curve 302 shows chroma measurements for the first series of patches of patches 108, where color separation misregistration exists. The curve 300 is sinusoidal, with a minimum point designated by reference numeral 304. The minimum point 304 corresponds to a minimum chroma intensity measurement expected for the patch corresponding to zero displacement in which a line-on-line pattern is printed.

The sinusoidal curve 300 has a peak designated by reference numeral 306. The peak 306 corresponds to a maximum chroma intensity measurement expected for the patch corresponding to the 4/8 halftone period screen displacement in which a line-off-line pattern is printed. The curve 302 is also sinusoidal, however once the curve is fit to the measured points it can be determined that the peak of the fit curve occurs somewhere between patches corresponding to the 2/8 and ⅜ halftone period screen displacements, designated by reference numeral 308. The offset of the peak of curve 302 relative to the peak of curve 304, referred to as phase lag and designated by reference numeral 310, indicates the amount by which the curves 300 and 302 are out of phase. The phase lag is indicative of the degree and direction of relative misregistration between the two color separations used for patches 210-217 and 220-227 (cyan and magenta in the present example).

Measurements of the color characteristics and analysis of the measurements for characterizing color separation misregistration are performed by the analysis unit 104. FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of the analysis unit 104, where the analysis unit 104 includes a color sensing device 402 that measures at least one characteristic of color of the color patches 108. The color sensing device 402 may include an illumination device having at least one light source, an aperture through which reflected light (ambient light and/or light generated by the at least one light source) enters, and an array of photo detectors for sensing light having entered through the aperture and outputting a signal indicative of at least one color characteristic. The output signal may have a property (e.g., a magnitude) that is indicative of an average value of the output by the photo detectors of the array. One example of a color sensing device 402 is a spectrophotometer.

The color sensing device 402 may be a handheld device which a user physically holds and moves over the output image 107 for scanning the output image 107. Alternatively, the color sensing device 402 may be a non-portable device which receives the output image 107 and automatically scans the output image 107. The color sensing device 402 outputs an analog or digital signal. If the signal is analog, it is converted to a digital signal. The analog-to-digital conversion may be performed by analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuitry integrated with the color sensing device 402 or external from the color sensing device 402. The digital signal includes a calorimetric quantity that is indicative of results of the color measurements sensed by the color sensing device 402, such as luminance, reflectance, chroma, or a combination thereof. The color measurement may include measurements of human-visual color values such as CIE L*a*b*, XYZ, or non-human-visual color values such as RGB and CMYK, or a combination thereof. For example, the calorimetric values may include an average color value for each patch, a color value for one or more samples (e.g., dots, portions or small areas, etc.) of each respective patch, or a function of multiple samples for each respective patch.

The colorimetric value may be expressed using a model, such as the Lab Color Model (lightness (luminance), a* and b*), as is known in the art for describing color in three dimensions, on x, y and z axes. The z (vertical) axis corresponding to lightness (luminance), and the x and y axes corresponding to the a* and b* channel, with the a* channel representing color transitions between red and green, and the b* channel representing color transitions between blue and yellow. The color value may be expressed in terms of luminance only, in terms of chroma only or a combination thereof. In accordance with the CIE L*a*b* model, the chroma corresponds to the a* and b* channels only, where the chroma magnitude corresponds to the radius of a vector in the a*b* plane. Other models or methods may be used for describing color characteristics, such as in terms of RGB (red-green-blue) or CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) color spaces.

The measured colorimetric values output by the color sensing device 402 are provided to a processor assembly 404 having at least one processor. A phase lag analysis module 406 executable on the at least one processor receives the measured calorimetric values, fits the measured colorimetric values to a curve, and compares the fit curve to an expected curve for ideal registration. Specifically, the phase lag analysis module 406 determines the phase lag between the peak of the fit curve and the peak of the expected curve by determining the magnitude and direction in which the screen displacement value corresponding to the peak of the fit curve is offset from the screen displacement value corresponding to the peak of the expected curve. A similar phase lag determination may be made by determining for the offset between the minimum or lowest point of the fit curve and the screen displacement value corresponding to the minimum point of the expected curve instead of, or in addition to, the determination of the peak phase lag, however determination of the peak phase lag may be sufficient. For the purpose of simplicity, reference to peak phase lag or phase lag may also or alternatively apply to minimum point phase lag. For a somewhat courser determination of the phase lag which involves less processing, the step of fitting a curve to the measured points may be skipped, and the screen displacement values corresponding to the peak value (and/or minimum value) of the received colorimetric values may be compared to the screen displacement value corresponding to the peak (and/or minimum point of the expected curve).

In another embodiment of the analysis unit 104 shown in FIG. 5, a scanner device 504 is provided instead of the color sensing device 402. The output from the scanner device 504 is provided to the processor assembly 404. A color analysis module 508 executable on the processor assembly 404 receives and analyzes the output from the scanner device 504 for generating measurement calorimetric values associated with the respective patches of output image 107. As in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the phase lag analysis module 406 receives the measured calorimetric values, fits the measured calorimetric values to a curve, and compares the fit curve to an expected curve, including determining the phase lag between the peak (and/or minimum point) of the fit curve and the peak (and/or minimum point) of the expected curve. The step of fitting the curve may be omitted and maximum calorimetric values may be compared to maximum expected values.

The peak (and/or minimum point) phase lag is next determined for a second series of patches 108 that correspond to the second set of patches 202 which are oriented at 135° relative to the horizontal. The peak phase lag for the first series is used to determine the misregistration detected in the first series, M₄₅^CM, and the peak phase lag for the second series is used to determine the misregistration detected in the second series, M₁₃₅^CM.

For the current example, using the cyan and magenta color separations and first and second series or patches oriented at 45° and 135°, respectively:

M ₄₅ ^CM =PS ₄₅ ^CM *D   (1)

M ₁₃₅ ^CM =PS ₁₃₅ ^CM *D

where:

M₄₅^CM is the misregistration of cyan relative to magenta for lines oriented at 45°;

M₁₃₅^CM is the misregistration of cyan relative to magenta for lines oriented at 135°;

PS ₁₄₅ ^CM=(expected SD₄₅^CM−measured SD₁₄₅ ^CM)/N;   (2)

PS ₁₃₅ ^CM=(expected SD₁₃₅^CM−measured SD₁₃₅^CM)/N;

D is the period (in microns or inches) of the line screen of the output image 107 described in terms of distance between adjacent lines;

SD=screen displacement; and

N is=the number of patches in a full cycle of translating one set of lines relative to another set of lines.

Misregistration in the fast and slow scan directions is determined by performing a simple rotation operation:

M _f ^CM=1/√{square root over (2)}(M₄₅^CM+M₁₃₅^CM)

M _s ^CM=1/√{square root over (2)}(M₄₅^CM−M₁₃₄^CM)   (3)

where:

M_f^CM is the misregistration in the fast scan direction of the cyan and magenta color separations with respect to one another; and

M_s^CM is the misregistration in the slow scan direction of the cyan and magenta color separations with respect to one another. In an equivalent fashion, one can also compute the slow and fast scan misregistrations by using line screens oriented at 0 and 90 degrees relative to the page edges. In that case, no rotation operation needs to be performed.

Each software module, including the phase lag analysis module 406 and the color analysis module 508, includes a series of programmable instructions capable of being executed by the processor assembly 404. The series of programmable instructions can be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as RAM, a hard drive, CD, smart card, 3.5″ diskette, etc., or transmitted via propagated signals for being executed by the processor assembly 404 for performing the functions disclosed herein and to achieve a technical effect in accordance with the disclosure. The functions of the respective software modules may be combined into one module or distributed among a different combination of modules.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show plotted chroma measurements and fitted curves for lines of the image line screens oriented at 45° and 135°, respectively, where the line screens of the printer device 102 used have a frequency of 106 lpi (which corresponds to a period of approximately 240 microns).

From the plots shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, screen displacements of −1.27 and −0.73 were determined for the 45 and 135 degree screen orientations, respectively. Calculations performed using Equations (1) and (2) result in estimations for the misregistrations for these orientations:

M ₄₅ ^CM=−38 microns

M ₁₃₅ ^CM=−22 microns

From Equation (3) above:

M _f ^CM=−42 microns

M _s ^CM=−11 microns

In order to demonstrate the validity of the present disclosure, manual measurements of color separation misregistration were taken using sixteen prior art registration marks for directly measuring the misregistration in the fast and slow scan directions for the same color pair. The prior art registration marks were printed on the output image 107. Results in accordance with the manual measurements taken were as follows:

M _f ^CM=−38 microns

M _s ^CM=−15 microns

The results have a standard deviation of approximately 8 microns. The results of the measurements using the prior art registration marks indicate that the results obtained by using the method in accordance with the present disclosure in which the peak phase lag of the chroma is determined was accurate.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of steps performed by the phase lag analysis module. At step 802, a first group of color related measurements are received corresponding to a the first series of patches 202 having of the output image 107, and a second group of color measurements are received corresponding to the second series of patches 204 of the output image 107. The patches of the first series 202 include image line screens that are orthogonal relative to the image line screens of the patches of the second series of patches 204.

At step 804, a color characteristic metric, such as chroma or luminance, is computed for each of the series of patches 202 and 204. The computation of the metric can be achieved with a knowledge of the characteristics of the device used to measure the patches. For a spectrophotometer, one can project the spectral output data onto an XYZ color space using conversion tables well known to those skilled in the art of color science. XYZ data can be subsequently transformed to the CIELAB color space, again using well known transformations. In the case if an RGB scanner, a device profile is generally supplied by the manufacturer, and enables the direct conversion from RGB to LAB coordinates.

At step 806, a screen displacement value corresponding to a peak of the color characteristic metric is determined for each group of data. At step 808, the offset from the screen displacement value corresponding to an expected peak is determined for each group of data. At step 810, the misregistration associated with each of the first and second groups of data is determined in accordance with Equations (1) and (2). At step 812, the misregistration in the slow and fast scan directions are determined in accordance with Equations (3).

The present example demonstrates a determination of misregistration of magenta and cyan relative to one another. Other color pairs may be analyzed for determining relative misregistration. For each color pair to be analyzed two series of patches are provided on the input image 105, where the lines of the image line screen used for the first series of patches is orthogonal to the lines of image line screen used for the second series of patches. Six pairs of colors may be analyzed in order to analyze all of the relative color misregistration in the CMYK color separations scheme. It is also possible to analyze three pairs by taking measurements, and deriving the relative registration of the other three pairs from the results of the analysis of the former three pairs. The user may be most interested in analyzing misregistration of color pairs that have the strongest visual impact due to a large variety in chroma, namely selected from CK, MK, YK and/or CM.

The number of patches used per halftone period of a series is not limited to the eight patches shown in the present example. A greater or lesser number of patches per series may be used, and a greater or lesser amount of phase shift may be used between consecutive patches. Analysis of each color pair requires using a pair of patch series, where the parallel lines of the second patch series are oriented at a different angle relative to the parallel lines of the first patch series, where the relative angle is not an integer multiple of 180 degrees. The orientation of lines of the image line screen of the first patch series of the pair of patch series may be orthogonal to the lines of the image screen of the second patch series of the pair of patch series, as demonstrated in the example above using the equations provided, however the disclosure is not limited thereto. Additionally, the respective line orientations are not limited to 45° or 135° as demonstrated in the example above.

In accordance with the present example, the exemplary input image 105 includes a pair of patch series (including the first and second series of patches 202 and 204) for each color pair. Each patch series includes eight patches, and each pair of color patch series includes 16 patches. A pair of color patch series is provided for three respective color pairs, so that the total number of patches is 48. The size of the patches is in accordance with design choice the patches may be positioned in close proximity to one another in order to reduce error, as the misregistration may actually change over the distance of the block of patches.

It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

1. A method for characterizing color separation misregistration of a printer device using color separations of a color space for marking a substrate, the method comprising: receiving a calorimetric value corresponding to a calorimetric measurement of respective patches of a plurality of patches included in an output image output by the printer device, each patch of the plurality of patches having markings of a first and second color separation of the color space; andcharacterizing misregistration of the first color separation relative to the second color separation based on the received colorimetric values.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: the markings include parallel lines including lines of the first color separation and lines of the second color separation; andthe plurality of patches includes at least one series of patches, wherein the lines of the first color separation have different incremental displacements relative to the lines of the second color separation for each respective patch of a series of patches of the at least one series of patches; andthe method further comprising:determining a peak received calorimetric value for a patch series of the at least one patch series; anddetermining a magnitude of the displacement that corresponds to the peak;wherein the characterizing misregistration is further based on the determined displacement magnitude.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: determining an offset between the determined displacement magnitude and an expected displacement magnitude corresponding to an expected peak colorimetric value associated with ideal color separation registration;wherein the characterizing the misregistration is further based on the determined offset.

4. The method according claim 3, wherein: the at least one series of patches includes at least one pair of patch series, each pair of patch series including a first and second patch series, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are oriented at an angle relative to the parallel lines of the first patch series, wherein the relative angle is not an integer multiple of 180 degrees; andthe characterizing the misregistration is further based on an offset determined for the first patch series and an offset determined for the second patch series.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are orthogonal to the parallel lines of the first patch series.

6. A color separation misregistration characterization system, comprising: a processor for receiving a colorimetric value corresponding to a colorimetric measurement of respective marked patches of a plurality of marked patches included in an output image output by a printer device using color separations of a color space for marking a substrate, each patch of the plurality of marked patches having markings of a first and second color separation;the processor comprising:a phase lag analysis module executable on the processor for characterizing misregistration of the first color separation relative to the second color separation based on the received colorimetric values.

7. The system according to claim 6, wherein: the markings include parallel lines including lines of the first color separation and lines of the second color separation; anda first patch of the plurality of patches has a different displacement of the lines of the first color separation relative to the lines of the second color separation than a second patch of the plurality of patches.

8. The system according to claim 7, wherein: the plurality of patches includes at least one series of patches, wherein the lines of the first color separation have different incremental displacements relative to the lines of the second color separation for each respective patch of a series of patches of the at least one series of patches;the phase lag analysis module determines for a patch series of the at least one patch series a peak for the received colorimetric value, and determines a magnitude of the displacement that corresponds to the peak; andthe misregistration characterization is further based on the determined displacement magnitude.

9. The system according to claim 8, wherein: the phase lag analysis module determines an offset between the determined displacement magnitude and an expected displacement magnitude corresponding to an expected peak calorimetric value associated with ideal color separation registration; andthe misregistration characterization is further based on the determined offset.

10. The system according to claim 7, wherein a direction of the displacement of the lines of the first color separation relative to the lines of the second color separation is in a direction that is transverse to an orientation of the parallel lines.

11. The system according to claim 8, wherein a patch series of the at least one series of patches includes a patch in which the lines of the first and second color separations are in a line-off-line configuration relative to one another and another patch in which the lines of the first and second color separations are in a line-on-line configuration relative to one another.

12. The system according claim 9, wherein: the at least one series of patches includes at least one pair of patch series, each pair of patch series including a first and second patch series, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are oriented at a different angle relative to the parallel lines of the first patch series, wherein the relative angle is not an integer multiple of 180 degrees; andthe misregistration characterization is further based on an offset determined for the first patch series and an offset determined for the second patch series.

13. The system according to claim 12, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are orthogonal to the parallel lines of the first patch series.

14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the parallel lines of the first patch series are oriented at one of 0 and 45 degrees relative to an edge of a substrate marked with the output image.

15. A method for characterizing color separation misregistration associated with marking a substrate, the method comprising: providing an input image having a plurality of patches, each patch having a pattern using a first and second color;marking a substrate with a copy of the input image using a first and second color separation to correspond to the first and second colors, respectively;measuring color characteristic of markings of respective copied patches of the copied plurality of patches and generating corresponding colorimetric values; andcharacterizing misregistration of the first color separation markings relative to the second color separation markings based on the measured calorimetric values.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein: the pattern of each patch of the input image includes a plurality of parallel lines including at least one line of the first color and at least one line of the second color; anda first patch of the plurality of patches of the input image has a different displacement of the at least one line of the first color relative to the at least one line of the second color than a second patch of the plurality of patches.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein: the plurality of patches of the input image includes at least one series of patches, wherein the lines of the first color have different incremental displacements relative to the lines of the second color for each respective patch of a series of patches of the at least one series of patches;the method further comprising: determining for a copy of a patch series of the copy of the at least one patch series a peak for the received colorimetric value;determining a magnitude of the displacement that corresponds to the peak; andwherein the characterizing the misregistration is further based on the determined displacement magnitude.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: determining an offset between the determined displacement magnitude and an expected displacement magnitude corresponding to an expected peak colorimetric value associated with ideal color separation registration;wherein the characterizing the misregistration is further based on the determined offset.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein a direction of the displacement of the lines of the first color relative to the lines of the second color is in a direction that is transverse to an orientation of the parallel lines.

20. The method according to claim 17, wherein a patch series of the at least one series of patches of the input image includes a patch in which the lines of the first and second colors are in a line-off-line configuration relative to one another and another patch in which the lines of the first and second colors separations are in a line-on-line configuration relative to one another.

21. The method according claim 18, wherein: the at least one series of patches of the input image includes at least one pair of patch series, each pair of patch series including a first and second patch series, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are oriented at an angle relative to the parallel lines of the first patch series; andthe characterizing the misregistration is further based on an offset determined for the first patch series and an offset determined for the second patch series.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the parallel lines of the second patch series are orthogonal to the parallel lines of the first patch series.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the parallel lines of the first patch series are oriented at one of 45 and 0 degrees relative to an edge of the substrate.