Patent Grant
11643981
The application relates generally to aircraft engines and, more particularly, to controlling fuel flow to an aircraft engine during start.
An engine flameout refers to unintended shutdown of an engine due to the extinction of flames in the combustion chamber. In some cases, the reduction in fuel flow to the engine's combustor following light-off may be responsible for an engine flameout. While several approaches may be used to avoid engine flameout, there remains room for improvement.
In one aspect, there is provided a method for controlling fuel flow to an aircraft engine during start. The method comprises following a light-off of the aircraft engine, obtaining an actual value of at least one operating parameter of the aircraft engine, computing a difference between the actual value of the at least one operating parameter and a target value of the at least one operational parameter, generating, based on the difference, a first command to cause fuel flow to be provided to a combustor of the aircraft engine according to a computed fuel flow rate, the computed fuel flow rate defined by a fuel schedule of the aircraft engine, comparing the computed fuel flow rate to a fuel flow rate limit. When the computed fuel flow rate exceeds the fuel flow rate limit, the method comprises determining a limiting factor to be applied to the computed fuel flow rate to limit a reduction in fuel flow to the combustor following the light-off of the aircraft engine, applying the limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate to obtain a limited fuel flow rate, the limited fuel flow rate lower than the computed fuel flow rate, and outputting a second command to cause fuel flow to be provided to the combustor according to the limited fuel flow rate. When the computed fuel flow rate is within the fuel flow rate limit, the method comprises outputting the first command.
In another aspect, there is provided a system for controlling fuel flow to an aircraft engine during start. The system comprises at least one processing unit and at least one non-transitory computer-readable memory having stored thereon program instructions executable by the at least one processing unit for, following a light-off of the aircraft engine, obtaining an actual value of at least one operating parameter of the aircraft engine, computing a difference between the actual value of the at least one operating parameter and a target value of the at least one operational parameter, generating, based on the difference, a first command to cause fuel flow to be provided to a combustor of the aircraft engine according to a computed fuel flow rate, the computed fuel flow rate defined by a fuel schedule of the aircraft engine, comparing the computed fuel flow rate to a fuel flow rate limit, when the computed fuel flow rate exceeds the fuel flow rate limit, determining a limiting factor to be applied to the computed fuel flow rate to limit a reduction in fuel flow to the combustor following the light-off of the aircraft engine, applying the limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate to obtain a limited fuel flow rate, the limited fuel flow rate lower than the computed fuel flow rate, and outputting a second command to cause fuel flow to be provided to the combustor according to the limited fuel flow rate, and when the computed fuel flow rate is within the fuel flow rate limit, outputting the first command.
Reference is now made to the accompanying figures in which:
It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.
Although illustrated as a turbofan engine, the gas turbine engine 10 may alternatively be another type of engine, for example a turboshaft engine, also generally comprising in serial flow communication a compressor section, a combustor, and a turbine section, and a fan through which ambient air is propelled. A turboprop engine may also apply. In addition, the engine 10 may be an auxiliary power unit (APU), an auxiliary power supply (APS), a hybrid engine, or any other suitable type of engine. The APU may be provided for various purposes, including, but not limited to, the provision of electrical power and pneumatic air to an aircraft. The pneumatic air provided by the APU may be used on larger aircraft to provide auxiliary bleed air for starting the aircraft's main engines. In addition, while the engine 10 is shown as being a gas turbine for an aircraft, it should be noted that the embodiments described herein can apply to any suitable gas turbine engine, including primary engines, auxiliary engines, or to any engine of any suitable vehicle, generator, and the like. Thus, although the engine 10 is described herein for flight applications, it should be understood that other uses, such as industrial or the like, may apply.
Referring now to
The starting sequence (or start-up process) of the gas turbine engine 10 illustratively comprises two consecutive phases. In the first phase, the high pressure rotor(s) 22 of the compressor section 14 are rotated by a torque provided by an external source, such as a starter (not shown), in order to provide air flow into the combustor 16. Once a predetermined compressor pressure or speed has been reached, fuel flow is injected into the combustor 16 at a controlled rate. The engine controller 202 can control the fuel supply to the engine 10 by outputting one or more control signals (also referred to herein as fuel commands) to a fuel control unit 204 operatively coupled to the engine 10. The fuel control unit 204 is typically an electromechanical fuel metering valve disposed between a fuel source (not shown) and the combustor 16 for supplying fuel to the combustor 16 in response to the control signal(s) from the engine controller 202. In one embodiment, the fuel control unit 204 comprises a fuel pump and a stepper (not shown), a torque motor valve (not shown), or any suitable equivalent means for injecting fuel into the combustor 16. Upon receipt of the control signal(s), the fuel control unit 204 causes the injection of fuel into the combustor 16 of the engine 10. In particular and as will be discussed further below, the engine controller 202 is configured to modulate a fuel flow rate provided to the engine 10 during start.
The engine controller 202 selects the appropriate fuel schedule for the light-off procedure by querying a memory storing one or more fuel schedules. The memory may also store therein all data (e.g., engine operating parameters) sensed or measured (e.g., using sensor(s) 206 coupled to the engine 10) as well as other predetermined data and programs. In one embodiment, the fuel schedule, which is selected in the first phase of the engine starting process, follows an open loop fuel flow profile in which fuel flow is commanded based on a desired rotational speed of the compressor section 14. The fuel schedule may thus be referred to herein as an “open loop fuel schedule” and the first phase may be referred to as direct fuel flow control.
The fuel flow is injected to mix with the air flow and the mixture is then exposed to an ignition source (e.g., a spark igniter, not shown). Light-off of the combustion process occurs in the combustor 16 when an appropriate fuel/air ratio is reached, resulting in ignition of the engine 10. In one embodiment, the light-off occurrence is detected by monitoring (e.g., using sensor(s) 206) an exhaust temperature of the engine 10, with light-off being detected when the exhaust gas temperature, or temperature rise (or the rate of temperature rise) reaches a threshold (e.g., 200° F. temperature rise). In one embodiment, the inter-stage turbine temperature (ITT), which is the temperature of the exhaust gases between the high and low pressure turbines of the engine 10, is used as the exhaust temperature and may be monitored (e.g., using sensor(s) 206). The exhaust temperature may be monitored using a temperature sensor (not shown) associated with an exhaust outlet (not shown) of the engine 10. In another embodiment, an ultraviolet or photoelectric signal, which may be generated by any suitable flame detection measurement system and indicates the presence of visible flames at the exhaust outlet of the engine 10, may be monitored by the engine controller 202 to detect light-off. In another embodiment, light-off can be detected following a predetermined increase in the inter-stage turbine temperature. In yet another embodiment, light-off is detected when the gas generator (i.e. engine) speed (e.g., measured using sensor(s) 206) reaches a predetermined value. Other embodiments may apply.
In the second phase of the starting process (i.e. following light-off), fuel flow is continuously injected into the combustor 16, thus enabling local ignition to propagate and spread so as to form stable combustion in the combustor 16. The speed of the engine 10 is then accelerated until the engine 10 operates under a self-sustained speed. In particular, the fuel flow is injected according to a fuel schedule required for operation of the engine 10 from light-off to a self-sustaining condition. The appropriate fuel schedule is selected by the engine controller 202. In one embodiment, in the second phase, the fuel schedule follows a closed loop fuel profile in which fuel flow is commanded to achieve a desired acceleration of the compressor section 14. The fuel schedule may thus be referred to herein as a “closed loop fuel schedule” and the second phase may be referred to as sub-idle acceleration governing or closed loop sub-idle acceleration scheduling.
As will be discussed further below with reference to
As used herein, the term “flameout” refers to the run-down (or sudden drop of exhaust gas temperature) of the engine 10 that may be caused by the extinction of the flame in chamber(s) of the combustor 16. During engine flameout, the combustor 16 does not burn all of the fuel supplied to it, which in turn reduces the overall engine performance and efficiency. When flameout only occurs in some, but not all, (i.e. a subset of) chambers of the combustor 16, it is referred to as “partial flameout”. For engines having a single combustion chamber, partial flameout is observed when flameout occurs in a section of the chamber. When flameout occurs in all chambers of the combustor 16, it is referred to as “complete flameout” or “full flameout”. As used herein, the term “flameout condition” refers to an operating condition of the engine 10 that, if not corrected, results in flameout. Flameout may be caused by high velocity air entering the engine 10. Flameout may also be caused by improper fuel-air mixture or interruption of the airflow through the engine 10. This may be the result of a given engine operating condition, such as acceleration of the engine 10 increasing above a predetermined threshold. Flameout may further occur during the transition in fuel schedules throughout the start sequence, from the initial light-off phase to the initial acceleration phase of the engine 10. Indeed, fuel flow to the combustor 16 is typically reduced during this transition in order to avoid undesirable conditions, including, but not limited to, excessive engine temperature and compressor surge, which may result from excessive fuel flow. However, if the fuel flow reduction occurs too rapidly, this may result in low flame stability margins or even in the extinction of the flame in chamber(s) of the combustor 16 (i.e. flameout) if the fuel flow is reduced below a given threshold. In one embodiment, the systems and methods proposed herein may protect the engine 10 from rapid decreases in fuel flow, which could reduce flame stability margin at a critical time during the engine start sequence.
Referring now to
The input module 208 sends the actual value of the engine's operating parameter(s) (e.g., acceleration) to the error determination module 210, which retrieves a target value of the engine's operating parameter(s) (e.g., acceleration) from a memory, database, or other suitable storage means. The error determination module 210 then computes a difference (also referred to herein as an “error”) between the actual value and the target value of the engine's operating parameter(s). The difference is then sent to the flow rate determination module 212, which determines and controls the fuel flow rate according to which fuel is provided to the combustor 16. Based on the difference, the flow rate determination module 212 first generates a fuel command (referred to herein as a “first command”) according to the engine's closed loop fuel control logic. More specifically, the flow rate determination module 212 generates the first command to cause fuel to be provided to the combustor 16 (i.e. to cause a reduction in fuel flow to the combustor 16) according to the computed fuel flow rate in order to mitigate the difference computed by the error determination module 210. To ensure that such a fuel flow reduction is not excessive (i.e. remains within acceptable limits), the flow rate determination module 212 compares the computed fuel flow rate to a predetermined fuel flow rate limit. In one embodiment, the fuel flow rate limit is a function of ambient conditions (e.g., altitude) and may be retrieved from memory (or other suitable storage means). The target value of the engine's operating parameter and the fuel flow rate limit may vary based on engine configuration and may be determined during engine design.
When the outcome of the comparison between the computed fuel flow rate and the fuel flow rate limit indicates that the computed fuel flow rate is within (i.e. below or equal to) the fuel flow rate limit, the fuel flow rate determination module 212 determines that fuel is to be provided to the combustor 16 according to the computed fuel flow rate defined by the closed loop fuel control logic. The fuel flow rate determination module 212 therefore outputs the first fuel command (also referred to herein as an “original fuel command”) comprising instructions to cause fuel to be provided to the combustor 16 according to the computed fuel flow rate.
When the outcome of the comparison between the computed fuel flow rate and the fuel flow rate limit indicates that the computed fuel flow rate exceeds (i.e. is above) the fuel flow rate limit, the fuel flow rate determination module 212 determines that, in order to prevent engine flameout, fuel is to be provided to the combustor 16 according to a lower fuel flow rate (referred to herein as a “limited fuel flow rate”) than the computed fuel flow rate. The fuel flow rate determination module 212 therefore modifies the original fuel command to generate a limited fuel command. More specifically, the fuel flow rate determination module 212 determines a limiting factor to be applied to the computed fuel flow rate in order to prevent the fuel flow to the combustor 16 from being reduced below a minimum fuel flow limit defined by the closed loop fuel schedule. The fuel flow rate determination module 212 applies the limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate to obtain the limited fuel flow rate. As previously noted, the fuel flow to the combustor 16 is reduced following light-off such that the fuel flow rate is negative. As such, the computed fuel flow rate following light-off may for instance be −10 pph/sec and the limited fuel flow rate may be −5 pph/sec, causing a slower decrease in fuel flow to the engine 10. The fuel flow rate determination module 212 then generates a fuel command (also referred to as a “modified fuel command” or a “limited fuel command”) to cause fuel to be provided to the combustor 16 according to the limited fuel flow rate. The fuel command generated by the fuel flow rate determination module 212 is then sent to the output module 214 for transmission (using any suitable communications means) to the fuel control unit 204.
In some embodiments, the limiting factor is predetermined and has a fixed value for a given engine configuration. The limiting factor may be determined by the engine controller 202 based on engine testing data (e.g., retrieved from memory or other suitable storage means), which provides indication of engine behaviour. The limiting factor may be determined from analysis of the testing data of an actual engine, or from a mathematical model representing the engine. For example, the optimal limited fuel flow rate to be used for the engine 10 may be determined based on empirical test data for the engine 10, by making a projection of the fuel command for the engine 10 using different fuel flow rates. In one embodiment, in order to determine the optimal limited fuel command for the engine 10, and accordingly the optimal limiting factor and corresponding optimal limited fuel flow rate, different possible fuel commands may be generated by varying the slope of the baseline fuel command curve (i.e. the fuel command as per the closed loop fuel schedule). The different possible fuel commands may then be evaluated and the optimal limited fuel command for the engine 10 will be the fuel command which reduces the fuel flow to the engine's combustor at a slower pace than if the computed fuel flow rate was to be used, while preventing fuel flow from being reduced up to or below to the minimum fuel flow limit defined by the closed loop control logic. In some embodiments, the optimal limited fuel command for the engine 10 will also be selected based on the impact that causing fuel flow according to the selected fuel command will have on operating parameters of the engine 10 and/or of the aircraft, such as engine temperature for example. The optimal limited fuel command for the engine 10 may be determined so as to avoid hazardous effects including, but not limited to, surge, stall, flameout, and over-temperature, as well as to avoid instability in any operating parameter of the engine 10. For instance, amongst the possible fuel commands evaluated, the fuel command which has the least negative impact on the engine's overall temperature (i.e. which does not increase the temperature of the engine 10) may be selected as the optimal limited fuel command for the engine 10.
In other embodiments, the value of the limiting factor may be adapted to the ambient operating conditions of the engine 10. For example, the value of the limiting factor may vary depending on the aircraft's altitude. A first limiting factor value (i.e. a first limited fuel flow rate) may be used when the engine 10 is started while the aircraft is on the ground (i.e. when an on-ground start is performed), and one or more second limiting factor values may be used (i.e. one or more second limited fuel flow rates may be obtained) when the engine 10 is started while the aircraft is airborne, depending on the aircraft's altitude. The engine 10 may be started at an altitude within the range from about −5,000 feet to about 40,000 feet or more. In one embodiment, the engine 10 is an APU that is started at high altitude (e.g., at an altitude of about 40,000 feet or more). Other embodiments may however apply and it should be understood that operating conditions other than altitude may also be taken into account in determining the value of the limiting factor.
In one embodiment, the engine controller 202 may be configured to apply a limiting factor whose value increases with increasing altitude, such that the fuel flow to the engine's combustor is reduced at a lower rate as the aircraft's altitude increase. In other words, the higher the altitude of the aircraft, the higher the limiting factor applied to the computed fuel flow rate and the lower the limited fuel flow rate. The memory accessible by the engine controller 202 may therefore store therein (in any suitable format, such as a lookup table, or the like) a plurality of values for the limiting factor (i.e. a plurality of limited fuel flow rates) as a function of altitude (and/or as a function of any other applicable operating condition(s) of the engine 10). The engine controller 202 may be configured to obtain at the input module 208 (e.g., from the measurement(s) obtained from the sensor(s) 206 of
The engine controller 202 continuously monitors the engine's operating parameter(s) in order to determine when to apply and when to cancel the limiting factor. In some embodiments, the limiting factor may be applied to the computed fuel flow rate anytime the engine controller 202 detects a large controller error which would result in a rapid decrease in fuel flow to the combustor 16 during a given start sequence for the engine 10. In other embodiments, the controller 202 may limit the number of times the limiting factor may be applied during a given start sequence. In other words, the engine controller 202 may only cause fuel to be delivered to the combustor 16 according to the limited fuel flow rate for a predetermined number of times during the given start sequence. The engine controller 202 may include a counter (implemented using any suitable means) that counts the number of times the limiting factor has been applied to the computed fuel flow rate. Once the predetermined number of times has been reached for the given start sequence, application of the limiting factor is automatically deactivated (or cancelled) and the computed fuel flow rate may no longer be limited (i.e. fuel flow to the engine 10 may only be delivered according to the computed fuel flow rate). The counter may then be reset once a new start sequence is initiated. In some embodiments, the controller 202 only applies the limiting factor once after light-off of the engine 10, when flameout occurs during start. If flameout occurs more than once, then the controller 202 may apply the limiting factor multiple times to overcome flameout.
In yet other embodiments, the controller 202 may restrict application of the limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate for a predetermined range of values of the engine's operating parameter(s). For example, the limiting factor may only be applied when one or more operating parameters of the engine 10 are within a given range. The controller 202 may therefore be configured to compare the actual value of the operating parameter(s) to the predetermined range, which may be retrieved from memory or other suitable storage means. When the engine's operating parameter(s) are outside the given range, application of the limiting factor is automatically deactivated (or cancelled) and fuel is provided to the combustor 16 according to the computed fuel flow rate. Other embodiments may apply. It should therefore be understood that the criteria for cancelling use of the limiting factor may depend on engine configuration and/or application.
With reference to
The computing device 300 comprises a processing unit 302 and a memory 304 which has stored therein computer-executable instructions 306. The processing unit 302 may comprise any suitable devices configured to implement the methods described herein such that instructions 306, when executed by the computing device 300 or other programmable apparatus, may cause the functions/acts/steps performed as part of the methods as described herein to be executed. The processing unit 302 may comprise, for example, any type of general-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller, a digital signal processing (DSP) processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reconfigurable processor, other suitably programmed or programmable logic circuits, or any combination thereof.
The memory 304 may comprise any suitable known or other machine-readable storage medium. The memory 304 may comprise non-transitory computer readable storage medium, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The memory 304 may include a suitable combination of any type of computer memory that is located either internally or externally to device, for example random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), electro-optical memory, magneto-optical memory, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) or the like. Memory 304 may comprise any storage means (e.g., devices) suitable for retrievably storing machine-readable instructions 306 executable by processing unit 302.
Referring now to
When it is determined at step 410 that the computed rate of decrease in fuel flow is less than (i.e. is a larger negative number) the rate of decrease limit, the method 400 proceeds at step 412 with determining a limiting factor to be applied to the computed rate of decrease in fuel flow (defined by the closed loop fuel control logic) in order to limit the reduction in fuel flow to the combustor 16. In particular, the limiting factor is determined to prevent the fuel flow to the combustor 16 from being reduced below a minimum fuel flow limit defined by the engine's closed loop fuel schedule. The limiting factor may be determined in the manner described herein above with reference to
When it is determined at step 410 that the computed rate of decrease in fuel flow is not less than (i.e. is greater or equal to) the rate of decrease limit, the method 400 may proceed to the step 420 of outputting the first command to cause the reduction in fuel flow to the combustor 16 according to the computed rate of decrease in fuel flow defined by the closed loop fuel schedule. The method may then end at step 418.
In the embodiment illustrated in
As previously noted, the systems and methods described herein are used to limit (i.e. slow down) the rapid decrease in fuel flow following light-off, in order to prevent fuel flow from being reduced to or below the minimum fuel flow limit 504. For this purpose, following light-off (i.e., following TL), it is proposed herein to apply a limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate when the computed fuel flow rate is less than the fuel flow rate limit.
As previously noted, the engine controller 202 continuously monitors the engine's operating parameter(s) (e.g., acceleration) in order to determine when to apply and when to cancel the limiting factor (i.e. when to activate and deactivate the fuel flow rate limiting functionality). In this manner, the engine controller 202 may only apply the limiting factor to the computed fuel flow rate when required. In one embodiment, the limiting factor is automatically cancelled when the computed fuel flow rate is within (i.e. below or equal to) the fuel flow rate limit, within a predetermined tolerance. In the embodiment of
The hashed area 516 in
In one embodiment, using the systems and methods proposed herein may also allow to avoid engine flameout conditions without the need to modify the engine's acceleration schedule or fuel schedule.
The methods and systems for controlling fuel flow to an aircraft engine during start described herein may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming or scripting language, or a combination thereof, to communicate with or assist in the operation of a computer system, for example the computing device 300. Alternatively, the methods and systems described herein may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Program code for implementing the methods and systems described herein may be stored on a storage media or a device, for example a ROM, a magnetic disk, an optical disc, a flash drive, or any other suitable storage media or device. The program code may be readable by a general or special-purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. Embodiments of the methods and systems described herein may also be considered to be implemented by way of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon. The computer program may comprise computer-readable instructions which cause a computer, or more specifically the processing unit 302 of the computing device 300, to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein, for example those described in the methods described herein.
Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, including program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
The embodiments described herein are implemented by physical computer hardware, including computing devices, servers, receivers, transmitters, processors, memory, displays, and networks. The embodiments described herein provide useful physical machines and particularly configured computer hardware arrangements. The embodiments described herein are directed to electronic machines and methods implemented by electronic machines adapted for processing and transforming electromagnetic signals which represent various types of information. The embodiments described herein pervasively and integrally relate to machines, and their uses; and the embodiments described herein have no meaning or practical applicability outside their use with computer hardware, machines, and various hardware components. Substituting the physical hardware particularly configured to implement various acts for non-physical hardware, using mental steps for example, may substantially affect the way the embodiments work. Such computer hardware limitations are clearly essential elements of the embodiments described herein, and they cannot be omitted or substituted for mental means without having a material effect on the operation and structure of the embodiments described herein. The computer hardware is essential to implement the various embodiments described herein and is not merely used to perform steps expeditiously and in an efficient manner.
The term “connected” or “coupled to” may include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements).
The technical solution of embodiments may be in the form of a software product. The software product may be stored in a non-volatile or non-transitory storage medium, which can be a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), a USB flash disk, or a removable hard disk. The software product includes a number of instructions that enable a computer device (personal computer, server, or network device) to execute the methods provided by the embodiments.
The embodiments described in this document provide non-limiting examples of possible implementations of the present technology. Upon review of the present disclosure, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of the present technology. Yet further modifications could be implemented by a person of ordinary skill in the art in view of the present disclosure, which modifications would be within the scope of the present technology.
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