Patent Grant
9598062
Especially when various on-board systems are integrated with a vehicle braking system for conjointly operating the vehicle, the vehicle may be operated according to a “worst case” assumption of braking capability. The vehicle may be operated according to the assumption that only fifty percent of mechanical braking capability is available and with no dynamic brake capability. Making such assumptions may result in the vehicle being slowed earlier than necessary, which results in a loss of average speed over a full duration of a trip. Additionally, this may result in delay and loss of route capacity, considering that other vehicles also operate of the same route. Furthermore, the actual braking capability may be less than what is assumed, due to discrepancies between actual capabilities and assumed capabilities, brake system failures during a trip, environmental conditions, etc.
One approach currently utilized to assess braking capability of a vehicle is to check the brakes of the vehicle prior to departure to ensure that the brakes are operating. This approach, however, does not provide for a true determination of braking capability or effectiveness. This is because checking for braking ability does not convey any information about how much braking force would be applied in actually using the brakes during motoring, e.g., actual braking pads or shoes may not function properly, thus not being able to apply a full breaking force to wheels the vehicle, even though braking ability is present.
It may be desirable to have a vehicle control system, taking into account braking system capability, that differs from those vehicle control systems that are currently available.
Embodiments of the invention relate to vehicles. Other embodiments relate to methods and systems for controlling rail vehicles, automotive vehicles (including driverless, remotely controlled, and driver operated automobiles), or other vehicles.
Embodiments of the present invention relate to systems and methods for vehicle control that determine a braking capability of a vehicle and control the vehicle based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., a system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of a vehicle, and modify application of at least one control parameter by a control system of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. (Control parameter refers to a quantity or factor, relating to the vehicle or a trip, which is used by a control system as a basis for controlling the vehicle. Modifying application of the control parameter may include modifying the parameter and applying the modified parameter in the same manner as the parameter before modification, and/or applying the parameter in a different way than the parameter would have been applied previously.) The controller may be part of the vehicle control system, or part of a different system of the vehicle.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., a system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. ((The grade may be a zero degree grade, a downhill grade, or an uphill grade; route includes travel on roadways, rails, etc.) The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle (e.g., a control parameter used by a control system of the vehicle) based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a method for vehicle control includes determining (e.g., with at least one controller) a braking capability of a braking system of a vehicle, and modifying application of at least one control parameter by a control system of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a method for vehicle control includes determining (e.g., with at least one controller) when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The method further includes applying the braking system of the vehicle while on the grade to test a capability of the braking system. The method further includes modifying application (e.g., enforcement) of a control parameter by the vehicle based on a result from the test.
In an embodiment, a system for a vehicle includes a braking capability module configured to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle. The system further includes a control module operably coupled with the braking capability module and configured to modify application of a control parameter by the control module based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a system for a vehicle includes a location module configured to identify when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The system further includes a braking capability module configured to command applying a braking system of the vehicle while on the grade to test a capability of the braking system. The system further includes a control module configured to modify application of a control parameter by the control module based on a result from the test.
Embodiments of the invention may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures wherein:
Reference will be made below in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals used throughout the drawings refer to the same or like parts; however, the existence of the same or like parts in multiple embodiments does not mean every embodiment of the invention necessarily includes such parts. Exemplary embodiments of the invention solve problems in the art by controlling a vehicle based on a determined condition of a braking system of the vehicle. Additionally, embodiments of the invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a system (including a computer processing system), a method (including a computerized method), an apparatus, a computer readable medium, a computer program product, or a data structure tangibly fixed in a computer readable memory. Several embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention may be used in vehicles, such as, but not limited to, off-highway vehicles, over road transportation systems, rail vehicles, etc. Additionally, unless specifically referred to as a single or individual vehicle, the term vehicle includes vehicle consists, “consist” referring to a group of vehicles mechanically and/or logically/communicatively linked to travel together along a route.
With reference to
The braking capability may be determined in different manners. With reference to
To elaborate, braking capability is a level of force available to be applied by the braking system 18 for slowing the vehicle. Tractive effort is the pulling or pushing force exerted by a vehicle to move a load (itself and other mass, if any). At the point where the tractive effort overcomes the braking force, this means that the tractive effort is equal to, or just slightly higher than, the braking force. Thus, a measure of tractive effort at this point is indicative of braking capability. As should be appreciated, tractive effort does not necessarily refer to the maximum possible tractive effort of a vehicle (which is a function of vehicle configuration), but rather to the level of tractive effort currently being expended by the vehicle. It is assumed that the maximum possible tractive effort is greater than the maximum braking capability of the braking system. Tractive effort may be measured using force sensors, and/or by leveraging information available to the vehicle traction system. For example, tractive effort may be derived based on the throttle level or other control inputs, which map to the energy demanded of the traction system and the tractive effort, and/or on a per-axle basis based on the torque produced by each motor (determinable based on the electrical signals being applied to the motor and/or on sensor outputs of motor operation) and knowledge of wheel diameter and gear ratio (of gears between the motor and axle).
In embodiments of the vehicle control method, the braking system is activated (as at step 28) when the vehicle is stopped, and the level of tractive effort is gauged (as part of step 30) by identifying when the vehicle starts to move despite the braking force, for determining the braking capability. One example of activating the braking system when the vehicle is stopped is to do so at or before a time of departure of the vehicle. In other embodiments, the braking system is activated when the vehicle is moving. This may be done at times when braking is not needed to slow the vehicle for vehicle control purposes as part of its trip, or when the braking is needed to slow the vehicle for vehicle control purposes. The tractive effort of the vehicle is increased to maintain speed despite the braking, and the braking capability is determined based on the difference between the increased tractive effort and the level of tractive effort before braking (before the tractive effort was increased).
As noted above, embodiments of a control method include a step of modifying application of at least one control parameter 22 by a control system 24 of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. As further noted, modifying application of the control parameter may include modifying the parameter and applying the modified parameter the same as the parameter before modification, and/or applying the parameter in a different way than the parameter would have been applied previously. As one example, the control system 24 may comprise an energy management system. The energy management system operates based on control parameters that may include information about the vehicle, information about the route of the vehicle, information about logistics (start point, end point, business-based time constraints, goal of the trip), and/or physics or other models of how the vehicle operates. The goal of the trip may be to save fuel or to arrive at a designated stop point at a given time. The energy management system may be configured, as part of the physics or other models of vehicle operation, to operate based on an assumed braking capability of the vehicle. According to one aspect of the invention, instead of operating based on an assumed braking capability, the energy management system would receive information of the determined braking capability of the vehicle (i.e., an indication of actually how effective the braking system is in operation of the vehicle) and operate based on the determined braking capability. Thus, the control parameter would be a vehicle braking information used by the energy management system and the step of modifying application of the vehicle braking information would comprise using the determined braking capability instead of an assumed or default braking capability.
As an example, the step of modifying application of the at least one control parameter based on the determined braking capability may comprise modifying a designated speed and/or time of the trip. For example, if the vehicle is designated to travel at a first speed under the default of an assumed braking capability, then according to aspects of the invention, it may be the case that the vehicle is instead designated to travel at a second speed based on the determined (actual) braking capability.
As an example, with reference to
In another embodiment, with reference to
In an embodiment of the control method, the braking capability is re-determined, and application of the at least one control parameter is modified based on the re-determined braking capability, when (or whenever) vehicle weight or another vehicle characteristic changes. This is because a change in a vehicle characteristic may have an effect on braking capability, e.g., lower weight generally means it is easier to slow the vehicle. For example, with reference to
In embodiments, determining the braking capability additionally or alternatively comprises determining a stopping distance of the vehicle 12. The stopping distance may then be used as a basis for controlling the vehicle, e.g., braking is commenced at or before the vehicle is the stopping distance away from a designated stop point. A simplified model for determining stopping distance is stopping distance=(0.5MV2)/f, where M is the mass of the vehicle, V is the velocity of the vehicle, and f is the available braking force, e.g., determined as described herein.
The method of
With reference to
In another embodiment, with reference to
In an embodiment of the method of
In an embodiment of the method of
In an embodiment of the method of
In an embodiment of the method of
The system 82 may be further configured to carry out one or more other methods as described herein. For example, the location module may be configured to identify when the vehicle is moving along a downhill grade of the route, and the braking capability module may be configured to command applying the braking system of the vehicle while on the downhill grade.
The methods of
As noted, determining the braking capability of the braking system of the vehicle may involve determining the overall braking capability (e.g., braking during movement capability, not factoring in parking brakes or the like), or the braking capability of one or more sub-systems of the braking system. For example, determining the braking capability may comprise determining the braking capability of each braking sub-system of a vehicle at a time of departure of the vehicle. Determining the braking capability of each braking system of the vehicle may comprise determining the braking capability at a time each braking system of the vehicle is applied as needed during a trip. Alternatively, it may comprise testing the braking capability of the vehicle at a time braking of the vehicle is not required. The testing may be carried out using a very brief application of at least one braking sub-system, where the test is so brief so as not to significantly slow the vehicle. The test may be done at a location where gravity experienced by the vehicle, such as traveling downhill, may further minimize any reduction in speed during the test.
Modifying enforcement or other application of a control parameter by the vehicle based on the determined braking capability may comprise modifying a speed enforcement element (such as, but not limited to, a speed enforcement algorithm), an element that creates, on board the vehicle, a modified trip as the vehicle is motoring, and/or an element that enforces a desired speed and time. Modifying enforcement or other application may also comprise using airbrake or mechanical brake application timing to include vehicle consist/distributed power (DP) position wherein braking is different, since braking is applied from both ends of the vehicle as opposed to just one end of the vehicle.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller is further operable to activate the braking system of the vehicle to apply a braking force on the vehicle and to concurrently apply a level of tractive effort of the vehicle sufficient to overcome the braking force, and to determine the braking capability based on the level of tractive effort.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller is further configured to determine when the vehicle is moving along a downhill grade of the route and to active the braking system while the vehicle is on the downhill grade to determine the braking capability.
In an embodiment, the at least one controller is configured activate the braking system while the vehicle is on the downhill grade to an extent and/or for a duration sufficient to determine the braking capability but not to significantly slow down the vehicle versus a speed of the vehicle before the braking system was activated. The duration of activating the braking system to determine the braking capability may be determined based on a slope of the downhill grade.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller comprises a vehicle safety system configured to control braking of the vehicle responsive to receiving a signal from off board the vehicle or from an on-board safety detector. Also, the at least one control parameter comprises a default braking profile of the vehicle safety system. The at least one controller is configured to modify the default braking profile to a modified braking profile based on the determined braking capability. The modified braking profile may be less conservative than the default braking profile.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller is configured to control the vehicle according to a speed profile that specifies one or more maximum allowed speeds of the vehicle as a function of location and/or time. The at least one control parameter comprises a designated speed of the vehicle, the designated speed being less than the maximum allowed speed for a current location and/or time of the vehicle by at least a safety threshold. The at least one controller is configured to modify the designated speed, based on the determined braking capability, to a vehicle speed within the safety threshold.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller is configured to receive information indicative of a characteristic of the vehicle having changed. The at least one controller the further configured, responsive to receiving the information, to re-determine the braking capability of the braking system of the vehicle and modify application of the at least one control parameter based on the braking capability that is re-determined.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The vehicle is a rail vehicle, and the at least one controller is operable to determine the braking capability as a combined braking capability of air brake and dynamic brake portions of the braking system of the rail vehicle.
In an embodiment, a system (e.g., system for controlling a vehicle) includes at least one controller that is operable to determine when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade. The at least one controller is further operable to determine a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade, and to modify application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The vehicle is an automotive vehicle (e.g., automobile), and the at least one controller is operable to determine the braking capability as at least one of a braking capability of a mechanical brake portion of the braking system of the automotive vehicle or a combined braking capability of the mechanical brake portion and a regenerative brake portion of the braking system of the automotive vehicle.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The step of determining the braking capability includes activating the braking system of the vehicle to apply a braking force on the vehicle, and concurrently applying a level of tractive effort of the vehicle sufficient to overcome the braking force. The braking capability is determined based on the level of tractive effort.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The step of determining when the vehicle is moving along the route having the grade comprises determining when the vehicle is moving along a downhill grade of the route. The braking system is activated while the vehicle is on the downhill grade to determine the braking capability. The braking system may be activated while the vehicle is on the downhill grade to an extent and/or for a duration sufficient to determine the braking capability but not to significantly slow down the vehicle versus a speed of the vehicle before the braking system was activated. Further, the duration of activating the braking system to determine the braking capability may be determined based on a slope of the downhill grade.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The at least one controller comprises a vehicle safety system configured to control braking of the vehicle responsive to receiving a signal from off board the vehicle or from an on-board safety detector. The at least one control parameter comprises a default braking profile of the vehicle safety system. The default braking profile is modified to a modified braking profile based on the determined braking capability. The modified braking profile may be less conservative than the default braking profile.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The vehicle is controlled according to a speed profile that specifies one or more maximum allowed speeds of the vehicle as a function of location and/or time. The control parameter comprises a designated speed of the vehicle, the designated speed being less than the maximum allowed speed for a current location and/or time of the vehicle by at least a safety threshold. The designated speed is modified, based on the determined braking capability, to a vehicle speed within the safety threshold.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, receiving information indicative of a characteristic of the vehicle having changed, and responsive to receiving the information, with the at least one controller, re-determining the braking capability of the braking system of the vehicle, and modifying application of the at least one control parameter based on the re-determined braking capability.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The vehicle is a rail vehicle, and the step of determining the braking capability comprises determining a combined braking capability of air brake and dynamic brake portions of the braking system of the rail vehicle.
In an embodiment, a method includes, with at least one controller, determining when a vehicle is moving along a route having a grade, and determining a braking capability of a braking system of the vehicle by activating the braking system at a time when braking of the vehicle is not required for traction or movement control purposes of the vehicle on the grade. The method further includes, with the at least one controller, modifying application of at least one control parameter of the vehicle based on the determined braking capability. The vehicle is an automotive vehicle (e.g., automobile), and the step of determining the braking capability comprises determining the braking capability as at least one of a braking capability of a mechanical brake portion of the braking system of the automotive vehicle or a combined braking capability of the mechanical brake portion and a regenerative brake portion of the braking system of the automotive vehicle.
As used herein, the term “module” includes a hardware and/or software system that operates to perform one or more functions. For example, a module may include a computer processor, controller, or other logic-based device that performs operations based on instructions stored on a tangible and non-transitory computer readable storage medium, such as a computer memory. Alternatively or additionally, a module may include a hard-wired device that performs operations based on hard-wired logic of the device. The module(s) shown in the attached figures may represent the hardware that operates based on software or hardwired instructions, the software that directs hardware to perform the operations, or a combination thereof.
The exemplary methods described herein may be implemented as sets of instructions stored on non-transient electronically readable media, for execution by a processor (the processor accesses the media and instructions, and performs control functions based on the contents of the instructions). Each element set forth in the flowcharts of the drawings may be implemented as a software module specific to performing the function of the element.
An apparatus, such as a data processing system, including a CPU, memory, I/O, program storage, a connecting bus, and other appropriate components, could be programmed or otherwise designed to facilitate the practice of exemplary embodiments of the method of the invention. Such a system would include appropriate program means (sets of instructions) for executing the method of the invention. Also, an article of manufacture, such as a pre-recorded disk, computer readable media, or other similar computer program product, for use with a data processing system, could include a storage medium and program means (sets of instructions) recorded thereon for directing the data processing system to facilitate the practice of the method of the invention. Such apparatus and articles of manufacture also fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Broadly speaking, a technical effect is to determine a condition of the braking system of a vehicle and to use the condition as a basis for controlling movement of the vehicle along a route. Exemplary embodiments of the invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a device, such as, but not limited to, a computer, designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and/or logical operations usually at high speed, where results of such operations may or may not be displayed. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. For example, the software programs that underlie exemplary embodiments of the invention can be coded in different programming languages, for use with different devices, or platforms. It will be appreciated, however, that the principles that underlie exemplary embodiments of the invention can be implemented with other types of computer software technologies as well.
Moreover, embodiments of the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Exemplary embodiments of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by processing devices located at different locations on board of a vehicle, that are linked through at least one communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the inventive subject matter without departing from its scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the inventive subject matter, they are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the inventive subject matter should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
This written description uses examples to disclose several embodiments of the inventive subject matter, including the best mode, and also to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the embodiments of inventive subject matter, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the inventive subject matter is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
The foregoing description of certain embodiments of the present inventive subject matter will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. To the extent that the figures illustrate diagrams of the functional blocks of various embodiments, the functional blocks are not necessarily indicative of the division between hardware circuitry. Thus, for example, one or more of the functional blocks (for example, controllers or memories) may be implemented in a single piece of hardware (for example, a general purpose signal processor, microcontroller, random access memory, hard disk, and the like). Similarly, the programs may be standalone programs, may be incorporated as subroutines in an operating system, may be functions in an installed software package, and the like. The various embodiments are not limited to the arrangements and instrumentality shown in the drawings.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural of said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly stated. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising,” “comprises,” “including,” “includes,” “having,” or “has” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular property may include additional such elements not having that property.
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| 20160016566 A1 | Jan 2016 | US |
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| 61428960 | Dec 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14005451 | US | |
| Child | 14867842 | US |
