Patent Grant
7831342
This application claims the benefit of priority on the previously filed U.S. provisional application entitled “RAILROAD SWITCHYARD MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE” filed on Dec. 30, 2005 by Kari Muinonen et al. and which was assigned Ser. No. 60/754,601. The contents of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to a process for managing operations in a railroad switchyard. The invention also encompasses a technological platform and individual components thereof to implement the process.
A railroad network normally contains one or more switchyards in which cars are routed from tracks leading from a departure point to tracks going to a destination point. A typical switchyard has four main components, namely receiving tracks, a car switching mechanism, a set of classification tracks and a set of departure tracks. Incoming trains deliver cars in the receiving tracks. The cars are processed by the switching mechanism that routes individual cars to respective classification tracks.
Two types of switching mechanisms are in use today. The first one is a hump switch. Switch yards that use a hump switch are referred to as hump yards. A hump switch yard uses a hump over which a car is pushed by a locomotive. At the top of the hump the car is allowed to roll on the other side of the hump under the effect of gravity. Retarders keep the car from reaching excessive speeds. The hump tracks on which the car rolls down the hump connect with the classification tracks. A track switch establishes a temporary connection between the hump tracks and a selected one of the classification tracks such that the car can roll in the classification tracks. A departure train is constituted when the requisite number of cars has been placed in a set of classification tracks. When the departure train leaves the switchyard, the set of classification tracks become available for building a new departure train.
The second type of switch mechanism is a flat switch. The principle is generally the same as a hump yard except that instead of using gravity to direct cars to selected classification tracks, a locomotive is used to push the car from the receiving tracks to the selected set of classification tracks.
In order to increase the efficiency of switching operations railway companies have developed the concept of car blocking. Under this concept, a block of cars, hence the name “blocking”, may be logically switched as a unit in a switch yard. A block is established on a basis of certain properties shared by the cars belonging to the block. For instance cars that have a common destination point on their route can be blocked together. A “block” is therefore a logical entity that helps making switching decisions. For reference it should be noted that generally, two types of blocks exist. There is the so called “yard block” and a “train block”. For clarity, the term “block” alone in the present specification encompasses either a yard block or a train block.
The principle of blocking, either yard blocking or train blocking increases the efficiency with which cars are processed at switch yards. However, it also brings constraints. Very often a train block must be assembled from cars that arrive on different incoming trains. The train block will be complete and available for departure only when all the cars that make up the train block have arrived at the switch yard. If one or more of the cars are delayed the train block cannot be completed and the entire departing train that pulls this train block may leave without the train block. Such occurrence may create a cascading effect throughout entire segments of the railroad network and have significant financial repercussions for the railroad operator. Specifically, it is not uncommon for an operator to guarantee car arrival times to customers and delays incur financial penalties that may be significant.
Against this background, it can be seen that a need exists in the industry to develop more refined processes to manage operations in a switch yard such as to increase the efficiency with which cars are switched.
As embodied and broadly described herein the invention also provides a system for computing car switching solutions in a railway switch yard that has a switching queue, a switch and a plurality of classification tracks, said switching queue holding a plurality of empty cars, the system comprising:
As embodied and broadly described herein the invention also provides a method for computing car switching solutions in a railway switch yard that has a switching queue, a switch and a plurality of classification tracks, the switching queue holding a plurality of empty cars, said method comprising:
A detailed description of examples of implementation of the present invention is provided hereinbelow with reference to the following drawings, in which:
In the drawings, embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example. It is to be expressly understood that the description and drawings are only for purposes of illustration and as an aid to understanding, and are not intended to be a definition of the limits of the invention.
The receiving tracks 12 lead to the hump 14. The hump 14 includes a set of tracks 20 that lead to the hump crest 18 that is the highest elevation of the hump 14. Cars are pushed by a locomotive on the tracks 20 up to the hump crest 18 at which point the car rolls down the hump 14 by gravity toward the set of classification tracks 16. The car passes through retarders 22 that will reduce its speed allowing it to gently coast in anyone of the selected classification tracks 16. A track switch 24, located downstream the retarders 22 temporarily connects the hump track 12 to a selected one of the classification tracks 16 such as to direct the car to the desired classification track 16.
The receiving tracks 12, therefore, form a switching queue in which cars that are delivered to the switching yard 10, await to be switched.
The classification tracks 16 lead to the departure tracks 17. Specifically, the classification tracks are arranged into groups, where each group leads to a departure track 17. The hump switch yard 10 shown in the drawings includes 10 classification tracks organized into two groups of five tracks. Each group of five tracks connects to the departure track 17.
Generally, the classification tracks 16 are used to assemble train blocks. Train blocks are pulled out of the classification tracks into the departure tracks 17 where the actual departure train is built. The departure tracks 17 allow assembling trains having more cars than a single classification track can hold. When a complete train (short train) is assembled into a single classification track 16, the departure train leaves that track directly by passing through the departure track 17.
It should be appreciated that
The hump switch yard 10 also includes a reswitching track that allows to “recirculate” cars from a position downstream the switch 24 to a position upstream the switch 24. In a typical hump switch yard, such as the yard 10 the reswitching track is called “rehump track”. The rehump track is shown at 26 in
The following description of a non-limiting example of implementation of a switch yard management process will be done in connection with a hump switch yard 10 of the type described earlier. However, it should be expressly noted that the principles of the invention apply equally well to a flat switch yard. Accordingly, the invention should not be limited to a hump switch yard but encompasses a flat switch yard as well. A flat switch yard operates generally in the same way as described earlier in that incoming trains deliver cars at the input side of the flat switch yard, a switching device routes the individual cars to classification tracks to assemble departure trains in departure tracks.
The SRS component 30 includes a processing function that is illustrated as a single block, but it can be implemented also in a distributed fashion.
It should be expressly noted that the SRS component 30 is merely an example of a railway traffic management system and other railway traffic management systems can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The HPCS component 32 operates the track switch in the hump switch yard 10. Essentially, the HPCS component 32 is a car switch control system that determines on the basis of inputs the position of the track switch 24 such that a car or a series of cars over the hump, will be directed to the desired classification track 16. Broadly stated, the HPCS component 32 has two main goals, namely:
As in the case with the SRS component 30, the HPCS component 32 is illustrated as a single block but it can be implemented in a distributed fashion.
It should be expressly noted that the HPCS component 32 is merely an example of a car switch control system and other car switch control systems can be used without departing from the spirit of the invention.
As shown by
In order to simplify the car switching logic, it is customary to assign classification tracks 16 to destinations. For instance there is the “Edmonton” classification track, the “Montreal” classification track, etc. Cars that go to Edmonton are switched to the Edmonton classification track, cars that go to Montreal are switched to the Montreal track, etc.
Note the communication link 35 between the HPCS component 32 and the SRS component 30. This link 35 illustrates the exchange of data between the two components, for instance the HPCS component 32 notifying the SRS component 30 of events or conditions occurring in the hump switch yard 10.
Note that while the diagram at
The functionality of the DTA controller 46 is software defined. In other words, the logic that determines how cars are to be switched is implemented by executing software by the processor 47. The software in the form of program code is stored in the memory 49. The software reads data inputs received from the SRS component 30, and from the user interface 53. On the basis of those inputs, the DTA controller 46 generates outputs to the user interface 53. The output to the user interface 53 is intended to display information to inform the yard master on the switching solutions the DTA controller 46 has reached. Optionally, an output may also be directed to the HPCS component 32, which contains switching commands that determine the positions of the track switch 24 and effectively implement the switching solutions developed by the DTA controller 46.
It should be expressly noted that the present invention does not absolutely require the generation of control signals to the HPCS controller 32. While this option is considered advantageous, variants can be envisaged where there is in fact, no direct command given by the DTA controller 46 to the HPCS component 32. For instance, the DTA controller 46 can compute switching solutions that are presented to the yard master or another operator and manually implemented or manually authorized.
As indicated earlier, the DTA controller 46 determines how the hump switch yard 10 will allocate cars in the classification tracks 16. This is done on the basis of various parameters that will be discussed below. In addition, the DTA controller 46 is provided with some degree of flexibility in determining the make up of train blocks such as, for example, collapse train blocks when it is not appropriate to continue assembling them or splitting big train blocks into smaller ones in order to make better use of existing space in classification tracks 16. Another feature of the DTA controller 46 logic is allowing a dynamic car re-distribution. This is particularly suitable for empty cars that need to be delivered by the railroad operator to the customer or car owner.
In the example illustrated in
In order to make classification track assignments to individual cars, the DTA controller 46 creates representations in the memory 49 of the rolling stock that transits through the hump switch yard 10 by using hierarchal objects. Generally, three types of objects exist:
Normally, train objects that represent incoming trains will cease to exist when the train arrives at the hump switch yard 10 since the train is dismantled. An exception to this is a situation where the incoming train transits through the hump switch yard 10 in which case it remains intact. Departing trains are represented by train objects that begin their existence at the hump switch yard 10, having been assembled from cars that originate from one or more dismantled incoming trains. Incoming train block objects may cease to exist if the train block is disassembled and the individual cars are used to make up other train block objects. For example a train block arriving at the hump switch yard 10 may contain cars having different destinations. For the sake of this example, say that half of the cars need to be delivered to city A while the other half to city B. In such case the train block is disassembled and the cars that go to city A are switched to form alone or in combination with other cars from a different train a new train block that will travel to city A. The cars directed to city B are switched in a similar manner. In this situation, two new train blocks are created at the hump switch yard 10, from one or more incoming train blocks. Another possibility is for train blocks to be modified, instead of ceasing to exist or beginning to exist. A train block can be modified by augmenting the train block, such as by adding to it one or more cars or diminished by removing from it one or more cars. Finally, a train block may remain unchanged such as when it simply transits through the hump switch yard 10. In such case, the train block is physically dismantled into individual cars but the switching operation is conducted such as to reassemble the original train block. Alternatively, the train block can be routed directly to the departure tracks 17 such as to circumvent the switch 24.
As far as individual car objects, they remain unchanged as they transit through the hump switch yard 10.
The DTA controller 46 receives from the SRS component 30 data that describes the incoming trains so that the DTA controller 46 can determine the details of the rolling stock to be processed. The DTA controller 46 also receives information on the departure trains that the hump switch yard 10 is expected to assemble.
In a specific example of implementation, the DTA controller 46 receives form the SRS component 30 the following information:
Once the DTA controller 46 is made aware of incoming trains and the requirement to build departure trains, the train ID information allows the DTA controller 46 to determine all the necessary information down to the individual car. More particularly, the train ID allows determining the properties of the train object and the properties of the train block objects derived via the train object and the properties of the car objects derived via the train block objects. This data will then allow the DTA controller 46 to compute switching solutions.
It should be expressly noted that the above description of the manner in which information is provided to the DTA controller 46 is strictly an example and should not be constructed in any limiting manner. Many different ways to deliver information to the DTA controller 46 exist that allow characterizing the incoming trains and the departing trains without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The various functions and features of the DTA controller 46 according to a non-limiting example of implementation will be described below in conjunction with the process flowchart in
Generally speaking, the DTA controller 46 implements an iterative process that periodically computes car switching solutions. Those solutions are of temporary nature in the sense that they are re-computed at each iteration cycle. The switching solution is frozen in time when the car is committed for switching. A car that is being pushed over the hump up to the hump crest 18 is considered committed for switching. Generally, a car is “committed for switching” when it is close enough to the switch 24 such that the condition of the hump switch yard 10, in other words the parameters that determine or influence the switching solution computed by they DTA controller 46 are unlikely to change significantly until the actual switching event occurs. In other words, the latest switching solution in existence when the car has reached a position in the hump switch yard 10 where it is “committed for switching” is likely to remain valid until the car is actually switched since the events and conditions in the hump switch yard 10 are unlikely to change in an appreciable manner during the time frame the car transits from the position “committed for switching” to the switch 24.
The flowchart on
If the car is not yet committed for switching, the process continues to step 602 which computes a switching solution which is either an updated solution or a first solution for this car. The solution is stored by the DTA controller 46 and will be used as a final solution if, during the next iteration cycle, the car is found to be committed for switching. The process then loops back to decision step 600 and it is thus continuously repeated.
When the switching solution computation step 602 is invoked it will process information to select a classification track 16 for each car or block of cars to be humped. Cars are humped in a given sequence which typically is the sequence in which they arrive at the hump switch yard 10. In general, the track assignment logic that is implemented by the switching solution computation step 602 has the following characteristics. It is to be expressly noted that the characteristics discussed below are not to be considered limiting as they may change without departing from the spirit of the invention. In particular, a system that omits a particular characteristic, uses an altered characteristic or implements a new characteristic should not be considered outside the scope of the invention:
The exemplary characteristics outlined above will be better understood with relation to the following specific examples. It should be expressly noted that characteristics are provided as examples and should not be interpreted as being essential to the invention in any way.
The process starts at 900. At that decision step the DTA controller 46 determines if the car is on “pull back”. A car on “pull back” is a car that is currently in position to be pushed over the hump 20 (or being in position at the hump 20); therefore it is committed for switching. Accordingly, if the decision step 900 is answered in the affirmative any previous switching solution computed for this car by the DTA controller 46 is presented as final solution over the user interface 53 (step 901). If this assessment is answered in the negative the process continues at step 902 that determines if the yard block to which the car is assigned exists. This is effected by looking at the data made available to the DTA controller 46 from the SRS component. This data includes information about the yard blocks in the hump switch yard 10. If no yard block exists for the car, in other words the decisions step 902 is answered in the negative the car is sent to rehump at step 904. Once in the rehump tracks the car will be periodically rehumped and the above described processing done again. If at this time a yard block for the car is found then the process would branch to decision step 906.
Decision step 906 determines if the yard block to which the car is assigned is a static train block. A static train block is a train block that is associated with a static classification track. As discussed earlier, a static classification track is one that may be assigned to cars or train blocs associated with a departure train going to a predetermined destination. Accordingly, if the decision step 906 is answered in the affirmative, the switching solution is determined by consulting the representation of the classification tracks in the DTA controller 46. As previously indicated, this representation provides information on the statically assigned classification tracks and details about such assignment, in particular the destination of the blocks put on those classification tracks.
As discussed earlier, a static classification assignment can be done via the user interface 53.
If no static classification track 16 has been assigned for the car, the process continues to step 910 that queries if a train block exists for the car. This determination takes into account the expected switch time of the car. If an outbound train cannot be found that carries the train block, then it is not possible to perform a dynamic track assignment. The car is therefore directed to a rehump track 24 (step 912).
The computation of the expected switch time for a given car is an approximation of the time at which the car is expected to be available for switching. Several factors can be used in making this determination, for example:
Factor (a) and factor (b) allow determining, at any given time, how many cars will be in the queue awaiting switching. Recall that this information is readily available to the DTA controller 46 from the SRS component 30. Factor (c) can be a rate computed on the basis of the operations in the hump switch yard 10 that occurred in the past couple of hours. For example, a car switching rate can be computed on the basis of the number of cars switched in a given time frame, say the last two hours. A car switching rate can also be computed theoretically by taking into account resources available (factor d) in the switch yard to perform the operations necessary to prepare the cars for switching. One such operation is the mechanical inspection of the cars. One such resource is the number of crews that can perform the preparation for switching, namely the mechanical inspection. By considering the average number of cars that a crew can mechanically inspect it is possible to compute the rate at which cars can be made available for switching. Another possibility is to take into account the rate computed on the basis of switching activities that have occurred in the past previous hours and adjust it to take into account variation in the number of crews, for instance increase the predicted rate if the number of crews increases or decrease the rate if fewer crews will be available.
The DTA controller 46 can on the basis of the above factors determine for a given car, the number of cars that precede it in the humping queue. Then on the basis of the switching rate, an expected switching time for the car can be computed.
Note that the expected switching time for the car can remain static or can be periodically updated, such as at each iteration cycle where a new switching solution is computed. A static expected switching time is a time that once computed is re-used at every iteration cycle. In contract, the expected switching time can be re-computed periodically as the car moves up through the queue of cars that are to be switched. In this fashion, a more precise approximation can be obtained. The period at which the expected switching time is re-computed can vary. One possibility is to do it at every iteration cycle at which a switching solution is computed.
At decision block 914 the process determines if there is an existing classification track for the train block to which the car belongs. This query will be answered in the affirmative if the car is not the first car of a train block. In other words, a classification track has already been assigned to the train block. On the other hand, if the car is the first car of the train block then the query will be answered in the negative. If this query is answered in the affirmative, in other words the car is not the first car in the train block and a classification track 16 has already been assigned to this train block, then the process continues to step 916 shown at
When the step 916 is executed, the classification track 16 that is tested for available space is retrieved from the memory of the DTA controller 46. In other words, when a classification track is assigned to the first car of a train block, the relationship between the train block and the classification track is stored in the memory of the DTA controller 46. When subsequent cars for that train block arrive and are to be switched, the DTA controller consults this information to determine which classification track 16 has been assigned to the train block and will then test for available space there.
If the decision block 916 is answered in the negative, in other words no space is available for the car in the classification track(s) assigned to the train block, then the processing continues with an overflow logic thread that aims to find a place for the car on another classification track. The logic overflow process is shown by bloc 917. This logic is generally similar to the process starting at step 922 and ending at step 940. Those steps will be described in greater detail later.
If decision bloc 916 is answered in the affirmative, the process continues with decision bloc 919 which determines which departure train the car will be directed to. Step 919 is an option that is useful in circumstances when the car has an expected switching time close to the pull time of the block. In other words, it may not be fully known at the time the switching solution is computed if the car can make the classification track before the pull time of the block. By default, the logic of the DTA controller 46 is designed such as to try fitting the car on the earliest departure train. So, the logic will compute switching solutions that put the car in a train block having a departure time close or slightly before the expected pull time (the extent of what constitutes “close” or “slightly before” is programmed in the DTA controller 46 and can be in its simplest for predetermined time periods). In some cases, the pull time may be delayed and the car will in fact make the current train. Similarly, the actual switch time of the car can occur slightly before the expected switch time in which case the car will also be able to make the current train.
In short, as long as the expected switching time is close enough to the pull time of the current block the DTA controller 46 will compute switching solutions (step 921) that put the car with train block scheduled to depart shortly. Only when the spread between the expected switching time and the pull time exceeds a threshold or the current block is actually pulled or for some other reason it becomes obvious that the car cannot make the train scheduled to depart shortly, then a different switching solution is computed (step 923) that puts the car in a train block with a latest train. The label in
Referring back to
The process starts at step 800. At step 802 the Number of Cars Remaining for the Next departing Train (NCRNT) for a given train block is computed. The NCRNT is the number of cars for the train block that have an expected switching time before the scheduled pull time of the train block. NCRNT takes into account cars that are presently in the hump switch yard 10 and also cars that have not yet arrived but have an ETA such that their expected switching time will still occur before the train block pull time. The DTA controller 46 receives information on the various parameters necessary to compute NCRNT from the SRS component 30, such as information on the identity of the train block and its characteristics, as well as the ETA of the cars that make up the train block. The DTA controller 46 can compute the expected switching time for each car as described earlier and on the basis of the expected pull time of the train block that is also available or derived from information in the SRS component 30, the NCRNT value is computed.
At decision step 804 the DTA controller 46 determines whether a car will be switched to classification tracks 16 or to the rehump tracks 26. The decision is based on the computed value NCRNT and the pull time of the train block from the classification track 16. In the specific example of implementation, if NCRNT is relatively small, less than 5 cars and the pull time of the train block is more than 7 hours away then a switching solution is computed to put the car in the rehump tracks 26 (step 806). Otherwise, the DTA controller 46 proceeds to step 933 in
Decision step 933 tests for another condition that may result in the car being sent to the rehump tracks 26. This condition is the rate of arrival of cars at the switch 24. If the rate is low, i.e., the cars making up the train block will have respective expected switching times spread over a long time period, then it is advantageous to temporarily place the car on the rehump tracks before switching the car in any one of the sets of classification tracks 16. The flowchart of
The process starts at step 1100. At step 1102 the rate of arrival of cars for the train block is computed. This rate is established by determining the number of cars that will be present in the hump switch yard 10 over a predetermined time period, say the next 5 hours. The number of cars is the sum of the cars presently in the hump switch yard 10 and those that are scheduled to arrive within the predetermined time period. As with the previous example, this information is made available to the DTA controller 46 from the SRS component 30. Decision step 1104 determines if the rate of car arrival is above or below a threshold. For example the threshold may be five cars. So if the rate is five cars or more in the next five hours, step 933 is answered in the negative. Otherwise, if the rate is less than five cars in the next five hours, then a switching solution to rehump the car is issued at (step 1108). It will be appreciated that the specific values provided are merely examples and they can be widely vary without departing from the spirit of this invention.
Note that the rate of arrival factor may also be refined by computing the expected switching times of the cars making up the train block instead of the looking only at the number of cars of the train block presently in the hump switch yard 10 and the ETA of the cars that have not yet arrived.
Assuming now that the decision step 933 is answered in the negative, in other words the conditions that would trigger a rehumping solution have not been met, the process continues with decision step 920. In most cases, when the processing reaches this step the car for which a switching solution is being computed is the first car for a train block. Generally, the computations for finding a solution are more complex than in the case when subsequent cars are switched since the DTA controller 46 is not only looking for space for the first car but is also reserving space for the subsequent cars of the train block.
Step 920 first looks for an empty classification track in the preferred group. When several empty classification tracks are available within the preferred group, one option is to randomly choose one. This is suitable when all the empty classification tracks have the same capacity, in other words each empty classification track can accommodate the same number of cars. When empty classification tracks with different capacities are available an option is to choose the one that best fits the train block. In this context “best fit” means a classification track that will contain the least amount of empty space when the entire train block will be delivered in the classification track. The “best fit” computation can be done for each empty classification track by subtracting the train block size from the track capacity. This computation can be made in terms of number of cars or in terms of cumulative car length to take into account cars having different lengths. If an empty classification track is found at step 920 a switching solution is computed (step 935). Otherwise the process continues at decision step 922 which is the same as decision step 920 except that the search for an empty classification track is done in the second most preferred classification track group. Again, if no solution is found at step 922, step 924 performs the same operation, this time looking for an empty classification track in the third most preferred classification track group.
If anyone of the decision blocks 920, 922 or 924 is answered in the affirmative, in other words an empty track is found for the train block, the DTA controller will make an entry in the records in its memory 49 such as to associate the selected classification track with the particular train block. Such association is made by marking the selected empty classification track as “opened” and marking all the other classification tracks as “closed” as far as that train block is concerned. As indicated above this is done by writing the appropriate data in the computer files or records that the DTA controller 46 processes to perform its management functions. Accordingly, when switching solutions are computed for any subsequent cars of that train block, all classification tracks that are marked “closed” are disregarded and the search for switching options is constrained to the “opened” classification track.
Referring back to step 914, which is looking for an existing track for a train block, the “closed” or “opened” status of the classification track allows the DTA controller 46 to identify the correct classification track that is to receive the car.
Once a classification track is marked as “opened” in connection with a certain train block, that classification track is also marked as “closed” for any other train block. This ensures that the classification track will receive only cars for the relevant train block.
The “open” status of a classification track is negated when the switching solution for the last car of the train block has been computed. In other words, the train block is now complete. Similarly, the “closed” status of the classification track with regard to any other train block is also negated, thus allowing cars of another train block to be directed to the classification track.
If no switching solutions have been found at anyone of the steps 920, 922 and 924, indicating that no empty tracks for the train block are available in anyone of the preferred classification groups, the DTA controller 46 continues with decision step 926 that tries to find space for the train block in an already occupied track.
The process will try to find space first in the most preferred group, then the second most preferred group, then the third most preferred group before considering other options. The decision step 926 tries to determine if an occupied classification track 16 exist in the most preferred group that can accommodate the train block or a portion thereof. As discussed previously, the DTA controller 46 will consider only those classification tracks 16 that have train blocks marked “complete”, hence the track is open to receive a new train block. All the other classification tracks 16 in the most preferred group that hold cars but where the train blocks are not yet complete are from a logical process point of view marked “closed”. Assuming that the process locates a single occupied track with a closed train block, hence available to receive a new train block, the process will then determine if enough space exist for the new train block on the track.
In a specific and non-limiting example of implementation, the available space in the classification track equals not the currently available space on the classification tracks but the space that is made available to the new train block considering that train blocks currently occupying the set of classification tracks will be pulled at certain times in the future (train block pull profile vs. car arrival profile).
More specifically, the computation of the available space takes into account the pull time of the train block that currently occupies the track and the ETA, or expected switching time of the cars that make up the train block for which space is being sought. For instance, assume a classification track 16 having a 50 car capacity. Train block A made up of 30 cars that occupies the classification track 16 is scheduled to be pulled at noon (current time is 10:00 AM). The DTA controller 46 needs determining if there is available space for departure train block B that is made up of 40 in the same classification track 16. The arrival profile of the cars making up train block B in the classification track 16 is such that 19 cars will arrive at 11:00 AM, 5 at 3:00 PM and 16 at 3:30 PM. The computation of the available space in the classification track 16 is done at different points in time that generally coincide with the arrival of the cars making up train block B. For instance the available space at the following times will be:
By checking if available space exist at the ETA, or expected switching time of each car in the new train block, the process can determine if, enough space will exist for it in the classification track 16. The train block B is deemed to “fit” in the classification track 16 if for every train block B car that arrives, space exists to receive it.
In determining the time at which cars arrive in the classification track 16, one option is to use only the ETA of the cars available from the SRS component 30. The ETA provides a rough estimate of the time the cars would be present in the classification track since it does not take into account the preparation time for switching such as the mechanical inspection. Never the less, in some applications the ETA can provide a reasonable indication of the time the cars will arrive in the classification track 16 and as to make the assessment. Another more refined option is to use the expected switching time of the cars which is computed as described earlier.
In the case where the process finds a single classification track 16 that can accommodate the new train block then the process terminates by issuing the switching solution. However, in the instance where several classification tracks exist in the most preferred group of classification tracks that can all hold a complete train block, and that can accommodate the new train block, hence the new train block “fits” two or more classification tracks in the most preferred group, then a number of options arise that are considered by the DTA controller 46 to find the best solution. This situation is illustrated in the flowchart at
In
When a classification track has been found to accommodate the new train block, then the records of the DTA controller 46 are marked such that:
Now assume, for example, that the process under step 926 in
If no space is available in anyone of the preferred groups then the process will look for space outside the preferred groups. The same pattern described earlier will be repeated. More specifically, the step 932 will search for an empty classification track but outside the preferred groups (most, second and third). If such an empty classification track is found then a switching solution is issued. Otherwise, the process continues with step 934 that will consider all occupied tracks with closed train blocks outside the preferred groups.
If no space for the train block has been found so far, the process continues with step 936 which is described in greater detail with reference to the flowchart on
The process starts at step 1402. At step 1404 the DTA controller 46 will compute the available space on each set of most preferred classification tracks 16 with closed train blocks (i.e. classification tracks 16 that can receive cars from another train block). Classification tracks 16 with train blocks that are still open are disregarded. The computation of the available space takes into account the pull profile of the existing train block(s) and the arrival profile of the cars of the current train block as described earlier. The result of the available space computation essentially determines how many cars will fit in each classification track with a closed train block. The DTA controller 46 retains in memory the classification track 16 that can hold the largest number of cars.
The same computation is performed in connection with the classification tracks 16 in the second preferred group (step 1406), in the third preferred group (step 1407) and then for classification tracks (step 1408) other than those in the most preferred, the second preferred group (step 1406) and the third preferred group (step 1407).
The results of the four computation operations are compared at decision step 1410. Generally, the selection logic is designed to favor a classification track according to the following order of preference:
One example of decision thresholds is to select a classification track in the most preferred group unless the available classification track from the second preferred group can hold at least 5 more cars. The same or different threshold can be applied to other preference levels as well. For example the classification track returned by step 1407 (third preferred classification track) is selected if it can accommodate 10 cars or more than the classification track in the second preferred group.
Once the decision on which classification track 16 to use is made and the appropriate records in the DTA controller 46 are marked to open that classification track only to cars of the new train block and similarly close the selected classification track 16 to cars from any other train block, then a processing is initiated to determine how to handle the overflow. Several options exist:
All those changes must also be communicated to the SRC component 30 such that the railway operations, once the train has left the hump switch yard 10 can be conducted by taking into account the existence of a new train block. The necessary information can be communicated to the SRS component 30 manually. This can be done by an operator that will access the system and make the necessary changes. Another possibility is to allow the DTA controller 46 to communicate directly with the SRS component 30 such as to change the records of the SRS component 30.
If the step 938 is answered in the negative, in other words a switching solution is not possible, the final option is the step 940 that issues a switching solution to sends the car to the rehump tracks 24.
In the above examples, the DTA controller 46 is designed to compute a switching solution and tell the yard master or any other operator where the car should go. In this embodiment, the DTA controller 46 assists with the switching process and it is up to the yard master to validate the choices made by the DTA controller 46 and then authorize their implementation. In a possible variant, not shown in the drawings, the DTA controller 46 can be designed such as to communicate switching commands directly to the HPCS component 32. In this fashion, the DTA controller 46 will cause the HPCS component 32 to implement the switching solutions, bypassing the human operator. This system would require a communication link between the DTA controller 46 and the HPCS component 32 over which commands and data can be exchanged between both entities.
A possible variant to the general process described earlier in connection with
In summary, the process described in
The process starts at 1300. At step 1302 the DTA controller will identify all the empty cars in the hump yard 10. In essence the DTA controller 46 maintains in the memory 49 a list of all the empty cars that are currently in the hump switch yard 10 and that have not yet been switched. This list is continuously being updated to take into account cars that are being switched and cars that are arriving with inbound trains. Every time an empty car is switched and placed in a classification track 16 the list is updated to remove that car from the list. Similarly, every time a new train arrives, if that train contains empty cars they are added to the list.
The DTA controller 46 is capable of distinguishing between empty cars and cars that are not empty by inspecting the records associated with the respective car objects available from the SRS component 30.
The DTA controller 46 computes at step 1304 the expected switching time of each empty car in the dynamic list maintained by the DTA controller 46. The expected switching time is an information that can be added to the list or it can be cross-referenced on the basis of the car ID information. In other words, the DTA controller 46 can be designed such that it computes the expected switching time for all cars in the hump yard 10 yet to be switched and the expected switching time for the empty cars can be extracted on the basis of car ID information.
At step 1306 the DTA controller 46 will identify all the train blocks that the switch yard 10 is to make (departing train blocks) that have not yet been pulled and that contain empty cars. Again this identification is made based on the records provided by the SRS component 30. The inquiry made at step 1306 will essentially produce a list of train blocks that contain empty cars. Those departure train blocks are either in the process of being assembled or will be assembled in the future. Note that the train blocks identified at step 1306 are defined in the DTA controller 46 records in terms of specific cars making up the train blocks. In other words, a train block containing one or more empty cars specifies unique car ID numbers, not just any empty car.
At step 1308 the DTA controller 46 will determine if anyone of the specific empty cars required for the train blocks to be assembled will be available on time. Available on time means that the particular empty car has an expected switching time prior to the pull time of the block. Step 1308 is expected to produce a shorter list of blocks containing empty cars where at least one empty car specified for each block will not be available on time. This may be caused by the arrival train that brings the empty car being late. Since the DTA controller 46 is made aware of the ETA of each car via the SRS component 30 it can determine for any given car if can be switched before the pull time of the departing train block.
Decision step 1310 determines if an empty car substitution is possible. Once a block has been identified where an empty car will be late, the DTA controller 46 looks for other empty cars in the hump switch yard 10 that can be substituted to the late car. Since a list of all the empty cars in the hump switch yard 10 has been compiled at step 1302 and their respective expected switching times are known, then the DTA controller 46 can determine by searching that list if there is an empty car having an expected switching time before the pull time of the block, hence available to be substituted for the missing or late car. If a substitution is possible then the substitution is performed. This entails switching the car ID numbers in the records associated with the two cars. Specifically, the ID of the car that is currently available in the hump switch yard 10 replaces the ID of the car that is late in all the records of the DTA controller 46 and also in the records of the SRS component 30. Similarly, the ID of the car that is presently in the hump switch yard 10 is replaced by the ID of the car that is late. Hence, when the car that is late actually arrives it will be directed to the train block that was to receive the other car.
If no substitution is possible, in other words the decision step 1310 is answered in the negative, the DTA controller 46 does nothing and the situation is handled as per the process described in connection with
A variant of the process illustrated in
The embodiment in
A possible refinement of the empty car substitution process is to perform the substitution as described earlier but to classify the empty cars according to type, style or category. In many cases, not all empty cars that are placed on the railroad network can be substituted for one another. For example, an empty box car to carry dry goods is not likely to be substitutable to an empty car to carry liquids, for obvious reasons. Accordingly, the above substitution process is preformed in the same manner but for specific car categories. This allows performing substitution only among cars that can perform similar or identical functions. Specifically, if a car to carry liquid goods is late or missing only a similar category car will be allowed to substitute the missing or late car.
The manner in which this refinement is implemented is to create car categories in the records of the DTA controller 46. In a given category one car can be substituted in terms of functionality to any other car in the same category. The number of categories can vary and will depend on the number of different types of cars in circulation on the railroad network. For each car category the substation logic described earlier is run. This ensures that in the case of a substitution the customer will receive a car that will match his/her requirements.
Although various embodiments have been illustrated, this was for the purpose of describing, but not limiting, the invention. Various modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are within the scope of this invention, which is defined more particularly by the attached claims.
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