This application is the National Stage of, and therefore claims the benefit of, International Application No. PCT/US2008/073155 filed on Aug. 14, 2008, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DESIGNING INTEGRATED CIRCUITS THAT EMPLOY ADAPTIVE VOLTAGE SCALING OPTIMIZATION,” which was published in English under International Publication Number WO 2010019147 on Feb. 18, 2010, and has a priority date of Aug. 14, 2008, based on application PCT/US2008/073155. The above application is commonly assigned with this National Stage application and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. PCT/US2008/073155 is related to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/126,881, filed by Parker, et al., on May 7, 2008, entitled “A Novel Paradigm for Optimizing Performance, Power, Area and/or Yield in Integrated Circuits,” commonly assigned with the invention and incorporated herein by reference.
The invention is directed, in general, to integrated circuit (IC) design and, more specifically, to a system and method for designing ICs that employ adaptive voltage and scaling optimization (AVSO).
Circuit designers use electronic design automation (EDA) tools, a category of computer aided design (CAD) tools, to design and lay out electronic circuits, including simulating the operation of the circuit, determining where cells (i.e., logic elements including devices, e.g., transistors) should be placed and where the interconnects that couple the cells together should be routed. EDA tools allow designers to construct a circuit and simulate its performance using a computer and without requiring the costly and lengthy process of fabrication. EDA tools are indispensable for designing modern ICs, particularly very-large-scale integrated circuits (VSLICs). For this reason, EDA tools are in wide use.
One such EDA tool performs timing signoff. Timing signoff is one of the last steps in the IC design process and ensures that signal propagation speed (i.e., delay) in a newly-designed circuit is such that the circuit will operate as intended. Signals that propagate too slowly through the circuit cause setup violations; signals that propagate too quickly through the circuit cause hold violations. Setup or hold violations frustrate the logic of the circuit and prevent it from performing the job it was designed to do.
Timing signoff is performed with highly accurate models of the circuit under multiple sets of assumptions regarding expected variations, called “corners.” Process-voltage-temperature (PVT) corners are based on assumptions regarding variations in device operation from one IC to another, supply voltage and operating temperature. Resistance-capacitance (R, C, or RC) corners are based on assumptions regarding variations in one or both of interconnect resistance and capacitance from one IC to another. Conventional timing signoff identifies setup and hold violations in a “slow” PVT corner (in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively slow-switching devices and supply voltage and operating temperature are such that device switching speed are their slowest) and a “worst” RC corner (in which process variations are assumed to yield interconnects having relatively high resistance and capacitance). Conventional timing signoff also identifies hold violations in a “fast” PVT corner (in which process variations are assumed to yield relatively fast-switching devices and supply voltage and operating temperature are such that device switching speeds are their fastest) and a “best” RC corner (in which process variations are assumed to yield interconnects having relatively low resistance and capacitance). Conventional signoff timing also takes on-chip variations (OCV), which are process variations occurring over the area of a given IC, into account using statistical methods.
Conserving resources, including energy, has become a pre-eminent objective in today's world. Manufacturers of ICs are sensitive to the need to improve the energy efficiency of their products. Adaptive voltage and scaling optimization (AVSO) is an important component of that overall strategy. The objective underlying AVSO is that an IC should be powered at the lowest possible voltage without sacrificing performance. ICs employing AVSO (“AVSO ICs”) determine signal propagation speed in real time and adjust supply voltage to ensure that signal propagation speed remains such that the IC will operate as intended. AVSO has demonstrated its ability to conserve energy and therefore is expected to be evermore widely used in future ICs.
To address the above-discussed deficiencies of the prior art, one aspect of the invention provides a design process optimization system and method for designing a circuit. In one embodiment, the system includes: (1) a PVT libraries database configured to contain PVT libraries of PVT characterizations of devices of cells from which the circuit is to be constructed and (2) a PVT library selector coupled to the PVT libraries database and configured to receive a selection indicating a supplemental objective and respond to the selection by selecting one of the PVT libraries from the PVT libraries database, a timing signoff tool later employing at most two corners from the one of the PVT libraries to perform a timing signoff with respect to the circuit.
In another embodiment, the system includes: (1) a PVT libraries database configured to contain PVT libraries of PVT characterizations and a selected one of R, C and RC characterizations of devices of cells from which the AVSO IC is to be constructed and (2) a PVT library selector coupled to the PVT libraries database and configured to receive a selection indicating a supplemental objective and respond to the selection by selecting: (2a) a fast-low-nominal (FLN) PVT library if the supplemental objective is a reduced power consumption, (2b) a typical-typical-nominal (TNN) PVT library if the supplemental objective is a compromise between the reduced power consumption and a reduced turn-around time and (2c) a slow-high-nominal (SHN) PVT library if the supplemental objective is the reduced turn-around time, a timing signoff tool later employing at most two corners from one of the FLN, TNN and SHN libraries to perform a timing signoff with respect to the AVSO IC.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method of designing a circuit. In one embodiment, the method includes: (1) selecting a supplemental objective, (2) selecting a PVT library from a PVT libraries database in response to the selecting of the supplemental objective, (3) synthesizing a logical structure of the circuit, (4) placing constituent cells of the circuit in a layout using an appropriate cell library, (5) routing interconnects among the constituent cells and (6) performing a timing signoff using at most two PVT corners from the PVT library.
The foregoing has outlined certain aspects and embodiments of the invention so that those skilled in the pertinent art may better understand the detailed description of the invention that follows. Additional aspects and embodiments will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. Those skilled in the pertinent art should appreciate that they can readily use the disclosed aspects and embodiments as a basis for designing or modifying other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the invention. Those skilled in the pertinent art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the invention.
For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
It has been discovered that the conventional IC design process fails to take advantage of an AVSO IC's ability to adapt its supply voltage in real-time to effect adjustments in signal propagation speed. A design process that is more amenable to AVSO ICs should allow a circuit designer to decide in advance whether power consumption, rapid development (also known as turn-around) time or a compromise between the two is the design objective. It has also been discovered that the slow and fast PVT and RC corners at which conventional signoff timing is performed results are inappropriate for AVSO ICs. A timing signoff for AVSO ICs should make advantageous use of PVT and RC corners and values for OCV margins that the conventional timing signoff process never considered.
Described herein are various embodiments of a system and a method for designing AVSO ICs. The primary objective in designing any IC is to produce a design that functions as intended at a nominal operating frequency F0. The various embodiments described herein allow a circuit designer to select a supplemental objective, such as reduced (e.g., minimum) power consumption P, reduced (e.g., minimum) turn-around time (TAT) or a compromise between P and TAT. Irrespective of which supplemental objective the IC designer selects, the flexible IC design process can yield a single IC design with a timing signoff in a single PVT corner.
Certain embodiments of the system and method allow circuit synthesis, design and optimization to be performed in only one PVT corner, decreasing TAT and design effort. Certain embodiments of the system and method allow timing signoff to be performed in only one or, at most, two PVT corners, further decreasing TAT and design effort. Certain embodiments of the system and method guarantee a required design performance (called the nominal operating frequency F0) at all corners and for all ICs and minimum power consumption if power consumption is selected as the supplemental objective. Finally, certain embodiments of the system and method allow proper PVT corners to be defined and characterized in advance of timing signoff.
The general architecture of an AVSO IC will now be described.
A voltage management unit (VMU) 130 sets the supply voltage V within the range Vmin to Vmax based on signals received from one or more path monitors (PMs) 140-1, 140-2, . . . , 140-N associated with paths (typically critical paths) in each domain. The VMU 130 typically sets the supply voltage V in each domain at the lowest level necessary to guarantee that signal propagation speeds are adequate to avoid setup errors. In this manner, the AVSO IC 100 operates at a reduced (e.g., minimal) power consumption level.
Then, in a step 260, the circuit designer enters a process of synthesizing the design in terms of its logical structure, after which constituent cells are chosen using an appropriate cell library, and interconnects are routed among the cells. Next, in a step 270, timing signoff is performed typically at one, or two at most, PVT corners. The timing signoff is performed using the PVT library selected in the steps 230, 240 or 250 and AVSO static or dynamic margins 280 as will be described in conjunction with
Having described one embodiment of the method of designing AVSO ICs in general, the manner in which an AVSO IC manages supply voltage will now be described in order to understand certain embodiments of the method more specifically.
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Reducing the number of corners at which timing signoff must be achieved reduces TAT, perhaps significantly, without compromising the nominal operating frequency F0 or reliability of the resulting IC. Table 1, below, compares the timing signoff methods that are described above in terms of actual operating frequency F, power consumption P, turn-around time TAT and supply voltage V.
As stated above, AVSO dynamically adapts the supply voltage V to maintain the actual operating frequency at the nominal operating frequency, F=F0. AVSO is able to compensate for most OCV variations. Thus, timing signoff does not require margins for AVSO-compensated variations. However, AVSO is not able to compensate for all variations; its adaptation may not be precise or instantaneous. For example, AVSO may be subject to signal propagation speed calculation error, and supply voltage adaptation may be delayed, resulting in dynamic voltage drop (DVD). Therefore, timing signoff should include margins for variations that AVSO may cause or not always correct. It is inappropriate to modify the SHN, TNN or FLN PVT corners to add these variations statistically, because they are realistic corners, and not low-probability, traditional corners. Therefore, some embodiments of the system and method described herein introduce a new, AVSO margin, MAVSO, to timing signoff to avoid timing violations.
For purposes of determining MAVSO, clock signals provided to the IC will be assumed to be balanced and symmetrical (zero skew). Clock uncertainty CU is set equal to 50 ps to compensate for small delays in data paths. Launch clock, data path and capture clock setup and hold margins in all paths are assumed to be 4% each. The total margin M, which is an equivalent of static timing analysis (STA) de-rating factor, is a statistical sum (using reduced sufficient statistics) of several margins: the AVSO margin MAVSO set at about 5% of typical, a path delay error margin MDELAY set at about 10% of typical and a DVD margin MDVD set at about 5% of typical. The following equation results:
M=√{square root over (MDelay2+MAVSO2+MDVD2)}≈12%.
A PVT libraries database 620 is coupled to the PVT library selector 610. The PVT libraries database 620 is configured to store various PVT libraries of PVT characterizations of the devices from which the cells of the circuit is to be constructed. In one embodiment, the libraries include R, C or RC characterizations as well. In response to the circuit designer's selection, the PVT library selector 610 selects an FLN library if the circuit designer selects reduced P as the supplemental objective, a TTN library if the circuit designer selects a compromise between reduced P and reduced TAT as the supplemental objective and an SHN library if the circuit designer selects reduced TAT as the supplemental objective.
The circuit designer then uses a conventional or later-developed design synthesis tool 630 to synthesize the design in terms of its logical structure, after which the circuit designer uses a conventional or later-developed design placement and routing tool 640 to select cells from an appropriate cell library 650, place the cells appropriately and route interconnects among the cells as needed. Then, the circuit designer invokes a conventional or later-developed timing signoff tool 660, which performs a timing signoff with respect to the circuit using only one, or at most two PVT corners from the PVT library that the PVT library selector 610 selected and with reference to AVSO static or dynamic margins 280. Timing is then closed, and an AVSO IC design 670 results.
Certain embodiments of the invention further relate to computer storage products with a computer-readable medium that have program code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations that embody the tools or carry out the steps of the methods set forth herein. The media and program code may be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the invention, or they may be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to: magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and execute program code, such as ROM and RAM devices. Examples of program code include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter.
Those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate that other and further additions, deletions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/US2008/073155 | 8/14/2008 | WO | 00 | 2/8/2011 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2010/019147 | 2/18/2010 | WO | A |
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