Patent Grant
6896655
This invention generally relates to the field of psychological health management and in particular relates to an autostereoscopic display system adapted for psychological health management and to a method for using an autostereoscopic display system for conditioning the psychological state of a subject for biofeedback, stress management, behavior modification, entertainment, and similar applications.
The value of image display for conditioning the psychological state, physiological state, or overall behavior of a human subject is widely recognized and documented, with applications in numerous fields. In health-related fields such conditioning can be used for purposes such as stress management as well as for helping in the treatment of conditions such as anxiety, brain injury, or stroke, and other psychological and physiological conditions. In behavioral sciences, such conditioning can be applied to behavior modification, for example. In training applications, conditioning the psychological state, physiological state, or overall behavior of a human subject can be useful in conjunction with simulation systems. In entertainment fields, such conditioning, coupled with careful measurement techniques, could be used to adapt a visual entertainment experience to suit a particular human subject.
For the purpose of this application, it is instructive to clarify the meaning of the verb “condition” as used herein with reference to prior art devices as well as to the present invention. The verb “condition” is broadly defined in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary as “to adapt, modify, or mold so as to conform to an environing culture” or “to modify so that an act or response previously associated with one stimulus becomes associated with another.” Using this sense, the present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for conditioning the psychological state, physiological state, or behavior of a human subject by displaying images to a subject, measuring the subject's response, and adapting further display operation based upon the measured response of the subject. In broadest terms, the present invention is directed to apparatus and methods solutions in health management, stress management, training, and entertainment. It is also instructive to observe that, in the broad sense used in this application, the concept of conditioning the psychological state of a subject encompasses that of modifying the physiological state or the behavioral response of the subject.
An area of particular interest in conditioning the psychological or physiological state of a subject relates to the measurement and management of stress. The measurement and management of a psychological and physiological state, such as the stress, of a subject is a component of a health management program. In order to manage stress, which can have both a psychological and physiological component, it is useful to measure a physiological state of a subject. Useful types of measurements can include measuring galvanic skin response, temperature of fingers, toes, or other extremities, electromyographic (EMG) signals, electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, heart rate, blood pressure, etc., to determine the stress level or level of anxiety of the subject. Dilation of the eye pupil can also be a useful indicator of stress level. The results of these measurements can be converted into signals and fed back as an indication of the subject's level of stress. The subject's level of stress can be determined, measured and compared to a predetermined base level, then converted into sound, light, heat, vibration or images and fed back to the subject.
Several methods for determining a change in stress levels are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,963 and commonly-assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/865,902. The subject in employing stress-reducing techniques uses sound, light, and images to help control stress response. Changes due to physical measures are shown to the subject by a biofeedback device by changing the sound, heat, vibration, light, or images. In the case of images, for example the initial state may show an image out of focus, then, as the stress level decreases, improving focus so that the image becomes more defined. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,729, measurements of electro-physiological quantities are used to control a presentation to a subject of a series of pre-stored audio-visual sequences. In this reference, the image does not have to provide feedback and can be used to achieve a relaxed state.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,998 shows an entertainment device that includes sensing means connected to the subject. In this reference, the sensing means can, for example, sense the subject's galvanic skin response and, according to the given measured state of the subject, provide a given type of audio-visual stimulation for a timed interval to hold the subject's attention or modify subject response to a desired state. At the end of the interval, the subject's state is again measured and a further timed audio-visual response, based on this measured state, is presented to the subject.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,596,994, an automated and interactive positive motivation system is disclosed. The system of this arrangement permits a physician, counselor, or trainer to produce and send a series of motivational messages and/or questions to a subject to change or reinforce a specific behavioral response.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,586 discloses a system and method for diagnosing executive dysfunctions in patients using virtual reality (VR) technology. However, images shown to the subjects are displayed on a CRT monitor, constraining the capability of the system for achieving full engagement of the subject's attention.
Psychotherapists have found that mental visualization of images or guided imagery is a very effective tool for behavior modification therapy, an important factor in managing a subject's stress. Implementation of guided imagery based therapies can be hindered by variety of factors such as a subject's inability to create and properly control mental images and inability to practice and apply visualization techniques without assistance.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,846 discloses a system for managing a psychological and physiological state of a subject using images that are created according to a personalized preferred response profile and specifically tailored to the subject. The image display device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,846 is a high-resolution color monitor. However, as is noted above, display devices of this type are limited in providing realistic images. The subject can be too easily distracted and must exert some effort to become absorbed in the viewing experience with this type of display.
There is considerable interest in applying virtual reality (VR) imaging as part of behavior modification therapy, particularly for treatment of phobias and related neuroses. However, drawbacks with existing VR imaging techniques include cost and complexity, lack of realistic imaging, and an awkward viewing environment due to the need for the subject to wear goggles, headgear, or special glasses.
The potential value of auto stereoscopic display systems is widely appreciated particularly in entertainment and simulation fields. Auto stereoscopic display systems include “immersion” systems, intended to provide a realistic viewing experience for a subject by visually surrounding the subject with a three-dimensional image having a very wide field of view. As differentiated from the more general category of stereoscopic displays, the auto stereoscopic display is characterized by the absence of any requirement for a wearable item of any type, such as goggles, headgear, or special glasses, for example. That is, an auto stereoscopic display attempts to provide “natural” viewing conditions for a subject.
Conventional display systems, such as the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,846, use a color display monitor or project an image onto a screen for viewing. Optically, this type of image is termed a “real” image, with some form of display surface positioned where the image is formed in space by the optical system. However, for realistic viewing in an immersive imaging system, display of a “virtual” image, as contrasted with a real image, has distinct advantages. A virtual image, formed by an optical system, appears to be more natural in appearance than a real image, with a more lifelike light behavior. A virtual image is not projected onto a surface and therefore does not exhibit screen or monitor artifacts. The virtual image appears to the eye as if it has a spatial position, but this appearance is caused by divergence of light rays rather than by the actual formation of a focused image. A very small source object can provide the scene content for a large virtual image. A display system using a curved mirror and beamsplitter such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,416,181 forms a virtual image that appears to be well behind the curved mirror in space. As a result, vergence and accommodation effects are improved over solutions using real image projection. Vergence refers to the degree at which the observer's eyes must be crossed in order to fuse the separate images of an object within the field of view. Vergence decreases, then vanishes as viewed objects become more distant. Accommodation refers to the requirement that the eye lens of the observer change shape to maintain retinal focus for the object of interest. It is known that there can be a temporary degradation of the observer's depth perception when the observer is exposed for a period of time to mismatched depth cues for vergence and accommodation. It is also known that this negative effect on depth perception can be mitigated when the accommodation cues correspond to distant image position, as can be provided using virtual imaging. In addition to providing an image that is easy for the eye to adapt to, virtual imaging allows a wide field of view.
It must be noted that, because of wide use of the term “virtual reality”, there is some confusion of terminology related to virtual images. In some contexts, virtual images are considered to be images that are solely computer-generated. However, for the purposes of the present application, references to “virtual images” refer to images formed optically in the manner described above and differentiated from real images. For the purposes of the present application, virtual image content may be either from natural sources or may be computer-generated. Virtual reality techniques may employ either real images, as is described with reference to U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,846 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,586 above, or may employ virtual images.
Pupil imaging also provides advantages for realistic autostereoscopic imaging. In pupil imaging, the eye pupil of the subject is optically conjugate to the projection lens pupil. This allows natural head movement if an eye-tracking and compensation mechanism is employed to adjust the viewing pupil position when the eye pupil is moved. With a system that updates the image display according to the position of left and right viewing pupils, some ability to “look around” an object can be achieved.
An acknowledged design goal for immersion systems is to provide the most realistic viewing environment possible. While this relates most pronouncedly to visual perception, it can also encompass auditory, tactile, and other sensory perception as well. It is well known to those skilled in the virtual reality art that, while the visual display is the primary component needed for an effective immersion experience, there is substantial added value in complementing visual accuracy with reinforcement using other senses of a subject. While the addition of auditory, tactile, and motion stimuli has been implemented for a more realistic and compelling motion picture experience to an audience, there is a need to provide additional sense stimuli in an auto stereoscopic viewing system. Moreover, the use of such additional stimuli may be optimized using sensed feedback information from measurements obtained from a subject.
Thus, it can be seen that, while there have been some conventional approaches for conditioning the psychological and physiological state of a subject using displays that provide real images, there is a need for solutions that provide a more natural and realistic viewing experience. In particular, there would be benefits to providing an improved auto stereoscopic imaging solution for viewing electronically processed images, where the solution provides a structurally simple apparatus, minimizes aberrations and image distortion, and meets demanding requirements for providing wide field of view with large pupil size, for compensating for subject head movement and interocular distance differences, and for providing additional sensory stimulation. At the same time, such a solution could serve as the basis for a system that enables a personalized image response profile to be developed and maintained for conditioning the psychological and physiological state of a subject or for conditioning a subject's behavior.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved autostereoscopic system for conditioning the psychological and physiological state of a subject or for conditioning a subject's behavior. With this object in mind, the present invention provides a system comprising:
A feature of the present invention is the use of an adaptive autostereoscopic imaging system for display of images to the subject. In a preferred embodiment, the system forms images using a ball lens that is conjugate to each viewing pupil due to its optical relationship to a curved mirror and a beamsplitter.
A further feature of the present invention is the use of system control logic for maintaining a profile for the subject, where the profile is used as a factor in determining image selection and display.
It is an advantage of the present invention that it provides an improved system and method that can be used for therapeutic use in treatment of a wide variety of psychological and physiological disorders.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it provides an immersive environment for management and conditioning of the psychological state of the subject. Distractions of external equipment, movement, or personnel are minimized so that the subject can concentrate on visual and other sensory stimuli provided by the system.
The present invention provides for both a system and method for helping to condition or manage the psychological and physiological state of a subject by utilizing images and other stimuli such as sound, smell, etc. In the context of the present invention, the images viewed can be still images, audio-visual images, or video clips, for example. The apparatus and method of the present invention can be part of a personal biofeedback program for managing stress responses or modifying behavior in some way. With the method and apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to overcome the disadvantage of generalized image selection as in conventional arrangements. That is, with the apparatus and method of the present invention, visual and related stimuli are based on personal responses of the subject, rather than on generalized responses obtained from a larger group of subjects. A subject can then utilize these personal images or stimuli using an adaptive autostereoscopic display system along with, or as part of, a biofeedback mechanism for altering the subject's psychological and physiological state, so as to manage and/or reduce stress levels, for example.
The method of the present invention comprises the steps of creating a personalized preferred image response profile for a subject by having the subject view a first set of images and then choose images from the first set of images which provide a preferred response for the subject, wherein the personalized preferred image response profile defines preferred characteristics which are representative of common characteristics of the chosen images; selecting a second set of images from an image library which include characteristics that match the preferred characteristics of the personalized preferred image response profile; and displaying the selected second set of images to the subject to help to manage a psychological and physiological state of the subject.
The present invention further relates to a method of changing, managing or helping a subject to manage a psychological and physiological state using images which comprises the steps of showing a first set of images to the subject; measuring a physiological state of the subject as the subject views the first set of images; and recording images from the first set of images which provide a preferred response based on the measured physiological state of the subject, so as to create a personalized preferred image response profile that defines preferred characteristics which are representative of common characteristics of the recorded preferred images.
The present invention also relates to a system, which changes, manages or helps to manage a psychological and physiological state of a subject using images. The system comprises an image display device which is adapted to store a personalized preferred image response profile for a subject and to store and display a set of images from an image library; and a detector device which measures physiological characteristics of the subject, wherein the physiological characteristics are indicative of a stress level of the subject. The image display device comprises a control mechanism which selects images from the set of images that include attributes that match attributes of the personalized preferred image response profile, and displays the selected images in a desired sequence in accordance with a stress level of the subject as measured by the detection device, to control a stress level of the subject.
The present invention also relates to a method of helping to manage a subject's psychological and physiological state, the method comprising the steps of showing a set of stimuli to the subject; measuring a physiological state of the subject as the subject views the set of stimuli, and making a recording of stimuli from the set of stimuli which provide a preferred response based on the measured physiological state of the subject, so as to create a personalized preferred response profile that defines preferred characteristics which are representative of common characteristics of the recorded stimuli.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings wherein there is shown and described an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter of the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The present description is directed in particular to elements forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, apparatus in accordance with the invention. It is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art.
Referring to
Detailed description of the optical subsystem of adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 is given in commonly-assigned copending U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/854,699. In the preferred embodiment, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 provides virtual autostereoscopic images at left and right viewing pupils 14l and 14r. Left and right viewing pupil forming apparatus 36l and 36r each project images through a left and right ball lens assembly 30l and 30r onto a beamsplitter 16. Beamsplitter 16 interacts with a curved mirror 24 to form a virtual image for each viewing pupil 14l and 14r. Within left and right viewing pupil forming apparatus 36l and 36r, images can be generated using a spatial light modulator such as a liquid crystal device (LCD) or a digital micromirror device (DMD), for example. Alternately, images could be generated by one or more lasers, using a grating light valve or similar electromechanical device, or using an OLED.
As illustrated in
Referring to
Image source 42 may provide any of a number of types of images, such as, but not limited to, the following:
From the description of
Referring again to
Adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 could be equipped with a feedback control loop for sensing and responding to a position or gesture of subject 12. For example, as is described in commonly-assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/854,699, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 could be equipped to sense and compensate for an interocular distance or a gesture of subject 12 or could use speech recognition as a sensed input. In addition, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 could be designed to provide some measure of compensation for parallax error or “see-around” capability, adjusting left and right eye images based on eye positions observed for subject 12.
Control logic processor 50 may also control other optional output devices for controlling vibration, temperature, fans, or other devices. Tactile output could be provided, such as by means of a glove (not shown) or by one or more fans or other devices. These tactile devices could also control temperature, such as the temperature of air from a fan outlet, for example. An olfactory output apparatus (not shown) could be employed as an output device for emitting an odor perceptible to subject 12. Optional audio content from an audio source 70, also under control of control logic processor 50, can be directed to a speaker system 62 and to one or more speakers 64. Control logic processor 50 is a computer of some type, possibly comprising a dedicated CPU or microprocessor, programmed to generate output commands based on program instructions and conditioned by sensed input feedback data. For example,
For example, control mechanism 17 can detect changes in stress related physiological functions of subject 12 and trigger a change in the sequence or type of images displayed by adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10. More specifically, control mechanism 17 can include software that is designed to select images from a first set of images 100 or from a second set of images 102 supplied by image source 42, where the selected set 100 or 102 is compatible with attributes defined by a personalized preferred image response profile for subject 12. Adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 would then display the selected images in a desired sequence in accordance with the stress level of subject 12 as measured by detection device 11, to help manage stress, for example.
First set of images 100 may be representative of a personalized preferred image response profile for subject 12, the details of which will be described later. First set of images 100 can be tailored to information obtained from subject 12 and can include a series of images based on a variety of themes (such as ocean, forest, desert, sunset, or similar themes, for example.) Alternately, first set of images 100 may include personal images of subject 12, such as family and friends, for example. Images in first or second set of images 100 or 102 can be arranged in a preset sequence, such as from chaotic, to ordered, to placid, as might be useful for helping to modify behavior and reduce stress, for example. Adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 can further be adapted to store for display, in image source 42, second set of images 102 from an image library or from personal images of subject 12. As previously discussed, the stored images can be of any type, such as still images, audio-visual images, video clips, or computer-generated images, for example.
Creating a Personalized Preferred Image Response Profile
The process of creating a personalized preferred image response profile for determining first set of images 100 for each subject 12 will now be described. The personalized preferred image response profile is created by having subject 12 view a wide variety of images and measuring physiological effects on subject 12 as an indicator of psychological state. The measurements can be made using observer feedback sensor 52, camera 54, or detector device 11. Measurements could record one or more physiological symptoms, such as, but not limited to EMG, EEG, galvanic skin response, skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, eye movement, or pupil dilation, for example. The measurements obtained are correlated to the corresponding image or image sequence viewed by subject 12 at the time. The measured results indicate how subject 12 reacts to a specific image or to a sequence of images. From this data, a personalized preferred image response profile is created for subject 12. In practice, first set of images 100 will generally be images that provide a preferred response for the type of behavior modification desired, such as lowering a stress level. In this way, the personalized preferred image response profile can include data from first set of images 100 which is representative of common characteristics, or attributes of first set of images 100 that tend to provide a preferred response to the individual. The personalized preferred image response profile can then be used to select images from an image library which includes second set of images 102. The selected images can be used by as personal biofeedback images by subject 12. Thus, by using the personalized preferred image response profile, images are selected that have a desired effect for subject 12. More generally, the personalized preferred image response profile may be comprised of a set of information that describes the selected images and others that match the response profile.
As an example, to create a personalized preferred image response profile, subject 12 accesses an image library stored in image source 42 and keys in a code that links to the personalized preferred image response profile specific to subject 12. This personalized preferred image response profile is then used by the image library to select images from the image library. These selected images are displayed so that subject 12 can choose a desired set. This selected set can then be loaded as second set of images 102, for example. The personalized image response profile allows subject 12 to pick from a variety of categories such as seascapes, desert scenes, forest scenes or personal images such as from home, garden, favorite museum, pets, or other images, for example. This allows subject 12 to change the images that are used as biofeedback, reducing the risk that displayed images within second set of images 102 will have an adverse effect on the psychological state of subject 12.
Once a personalized preferred image response profile is set up, subject 12 interacts with detecting device 11 and loads the selected images from second set of images 102 for display by adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10. The output from detecting device 11 feeds into control mechanism 17 over interconnect cable 13 or over some other type of wireless interface. Subject 12 can set a base state by recording measured levels of stress, using measurements of symptoms such as EMG, EEG, galvanic skin response, skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, eye movement, and the like. An image from the selected images of second set of images 102 which relates to this level of stress can them be displayed on adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10. At this point, subject 12 can begin a personal stress reduction regime and determine the changing level of stress is manifested with the transition in images. For example, as the stress level decreases, the images displayed to subject 12 could change from a chaotic state to a serene state. In another arrangement, the image transition may be from a first image to a second image, where the second image is very unlike the first image, with a corresponding measurement made of the change in stress symptoms for subject 12, on the basis of the personalized preferred image response profile. Image classification may be based on resolution, color, contrast, scene content, or other characteristic.
Referring now to
As noted in
Referring again to
Referring back to
Referring to
The images obtained by the image source 42 can be in the form of a video, photo CDs, CD ROMs, floppy disks, DVD, lenticular imaging, downloaded or EEPROM.
With the process of the present invention, subject 12 creates a personalized preferred image response profile by viewing a first set of images on the adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 such as from a profile set that includes images arranged in pairs, and compares and chooses images from the first set of images, which provide a preferred response for subject 12. In making the comparison choices between images as illustrated in the flow charts of
Having created the personalized preferred image response profile, which is then stored in the image source 42, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10, using detector device 11 as illustrated in
In a further aspect of the present invention, as shown by the flow chart of
Image composition analysis can be used to help in building an image response profile, based on the attributes shown in FIG. 6. The profile can also be influenced by color analysis, timing preference, health baseline, health history, ability to learn and record variables for time of day, seasons, geographics, personal or family images, for example. (step 9050). Having the personalized preferred image response profile created by a medical practitioner, subject 12 can now go to a retailer or use an on-line remote connection, adapting the sequence described in the flow chart of
In this way, the method and apparatus of the present invention overcomes the disadvantage of generalized image selection. Rather than presenting subject 12 with images statistically chosen on the bases of the effects these images had on a large sample of individuals, the images are linked to personal responses. Subject 12 uses the personalized images in a device that uses images or feedback controlled image properties as a biofeedback mechanism for achieving an improved psychological state.
It is recognized that in addition to managing stress, this method and apparatus can also be used as a tool to motivate, teach, focus, or visualize. In addition, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 could also be used for entertainment purposes. By measuring physiological response, the display of images or of an image sequence could be selectively adapted in order to obtain a desired type of response from subject 12. Thus, for example, an adventure ride sequence could be speeded up, slowed down, or otherwise adapted to suit the response of each particular subject 12.
The method and apparatus of the present invention also permits the use of a personalized preferred image response profile to allow subject 12 to choose images or a sequence of images from a number of different categories of images such as seascapes, desert scenes, forest scenes, other nature scenes, personal images, or computer-generated images according to data in the personalized preferred image response profile.
The personalized preferred image response profile can also be used for pre-selection, thereby preventing subject 12 from having to choose images or sets of images from a large library of images. The images are selected by comparing the attributes of the images to the personalized preferred image response profile.
The method and apparatus of the present invention also permits subject 12 to use the personalized preferred image response profile to sort, compare, select and keep track of images. With the method and apparatus of the present invention, it is also possible to generate a chart or record of stress levels for periods of time which can be shared, for example, with physicians as part of a diagnostic exercise or treatment plan.
The method and apparatus of the present invention also provides for a device which can be utilized to manage stress and at the same time is portable enough so that it can be used at home, at work, or while traveling.
Although primarily intended for image presentation, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 is not limited to the use of images for creating a personalized preferred response profile and helping subject 12 to manage stress. As previously discussed, additional stimuli such as sound, smell, touch, or vibration, could also be used, alone or with images, as a basis for creating the personalized preferred response profile and helping subject 12 to manage stress.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention as described above, and as noted in the appended claims, by a person of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, adaptive autostereoscopic display system 10 could be used in other medical, therapeutic, or entertainment applications. Additional types of feedback sensors could be employed to provide any of the more sophisticated sensing functions known in the virtual reality presentation arts, such as head-tracking or gaze-tracking, for example.
Thus, what is provided is an autostereoscopic display system adapted for psychological health management and to a method for using an autostereoscopic display system for conditioning the psychological state of a subject for biofeedback, stress management, behavior modification, entertainment, and similar applications.
Reference is made to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/854,699, filed May 14, 2001, now is a U.S. Pat. No. 6,752,498, entitled ADAPTIVE AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC DISPLAY SYSTEM, by Covannon et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/010,500, filed Nov. 13, 2001, now is a U.S. Pat. No. 6,511,182, entitled An AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC OPTICAL APPARATUS USING A SCANNED LINEAR IMAGE SOURCE, by Agostinelli et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/095,341, filed Mar. 8, 2002, now is a U.S. Pat. No. 6,702,442, entitled A MONOCENTRIC AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC OPTICAL APPARATUS USING RESONANT FIBER-OPTIC IMAGE GENERATION, by Agostinelli et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/101,291, filed Mar. 19, 2002, now is a U.S. Pat. No. 6,550,918, entitled A MONOCENTRIC AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC VIEWING APPARATUS USING RESONANT FIBER-OPTIC IMAGE GENERATION, by Agostinelli et al.; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/137,676, filed May 2, 2002, now is a U.S. Pat. No. 6,768,585, entitled A MONOCENTRIC AUTOSTEREOSCOPIC OPTICAL APPARATUS USING A SCANNED LINEAR ELECTROMECHANICAL MODULATOR, by Agostinelli et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3855998 | Hidalgo-Briceno | Dec 1974 | A |
| 4751642 | Silva et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 5304112 | Mrklas et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5343871 | Bittman et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5465729 | Bittman et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5546943 | Gould | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5596994 | Bro | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5742263 | Wang et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5913310 | Brown | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5936663 | Tabata et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5947908 | Morris | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6012926 | Hodges et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6034717 | Dentinger et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6057846 | Sever, Jr. | May 2000 | A |
| 6102846 | Patton et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6149586 | Elkind | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6394963 | Blazey et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6416181 | Kessler et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6425764 | Lamson | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6511182 | Agostinelli et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 20020186348 | Covannon et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040024287 A1 | Feb 2004 | US |
