Patent Application
20240108368
This invention relates generally to treatment of harmful biomineralizations using gas bubbles which are excited or cavitiated using ultrasound energy so as to cause damage to the structure of said biomineralizations.
Biomineralizations such as kidney and urinary stones are a health problem with several conventional treatment methods and treatment systems. Each conventional treatment method and system has disadvantages, some or all of which are overcome by the present systems and methods.
The prior art has recognized the use of small gas bubbles in proximity to biomineralizations as a means for comminution of stones and similar unwanted objects through high intensity acoustic action on said gas bubbles and the resulting effects of intense cavitation of said gas bubbles at or near the unwanted biomineralizations. Shock wave lithotripsy employs an external high-intensity acoustic shock wave generator to deposit an intense acoustic shock wave at or near an unwanted biomineralization such as a kidney stone. The shock wave and/or cavitation of gas bubbles exerts destructive forces on the kidney stone causing it to break into pieces that can then be passed by the patient. For example, Grubbs et al (U.S. Pat. No. 10,149,906) and others address potential solutions using targeting microbubbles.
Some art uses the broadband emissions from microbubble clusters to detect bubble dynamics related to the above phenomena. Yet, challenges such as detection and placement and localization of such treatments are imperfect, and harmful side effects are possible on account of collateral damage to healthy tissues surrounding the kidney stone. Similar concerns exist for attempts to treat urinary calculi and other biomineralizations using non-invasive acoustic therapy methods. In some examples, the prior art requires the use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or other means in an attempt to detect or localize a treatment region, which introduce expense and complexity and other technical problems overcome by this invention.
The prior art is limited in its capacity to detect, localize and to address the problem of biomineralizations in the body, including some particular aspects surrounding this problem such as localization, attenuation, and timed delivery of insonation during treatment.
This disclosure describes an approach to the detection, characterization and/or treatment of unwanted biomineralizations. A minimally invasive catheter to introduce small gas bubbles (for example but not limited to engineered microbubbles) in close proximity to biomineralizations, and then insonate them with ultrasound of a given frequency and acoustic pressure. The acoustic and hydro dynamic forces of the incident soundwaves as well as the resulting violent oscillation, vibration and rapid volumetric collapse (e.g., cavitation) of the microbubbles at the surface of or near the biomineralizations is exploited for diagnostic and/or therapeutic effect. Specifically, the present disclosure provides one or more embodiments for a method of placement of a plurality of microbubbles at a target site, then exciting or cavitating the microbubbles with an external acoustic source to generate said bubble dynamics or cavitation events, both at an individual bubble level and at the level of the bubble cluster or cloud as a multi-bubble entity. The acoustic emissions from the insonated microbubbles are used to determine indicia for detection of events of interest, which can be then used to determine or guide a treatment, or to monitor said treatment.
The inertial cavitation (IC) activity and signature of the present microbubbles can be used to detect and localize or spatially align the treatment of biomineralizations such as urinary stones where the microbubbles may attach, accumulate or be concentrated.
Successive insonations at various time scales are presented and uniquely exploited by the invention so as to achieve preferred diagnostic and/or therapeutic effects. In some aspects, a treatment can include a macrocycle and a microcycle of acoustic energy applied to the microbubbles mentioned above. The macrocycle describes a series of microbubble placement and insonation events are carried out wherein microbubbles are placed in the target region then insolated with an external ultrasound source. The microcycle describes a sequence of on and off activations of an acoustic (ultrasound) wave by said external ultrasound source so as to create a series of ON- and OFF-times of a given duty cycle. The invention controllably applies said acoustic energy at a target region containing the unwanted biomineralization, and is capable of controlling, monitoring and spatially positioning or aligning the treatment acoustic field of the ultrasound source with respect to the target region or mineralization.
An embodiment is directed to a method comprising determining a target region; alternatingly, in a macrocycle of bubble placement and insonation stages, introducing a plurality of microbubbles into said target region during the bubble placement stage, and insonating the plurality of microbubbles with an external ultrasound source during the insonation stage; wherein the ultrasound source emits ultrasonic energy at selected times during the insonation stage and the ultrasound source does not emit ultrasonic energy during the bubble placement stage.
Another embodiment is directed to a method for controllably causing microbubble cavitation, comprising alternatingly, in a macrocycle of bubble placement and insonation stages, introducing a plurality of microbubbles into said target region during the bubble placement stage, and insonating the plurality of microbubbles with an external ultrasound source during the insonation stage so as to cause inertial cavitation of more than one of the plurality of said microbubbles within said target region; detecting an acoustic emission of said microbubbles undergoing inertial cavitation so as to derive a quantifiable inertial cavitation (IC) signature; and spatially directing said external ultrasound source based on said derived IC signature.
Yet another embodiment is directed to a system for applying ultrasound energy, comprising an ultrasound source configured and arranged to non-invasively deliver ultrasound energy to a target region; a microbubble injector configured and arranged to place a plurality of microbubbles into a target region during a bubble placement time; a controller coupled to said ultrasound source, configured and arranged to alternatingly cause insonation of the target region during an insonation time and to not cause insonation of the target region during said bubble placement time; said controller further configured and arranged, during the insonation time, to alternately activate said ultrasound source during an ON-time of said insonation time and to deactivate said ultrasound source during an OFF-time of said insonation time.
Still another embodiment is directed to a method for non-invasive targeting of biomineralizations, comprising introducing a plurality of chemically-tagged microbubbles into a target region containing a biomineralization so as to accumulate the microbubbles on a surface of said biomineralization; targeting the microbubbles with ultrasound energy to cause inertial cavitation of the microbubbles; and monitoring an acoustic signature of said microbubbles during their cavitation.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present concepts, reference is made to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments and in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
A system and method for ultrasound treatment is presented below. The system and method alternatingly provide microbubbles in a target region containing a biomineralization, then insonate the microbubbles using an external ultrasound source. The microbubbles cavitate in the target region, destructively affecting the biomineralization and potentially breaking it or reducing its mass over time as a result of the cavitation action. Spatial orientation or alignment of the external ultrasound source may be achieved for best results using acoustic signatures and spectral representations of the same.
As mentioned, microbubbles such as engineered bubbles are provided at a treatment zone of interest. The treatment zone may be a urinary duct, kidney, bile or other duct or organ where a biomineralization such as a urinary stone has formed. Other targets that may be addressed by this invention include blood clots, fibroids, cancerous tumors or other plaques. The bubbles may comprise stone-surface accumulating (SSA) microbubbles that, while acoustically insonated, facilitate the mechanical erosion and fragmentation of stones for the treatment of urinary stone disease. The microbubbles may be tagged with a chemical tag so as to achieve the present objectives or be more likely to aggregate at or near an unwanted biomineralization such as a kidney stone, urinary stone, etc. In an aspect, the microbubble activity permits desired diagnostic or detection using acoustic sensors such as hydrophones, or other diagnostic imaging means (whether acoustic or radiological).
Mechanical action of the microbubbles is achieved by insonation using an external ultrasound source, producing inertial collapse and pressure focusing against urinary stones. The intensity and center frequency of the applied ultrasound signal, as well as the duty cycle and pattern for activating the ultrasound source are controllable and configured to suit a given application. Monitoring microbubble dynamics and correlating signatures of inertial collapse with treatment parameters presents a strategy for gaining further insights on the mechanism of action as well as intra-treatment monitoring for improving clinical outcomes.
The invention may be used to detect and/or treat conditions related to acute renal colic, which is a potentially debilitating condition caused by an obstruction of the urinary tract. Discrimination of a target (e.g., a bubble-coated biomineralization) from surrounding objects such as bone, is possible because the present invention allows for localization and positioning on account of the directional alignment available between the external acoustic source and the target biomineralization and microbubble formation. Microbubble mediated lithotripsy as described herein may be used to resolve or reduce obstruction of the urinary tract, but the invention is not limited to this application.
In an aspect, microbubbles (including but not limited to engineered microbubbles) are iteratively placed and then insonated by an external acoustic source as part of a macrocycle. The macrocycle may be in some examples comprise a nested microcycle in the insonation period to produce a desired duty ratio. In a non-limiting example, the operation of the system applies the acoustic energy in a given duty cycle or ON-time. The duty cycle is controllable by a processor or controller 230 to achieve almost any desired duty cycle. In a non-limiting example, the duty cycle may be between 1% and 10%, for example 5%. The response of the microbubbles and system can be used to aid the development of an intra-treatment monitoring approach.
Among other concepts, the present disclosure addresses the change in mass loss of biomineralizations (e.g., stones) and the inertial collapse of the microbubbles measured via passive cavitation detection (PCD) as a function of time and pressure.
Within a treatment 300 we see that a plurality of macrocycles 301 are applied as doses of ultrasonic energy applications which are modulated so that bubble placement times 302 (see,
During the insonation phase 304 the system applies many repeated smaller pulses or doses of ultrasound energy to the target region. These on-times 306 and off-times 308 within the microcycle 305 are also controllably programmable as needed for a given implementation, and the ultrasound source is alternately activated (on) or deactivated (off) to accomplish the on/off pattern of energy delivery within the microcycle 305 as shown in this non-limiting example.
The specific pulse sequence of an on-time 306 burst of ultrasound energy is expanded and shown as 307, which in this example is a packet of sinusoidal acoustic pressure waves. Other waveforms can also be employed as would be understood by those skilled in the art, without loss of generality.
For the sake of explanation,
In an example, stone erosion and fragmentation with microbubble dynamics is disclosed, the time-dependent rate of mass loss of synthetic stones was sampled in situ with ˜0.1 mg resolution while insonated (p<1.4 MPa, f=0.5 MHz) at low-duty cycle (5% duty of 500 μs on-time, 100 Hz P.R.F.) in the presence of SSA microbubbles. The PCD signal was analyzed for broadband emission in the range from 1 to 2 MHz, which has previously been correlated with inertial cavitation (IC).
In some aspects, a time-dependent change in IC on the ˜1 second timescale is obtained, consisting of an initial biphasic rise-decay ˜500 ms in duration, the amplitude of which showed the expected quadratic dependence on pressure, followed by a long-lived tail. This tail suggests that microbubbles, collectively, can persist through a large number of inertial collapse cycles. The mass loss rate m′ is also non-linearly dependent on time, with the target biomineralization mass loss rate for 1 second of insonation showing a 5-fold higher rate (inset) when compared to a linear average mass loss rate for a 30 second insonation (dotted line, inset). It can be seen that a passive cavitation detector (PCD) may be used as a tool for gaining further insights into the underlying mechanism of action as well as intra-treatment monitoring for microbubble-facilitated therapy of urinary stone disease.
The invention may therefore comprise an apparatus as well as a method for the clinical treatment of biomineralizations. In some aspects, an ultrasonic source that is synchronized with a placement of engineered microbubbles via a catheter. A pump or human operator infuses/places the bubbles close to the stone, followed by an insonation period, followed by a flush step that injects fresh water, saline solution or other flushing fluid through the injection system or catheter between macrocycles. In addition to the flushing fluids mentioned, the flushing fluid may be used to alter the cavitation activity, and may comprise a fluid with low dissolved gas or elevated dissolved gas, or a fluid with decreased cavitation nuclei, or any suitable fluid that can suppress or exaggerate cavitation. The process may be iterative, whereby the method can consist of a flush step followed by syringe pump/operator infusion/placement of the engineered bubbles close to the stone, followed by an insonation period. Alternative sequences may omit the flush step or include the flush step on non-sequential iterations.
An exemplary protocol comprises intrinsic parameters and a duration for all three steps: insonation period I, placement period P, flush period F. In one embodiment, a group of 5×10{circumflex over ( )}8 microbubbles placed in proximity to a urinary stone, the flush step is performed every iteration and placement period plus flush period (P+F) is 15 seconds. The insonation has a center frequency of 500 kHz with an on-time of 500 microseconds repeated at 100 Hz pulse repetition rate and the insonation period is I=5 seconds, for an iteration time (I+P+(F/X))=20 seconds. This cycle is repeated 80 to 160 times. The present examples are for the sake of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.
The IC is quantifiable in a number of ways that generally indicate the amount, intensity, or other severity of the cavitation activity in the microbubble and target environment. In one embodiment, the IC is quantified using an integration of the power spectrum over a specified frequency range. In a non-limiting example, the frequency range includes the frequencies above and below a harmonic of the fundamental treatment frequency causing the microbubble cavitation. For example as shown in the figure, if the ultrasound source frequency is centered at 500 kHz (the fundamental) then we may integrate the spectral distribution around the second harmonic (1500 kHz), omitting the frequencies very near to the harmonic itself. In this non-limiting example, the shaded frequency ranges (1.1 MHz to 1.4 MHz and 1.6 MHz to 1.9 MHz) suitably capture a representative range of spectra while excluding the harmonic itself (1.5 MHz) and surrounding harmonics. Any suitable quantification of the amount or intensity or magnitude of inertial cavitation (IC) may be employed as well. Those skilled in the art may devise similar or alternate means of quantifying the inertial cavitation activity caused by the driving ultrasound energy field.
The present method can be used for intra-treatment monitoring of a patient during treatment and examination of unwanted biomineralizations. In various optional embodiments, the duty cycle of the ON-time to total (ON-time+OFF-time) can be kept to a value under 10% and in some examples a duty cycle of 5% or lower. This may avoid unwanted heating of healthy tissues surrounding the unwanted biomineralization. Those skilled in the art will understand that the relatively low frequencies (e.g., 100 kHz to 750 kHz such as the example above of 500 kHz) are suitable for causing more intense cavitation because keeping below about 1 MHz allows for more extreme bubble size excursions which will result in correspondingly more intense collapse events during cavitation. The selection of a desired driving frequency and driving acoustic pressure causes a corresponding selection of the duty cycle mentioned above, and those skilled in the art will appreciate upon reading this disclosure how to modify the present non-limiting examples to suit their particular needs and implementations.
In another optional aspect, the system may be equipped with both the external ultrasound source (transmitter) as well as a passive cavitation detection and monitoring acoustic sensor (receiver). The acoustic sensor may be integrated into the transmitting ultrasound source as a transducer element in an array of a plurality of elements, or the acoustic sensor may be implemented as a stand-alone sensor such as a hydrophone which is suitably placed with respect to the ultrasound source and target region. Instead of simply detecting reflected ultrasound signals at the source frequency, this invention relies on detection of IC signals arising from the collapse of microbubbles that selectively accumulate near the urinary stone in the ureter. By selectively detecting at broad-band emissions and filtering out harmonics of the input ultrasound frequency, direct reflections from the surrounding bones are discriminated against, providing greatly enhanced detection of the urinary stone.
In yet other optional aspects, the acoustic sensor (or the ultrasound source) may comprise one element, or it may comprise a plurality of phased elements as in an array of transducer elements. In this instance the acoustic sensor array may provide localization and distance or depth information regarding the spatial position of the cavitation events (or biomineralization). Specifically, if the acoustic sensor array is provided as radially concentric elements, it may act as a focusing phased sensor array and provide useful information regarding the depth of the cavitation beneath the patient's skin surface. This can be helpful in treating patients of varying body compositions and sizes and who may have varying fat, muscle or other tissue layers between the patient's skin and the biomineralization.
The time-of-flight constraints of traditional visualization-based imaging can make pattern identification difficult. As an example, consider the case of urinary stones blocking the urinary track at the ureterovesical junction (UVJ). In this case, the distance between the stone and the ilium is small (<1 cm, or between 1 and 2 cm), which is compounded when the trigonometric time-of-flight difference is considered for low-frequency insonation. In addition, the reflection coefficient, which is proportional to the cross-sectional scattering area, for a urinary stone is negligible compared to that of the surrounding ilium, further complicating its detection. The present system and method does not rely on conventional time-of-flight measurement to determine the distance between the acoustic sensor and the target (biomineralization).
In some embodiments, the method comprises dynamically changing a focus (focal depth) of an acoustic sensor array or device. By changing the focus, the amplitude of the IC may be correlated with the stone-to-skin depth. In some embodiments, this skin-to-stone depth can be used to adjust the treatment beam insonation. In some embodiments, the F-number of the hydrophone is smaller than the F-number of the insonating transducer.
In some embodiments, the amplitude of the IC signal is related to the initial size of the biomineralization. In some embodiments, the amplitude of the IC signal is correlated with the degree of fracture.
In some embodiments, intra-treatment monitoring can be correlated with poor treatment outcomes, such as poor transducer-skin coupling, poor bubble placement, etc.
In one variant of the method, the insonating-listening transducer assembly may be translated across the skin. In another variant of the method, the insonating-listening transducer assembly may be pivoted through various angles at the skin surface.
In another variant of the method, the amplitude of the signal can be correlated with the size of the target.
The embodiments and examples provided herein, including the dimensional or quantitative examples are not meant by way of limitation, and those skilled in the art will understand that many other and alternate and equivalent implementations and embodiments are likewise covered by the scope of the following claims.
The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/931,160 entitled “System and Method for Comminution of Biomineralizations Using Microbubbles”, filed on Jul. 16, 2020, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/874,573 entitled “Method and device for microbubble placement and insonation for the erosion, displacement and/or fragmentation of biomineralizations”, filed on Jul. 16, 2019, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62874573 | Jul 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16931160 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 18490230 | US |
