Mud motors are part of a downhole assembly (also referred to as a bottom hole assembly or BHA) and are widely used for directional drilling and performance drilling. A mud motor is used to transform hydraulic energy of the drilling fluid (e.g., mud) into mechanical energy on a rotating shaft. More particularly, the mud motor transforms the hydraulic power, which is essentially the flow rate Q and the active differential pressure ΔPa, into an output torque for the drill bit T and additional bit rotation from the motor that may be called RPMm.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
A method for determining a total torque output at a drill bit is disclosed. The method includes receiving an on-bottom pressure and an off-bottom pressure. The method also includes determining a differential pressure based upon the on-bottom pressure and the off-bottom pressure. The method also includes receiving a surface torque. The method also includes determining a torque transmission coefficient based at least partially upon the differential pressure and the surface torque. The method also includes determining the total torque output at the drill bit based at least partially upon the differential pressure, the surface torque, and the torque transmission coefficient.
A computing system is also disclosed. The computing system includes at least one processor and a storage medium connected to the at least one processor. The storage medium includes instructions for configuring the computing system to perform operations. The operations include receiving an on-bottom pressure and an off-bottom pressure that are measured by a pressure sensor. The, wherein the pressure sensor is at a surface above a wellbore. The on-bottom pressure includes a pressure when a bottom hole assembly (BHA) is on a bottom of the wellbore. The off-bottom pressure includes the pressure when the BHA is off of the bottom of the wellbore. The operations also include determining a differential pressure that represents a difference between the on-bottom pressure and the off-bottom pressure. The operations also include receiving a surface torque measured by a torque sensor. The surface torque is a torque introduced to a drill string by a top drive. The torque sensor is coupled to the top drive. The drill string extends into the wellbore. The BHA is coupled to a lower end of the drill string. The BHA includes a mud motor and a drill bit. The operations also include determining a torque transmission coefficient based at least partially upon the differential pressure and the surface torque. The torque transmission coefficient is a positive unitless coefficient that is less than 1 and represents a torque between a rotor and stator rubber in the mud motor. The operations also include determining a total torque output at the drill bit based at least partially upon the differential pressure, the surface torque, and the torque transmission coefficient.
A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium is also disclosed. The storage medium has instructions stored thereon to configure a processor of a computing system to perform operations. The operations include receiving an on-bottom pressure and an off-bottom pressure that are measured by a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is at a surface above a wellbore. The on-bottom pressure is a pressure when a bottom hole assembly (BHA) is on a bottom of the wellbore. The off-bottom pressure is the pressure when the BHA is off of the bottom of the wellbore. The operations also include determining a differential pressure that represents a difference between the on-bottom pressure and the off-bottom pressure. The operations also include receiving a surface torque measured by a torque sensor. The surface torque is a torque introduced to a drill string by a top drive. The torque sensor is coupled to the top drive. The drill string extends into the wellbore. The BHA is coupled to a lower end of the drill string. The BHA includes a mud motor and a drill bit. The operations also include determining a torque transmission coefficient based at least partially upon the differential pressure and the surface torque. The torque transmission coefficient is a positive unitless coefficient that is less than 1 and represents a torque between a rotor and stator rubber in the mud motor. The operations also include determining a total torque output at the drill bit based at least partially upon the differential pressure, the surface torque, and the torque transmission coefficient. The total torque output is determined by a model. Determining the total torque output includes multiplying a torque slope of the mud motor and the differential pressure to produce a first value, multiplying the surface torque and the torque transmission coefficient to produce a second value, and adding the first value and the second value to produce the total torque output. The operations also include generating a signal in response to the total torque output. The signal causes one or more parameters to vary. The one or more parameters include the on-bottom pressure, the off-bottom pressure, an amount of the torque introduced into the drill string by the top drive, a weight on the drill bit, a rate of rotation of the drill string, the BHA, or both, a toolface setting of the BHA, a flow rate of a fluid being pumped into the wellbore, or a combination thereof.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present teachings and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the present teachings. In the figures:
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and figures. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.
It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first object or step could be termed a second object or step, and, similarly, a second object or step could be termed a first object or step, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The first object or step, and the second object or step, are both, objects or steps, respectively, but they are not to be considered the same object or step.
The terminology used in the description herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Further, as used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.
Attention is now directed to processing procedures, methods, techniques, and workflows that are in accordance with some embodiments. Some operations in the processing procedures, methods, techniques, and workflows disclosed herein may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed.
In the example of
In an example embodiment, the simulation component 120 may rely on entities 122. Entities 122 may include earth entities or geological objects such as wells, surfaces, bodies, reservoirs, etc. In the system 100, the entities 122 can include virtual representations of actual physical entities that are reconstructed for purposes of simulation. The entities 122 may include entities based on data acquired via sensing, observation, etc. (e.g., the seismic data 112 and other information 114). An entity may be characterized by one or more properties (e.g., a geometrical pillar grid entity of an earth model may be characterized by a porosity property). Such properties may represent one or more measurements (e.g., acquired data), calculations, etc.
In an example embodiment, the simulation component 120 may operate in conjunction with a software framework such as an object-based framework. In such a framework, entities may include entities based on pre-defined classes to facilitate modeling and simulation. A commercially available example of an object-based framework is the MICROSOFT® .NET® framework (Redmond, Wash.), which provides a set of extensible object classes. In the .NET® framework, an object class encapsulates a module of reusable code and associated data structures. Object classes can be used to instantiate object instances for use in by a program, script, etc. For example, borehole classes may define objects for representing boreholes based on well data.
In the example of
As an example, the simulation component 120 may include one or more features of a simulator such as the ECLIPSE™ reservoir simulator (Schlumberger Limited, Houston Tex.), the INTERSECT™ reservoir simulator (Schlumberger Limited, Houston Tex.), etc. As an example, a simulation component, a simulator, etc. may include features to implement one or more meshless techniques (e.g., to solve one or more equations, etc.). As an example, a reservoir or reservoirs may be simulated with respect to one or more enhanced recovery techniques (e.g., consider a thermal process such as SAGD, etc.).
In an example embodiment, the management components 110 may include features of a commercially available framework such as the PETREL® seismic to simulation software framework (Schlumberger Limited, Houston, Tex.). The PETREL® framework provides components that allow for optimization of exploration and development operations. The PETREL® framework includes seismic to simulation software components that can output information for use in increasing reservoir performance, for example, by improving asset team productivity. Through use of such a framework, various professionals (e.g., geophysicists, geologists, and reservoir engineers) can develop collaborative workflows and integrate operations to streamline processes. Such a framework may be considered an application and may be considered a data-driven application (e.g., where data is input for purposes of modeling, simulating, etc.).
In an example embodiment, various aspects of the management components 110 may include add-ons or plug-ins that operate according to specifications of a framework environment. For example, a commercially available framework environment marketed as the OCEAN® framework environment (Schlumberger Limited, Houston, Tex.) allows for integration of add-ons (or plug-ins) into a PETREL® framework workflow. The OCEAN® framework environment leverages .NET® tools (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.) and offers stable, user-friendly interfaces for efficient development. In an example embodiment, various components may be implemented as add-ons (or plug-ins) that conform to and operate according to specifications of a framework environment (e.g., according to application programming interface (API) specifications, etc.).
As an example, a framework may include features for implementing one or more mesh generation techniques. For example, a framework may include an input component for receipt of information from interpretation of seismic data, one or more attributes based at least in part on seismic data, log data, image data, etc. Such a framework may include a mesh generation component that processes input information, optionally in conjunction with other information, to generate a mesh.
In the example of
As an example, the domain objects 182 can include entity objects, property objects and optionally other objects. Entity objects may be used to geometrically represent wells, surfaces, bodies, reservoirs, etc., while property objects may be used to provide property values as well as data versions and display parameters. For example, an entity object may represent a well where a property object provides log information as well as version information and display information (e.g., to display the well as part of a model).
In the example of
In the example of
As mentioned, the system 100 may be used to perform one or more workflows. A workflow may be a process that includes a number of worksteps. A workstep may operate on data, for example, to create new data, to update existing data, etc. As an example, a may operate on one or more inputs and create one or more results, for example, based on one or more algorithms. As an example, a system may include a workflow editor for creation, editing, executing, etc. of a workflow. In such an example, the workflow editor may provide for selection of one or more pre-defined worksteps, one or more customized worksteps, etc. As an example, a workflow may be a workflow implementable in the PETREL® software, for example, that operates on seismic data, seismic attribute(s), etc. As an example, a workflow may be a process implementable in the OCEAN® framework. As an example, a workflow may include one or more worksteps that access a module such as a plug-in (e.g., external executable code, etc.).
System and Method for Determining a Transfer of Torque from the Surface to a Drill Bit when Drilling with a Mud Motor
If the sealing lines and sealing surfaces are working, there may be no exchange of fluid between cavities 328 as the cavities 328 may be isolated from each other. However, sometimes there may be leakage between these cavities 328. The pressure may decrease almost linearly between the first cavities 328 that are open to the inlet of the power section 320 and the last cavities 328 that open to the outlet of the cavities 328. The pressure difference between two adjacent cavities 328 in the axial position (ΔP) yields the following equation:
There are two types of sealing lines: (1) low pressure sealing lines: separating cavities 328 with pressure difference equal to 1 ΔP; and (2) high pressure sealing lines: separating cavities 328 with a pressure difference equal to nS ΔP, where nS is the number of lobes on the stator 324. These sealing lines may define the pressure separation between the cavities 328. There is a (e.g., direct) link between the output torque that the motor 300 is providing to the drill bit 360 and the pressure differential capability of the mud motor 300. More particularly, the torque output by the motor power section 320 follows the curve shown in the graph in
The other component of the mechanical power output by the motor 300 is the rotational speed RPMm. This RPMm also depends on the overall active differential pressure across the motor power section ΔPa.
Mud Motor Effects on Surface Measurements
Surface measurements during well construction may include the block position to estimate the rate of penetration (ROP), the hookload to obtain the weight on bit (WOB), the surface rotation per minute (RPM) to derive the bit RPM, the standpipe pressure (SPP) to help assess the pressure balance, the flow rate that provides the pumping regime, and/or the surface torque to attempt to obtain the current torque output at the bit and comprehend the efficiency of the well construction. These measurements may be used to monitor, advise, and/or autonomously control the well construction. The interpretation of one or more (e.g., four) of these measurements may be (e.g., directly) affected by the presence of (or lack of) the mud motor 300 inside the BHA 260, whether it be in the steering mode or in power mode when combined with a rotary steerable system (RSS).
Block Position and ROP
In terms of the block position and ROP, the addition of the mud motor 300 inside of the BHA 260 may produce extra power at the drill bit 360, which in most cases may result in a higher ROP compared with the same BHA without the mud motor 300. This condition is particularly true when operating the mud motor 300 in a power situation.
Hookload, Surface WOB (WOBS) and Downhole WOB (WOBD)
The hookload may be used to derive the downhole WOB applied to the drill bit 360. The presence of or lack of the mud motor 300 may alter the interpretation. When the mud motor 300 is present, there is additional weight with the fluid pushing the top portion of the rotor 322 which is open as shown in
Surface RPM and Downhole RPM
Using the surface RPM (RPMS) to determine the overall RPM of the drill bit 360 may be calculated using following equation:
RPM
Bit
=RPM
M
+RPM
S (2)
Equation (2) means that when there is a mud motor 300 in the BHA 260, the bit RPM may be the sum of the surface RPM and the motor RPM shown previously in
Standpipe Pressure (SPP)
The standpipe pressure is a measurement to identify and/or prevent pressure imbalance inside the wellbore 230 currently being drilled. As such, the standpipe pressure is a decisive measurement that is monitored closely to avoid effects of a kick and/or blowout. The mud motor effect on this measurement may be seen in
The standpipe pressure may be used to infer imbalance wellbore pressure. The presence of the mud motor 300 may change the pressure regime because additional torque at the bit 360 is used to construct the wellbore 230.
Flow Rate
Under normal steady-state drilling conditions, even if the mud motor 300 is present in the BHA 260, the flow rate in the entire drill string 250 and BHA 260 is more or less the same as the surface flow rate measured directly at the pumps' output. When operating with an RSS tool, the turbine RPM, which is inside the RSS tool, can be used to derive the actual downhole flow rate. This information may be useful because it allows the comparison of the surface flow rate from the pumps and the downhole flow rate at the BHA 260. With steady-state drilling conditions, both the surface flow rate and the downhole flow rate may be equal.
When the mud motor 300 is stalling, the operation becomes very different. As shown in
where Z=the acoustic impedance of the assembly, ΔQ=the diminution of flow rate, and ΔPa=the sudden increase of pressure.
This condition may affect the drilling.
Surface Torque and Downhole Torque
Referring again to
This torque slope may be geometry-driven and (e.g., directly) linked to the kinematics of the power section 320. It may not (or may partially) depend on the flow rate, the rubber type, the type of fluid, the interference fit, the power section length, or a combination thereof. When operating the power section 320 under normal regime, a user may use Equation 2 to model the torque output.
The total torque output (TTotal) in the lower part of the motor 300, in terms of the torque that is coming from the surface top drive (TS,) and the torque being generated by the rotor (TM), is shown in Equation 3:
T
Total
=T
M
+αT
S (5)
In this equation, the variable α is a positive unitless coefficient that is less than 1 and represents the transmission of torque between the stator rubber 326 and the rotor 322 via frictional contact pressure. The value of a may depend on a number of factors such as:
The derivation of this positive unitless coefficient α reflects the transmission of torque between the stator rubber 326 and the rotor 322 via frictional contact pressure.
Digital Well Construction Workflows
With greater understanding of how to interpret the surface measurements when a mud motor is present inside the BHA 260, examples are presented below showing how to use this information for monitoring, advising, and/or controlling the drilling process when constructing the wellbore 230 with the mud motor 300. This understanding of the motor physics can be used both in the planning phase (e.g., while preparing for a drilling operation) and/or in the execution phase. The path towards an autonomous well construction may be explored through analyzing the mechanical specific energy (MSE), an automatic slide detection for steering with the mud motor 300, an abnormal pressure detection, and a real-time mud motor efficiency and degradation.
MSE Calculation
The MSE may be used to monitor the drilling efficiency. Nonetheless, when the mud motor 300 is present inside the BHA 260, its estimation of the energy consumed at the drill bit 360 often suffers from a lack of understanding of the mud motor physics. When there is no mud motor, a formula for calculating MSE is:
where Abit is the bit area, WOBS, RPMS, and TS are the surface weight-on-bit, the surface RPM, and the surface torque, respectively. This equation may be useful as long as the focus is on the surface energy input when there is no motor 300 inside of the BHA 260.
However, most BHAs 260 include a mud motor 300 either on steering mode or on power mode to gain extra efficiency while constructing the wellbore 230. The formula may evolve when the motor 300 is being used. In addition, the MSE may be used to determine how efficiently the drill bit 360 is cutting the rock and making the wellbore 230 from the initially given energy. The new MSE formula will look like:
where WOBD is downhole weight-on-bit, and a is the positive unitless torque transmission coefficient. This formula may be used to evaluate the efficiency of the drill bit 360. In many scenarios, the MSE may be used relatively by observing the trends in particular formations 240 and then a decrease or increase in the trends may be used to detect particular formations 240 or efficiency issues. However, when the mud motor 300 is present, not taking account of the motor kinematics could lead to wrong conclusions being made.
Automatic Slide Detection
Using downhole mud motors 300, directional drillers may be able to kick off the wellbore 230, build angle, and drill tangent sections. The surface adjustable bend housing may be used to steer the bit 360 to a desired direction. After orienting the bend to a specific direction (i.e., tool face angle), and by not allowing drill string rotation while drilling, a slide mode drilling operation may be triggered. A precise tool face orientation during the slide drilling may be used to achieve desired targets. However, many downhole drilling conditions may affect the slide performance such as the reactive torque, stalling of the mud motor 300, drilling through different formations, difficulties transferring weight to the bit 360, etc.
Directional drillers aim to maintain a predetermined ROP, toolface (TF), and transfer weight to the drill bit (WOB) without stalling the mud motor 300 to maintain high drilling efficiency. On the other hand, by increasing the hole depth, drillstring friction and drag may increase. Hence, transferring WOB and controlling TF performance may be more difficult as the depth increases. As a result, maintaining sufficient ROP and providing the desired trajectory to the target may be more problematic. Often, to increase the efficiency of the transfer of weight, drillers may rock the pipe while sliding using different types of systems.
Using mud motor behavior and its kinematics with surface measured data (i.e., surface torque), a user can automatically perform the pipe rocking similar to the method described above. This may increase the ability to maintain sufficient ROP and still deliver a desired toolface orientation. In addition, this understanding of the mud motor behavior allows the conception of an automated slide detection which is critical to any steering advisor workflow.
The method may be used to detect in real-time the slides performed by the mud motor 300 based (e.g., solely) on analyzing the surface data. This method is developed based on understanding the mud motor physical behavior in addition to the changes in torque, RPM, WOB, ROP, differential pressure, etc.
Abnormal Pressure Detection
Abnormal standpipe pressure is one of the indicators of a disfunction in the drilling fluid hydraulic system. This condition is defined as an observation of any change in standpipe pressure due to undesired events occurring during the well construction process. A greater perception of the mud motor physics allows for deriving an automated abnormal pressure detection based on a probabilistic approach. The model may have different physics-based priors depending on whether the mud motor 300 is present or not. In the case when the mud motor 300 is present, the model may separate the slide drilling from the rotary drilling and use the motor pressure knowledge to obtain a prior approximation. The physics-based prior will look like:
Real-Time Mud Motor Efficiency and Degradation
In spite of mud motors 300 being one of the most commonly used tools inside the BHA 260 as mentioned previously, there is still a lack of reliable procedures for monitoring and maintaining the well-being of the mud motors 300 during well construction. This problem results in maintenance and fleet management costs as well as unpredictable and costly failures. In addition, there may be, in some cases, efficiency losses due to the degradation of the mud motor 300 over time. The method presented here aims to estimate, in real time, the energy output and the efficiency of the mud motor 300 based on analyzing both surface and downhole data combined with the knowledge of the mud motor physics.
The method may rely on defining a motor wear indicator by comparing the expected RPM based on the motor power section specifications and the downhole output RPM measured with downhole tools below the motor 300.
Workflows for Determining α
The workflows for determining a may be divided into two categories: (1) real-time execution workflows, and (2) planning workflows.
Real-Time Execution Workflows:
The real-time execution workflows for deriving and using a for understanding the torque transmission from surface to the lower part of the BHA below the motor 300 may be based at least partially on updating the value of a with available measurement of torque downhole and/or using a model of a variations with respect to drilling parameters including temperature and pressure and mud motor conditions.
Planning Workflows
For the planning, a similar AI/ML method may be used. In addition, one or more finite element analysis (FEA) models and/or analytical models may also or instead be used.
How to Use the Derived Value of α
In one embodiment, the a values may be used during execution for:
Thus, the present disclosure provides a method of calculating the torque transmission coefficient α from the top drive to below the motor 300 using downhole torque measurement below the motor 300. The method may also be used to derive, in real-time, the value of the torque transmission coefficient α via a ML/AI model ƒ using the function α=ƒ (Temp, Pressure, RPM, WOB, ΔPa, flow). The method may also be used to derive, in real-time, the value of the torque transmission coefficient α via physical model based on analytical model g using the function α=g (Temp, Pressure, RPM, WOB, ΔPa, flow). The method may also be used to derive, in real-time, the value of the torque transmission coefficient α via Finite element model FE using the function α=FE (Temp, Pressure, RPM, WOB, ΔPa, flow). The method may also be used to display the variation of torque transmission coefficient α in either a log view or a direct parameter view. The method may also be used to determine the mud motor degradation coefficient using the derived value of the torque transmission coefficient α. The method may also be used to detect (e.g., automatically) the sliding mode and the rotating mode while performing directional drilling with the mud motor 300 using the derived value of the torque transmission coefficient α. The method may also be used to derive alarms regarding abnormal pressure detection using the derived value of the torque transmission coefficient α. The method may also be used to derive the torque transmission coefficient α by analyzing offset data fed inside a ML/AI model. The method may also be used to derive the torque transmission coefficient α by analyzing offset data fed inside an analytical model depending on the drilling parameters and the drilling conditions. The method may also be used to derive the torque transmission coefficient α by analyzing offset data fed inside a finite element analysis (FEA) model depending on the drilling parameters and the drilling conditions. The method may also be used to select one or more of the following using the computed value of torque transmission coefficient α:
The method may also be used to derive a planned trajectory of a wellbore using the computed torque transmission coefficient α. The method may also be used to derive a BHA to drill the wellbore using the computed torque transmission coefficient α. The method may also be used to derive one or more pipe rocking parameters based on the computed torque transmission coefficient α.
The method 1900 may include receiving an on-bottom pressure, as at 1905. The method 1900 may also include receiving an off-bottom pressure, as at 1910. The on-bottom pressure may include a pressure when the BHA 260 is on the bottom of the wellbore 230 (e.g., during drilling). The off-bottom pressure may include the pressure when the BHA 260 is off of the bottom of the wellbore 230 (e.g., when not drilling). The on-bottom pressure and/or the off-bottom pressure may be measured by a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor may be at the surface 220 above the wellbore 230 (e.g., on the drilling rig 210).
The method 1900 may also include determining a differential pressure, as at 1915. The differential pressure may be based upon the on-bottom pressure and the off-bottom pressure. The differential pressure may be a difference between the on-bottom pressure and the off-bottom pressure.
The method 1900 may also include receiving a surface torque, as at 1920. The surface torque may include a torque introduced to the drill string 250 by the top drive 212 (or other rotation device). The surface torque may be measured by a torque sensor. The torque sensor may be on the drilling rig 210 (e.g., coupled to the top drive 212).
The method 1900 may also include determining a torque transmission coefficient, as at 1925. The torque transmission coefficient may be based at least partially upon the differential pressure measurement and the surface torque measurement. The torque transmission coefficient may be a positive unitless coefficient that is less than 1 and represents the torque between the rotor 322 and the stator rubber 326 in the mud motor 300.
In one embodiment, determining the torque transmission coefficient may include multiplying a torque slope of the mud motor 330 and the differential pressure measurement to produce a first value. Determining the torque transmission coefficient may also include subtracting the first value from a torque below the mud motor 230 to produce a second value. Determining the torque transmission coefficient may also include dividing the second value by the surface torque to produce the torque transmission coefficient.
The torque transmission coefficient may also be determined based at least partially upon a temperature in the wellbore 230 (e.g., measured by the BHA 260), a pressure in the wellbore 230 (e.g., measured by the BHA 260), a rate of rotation of the drill string 250 and/or BHA 260 in the wellbore 230, a weight on the drill bit 360 in the wellbore 230, the differential pressure measurement, a flow rate of a fluid into the wellbore 230, or a combination thereof. The torque transmission coefficient may be determined using a machine learning (ML) artificial intelligence (AI) model, a physical model, a finite element (FE) model, or a combination thereof.
The method 1900 may also include determining a total torque output, as at 1930. The total torque output may be determined at the BHA 260 (e.g., at the drill bit 360). The total torque output may be determined based at least partially upon the differential pressure measurement, the surface torque measurement, the torque transmission coefficient, or a combination thereof. The total torque output may be determined by a model.
Determining the total torque output may include multiplying a torque slope of the mud motor 330 and the differential pressure measurement to produce a first value. Determining the total torque output may also include multiplying the surface torque measurement and the torque transmission coefficient to produce a second value. Determining the total torque output may also include adding the first value and the second value to produce the total torque output.
The method 1900 may also include determining that a performance of the mud motor is degrading, as at 1940. The determination may be in response to the total torque output deviating from an expected torque output by more than a predetermined torque threshold.
The method 1900 may also include determining that the drill string 250 is sliding in the wellbore 230, as at 1945. The determination may be in response to the total torque output being less than a predetermined torque threshold. The method 1900 may also or instead include determining that the drill string 250 is rotating in the wellbore 230, as at 1950. The determination may be in response to the total torque output being greater than the predetermined torque threshold.
The method 1900 may also include determining that the BHA 260 has encountered an abnormal pressure event in the subterranean formation 240, as at 1955. The determination may be in response to the torque transmission coefficient, the total torque output, or both. The abnormal pressure event may be or include a region of the subterranean formation 240 that has a pressure that is greater than a predetermined upper pressure threshold or less than a predetermined lower pressure threshold. The abnormal pressure event may alter the behavior of the BHA 260 (e.g., the mud motor 300). As described below, the abnormal pressure event may be an indication of an influx, a blockage, a bit-balling event, the mud motor 300 stalling, downhole losses, or a combination thereof.
Determining that the BHA 260 has encountered an abnormal pressure event may include measuring a first standpipe pressure (SPP) at the surface 220. Determining that the BHA 260 has encountered an abnormal pressure event may also include determining a second SPP at the surface 220. Determining that the BHA 260 has encountered an abnormal pressure event may also include determining that first SPP differs from the second SPP by more than a predetermined pressure.
Determining the second SPP may include multiplying a first constant and a flow rate squared to produce a first value. The flow rate is of a fluid being pumped into the wellbore 230. Determining the second SPP may also include multiplying a second constant, the flow rate squared, and a depth of the drill bit 360 to produce a second value. Determining the second SPP may include multiplying a third constant and the total torque output to produce a third value. Determining the second SPP may include multiplying a fourth constant and a weight on the drill bit 360 to produce a fourth value. Determining the second SPP may include adding the first value, the second value, the third value, the fourth value, and a fifth constant to produce the second SPP. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth constants are different.
The method 1900 may also include determining a torque transmission issue, as at 1960. The torque transmission issue may be an issue or problem that prevents the at least a portion of the torque from being transmitted from the surface (e.g., the top drive 212) to the drill bit 360. The torque transmission issue may be determined based at least partially upon the abnormal pressure event, a mechanical specific energy (MSE), or both.
The method 1900 may also include generating a display, as at 1965. The display may show the torque transmission coefficient, the total torque output, the performance of the mud motor 300, the location(s) where the drill string 250 is slipping and/or rotating in the wellbore 230, the location(s) of abnormal pressure events in the wellbore 230, the location(s) of torque transmission issues, or a combination thereof.
The method 1900 may also include determining or performing a (e.g., wellsite) action, as at 1970. The wellsite action may be determined or performed based at least partially upon the torque transmission coefficient, the total torque output, the performance of the mud motor 300, the slipping and/or rotating of the drill string 250, the abnormal pressure events, the torque transmission issues, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, performing the wellsite action may include generating and/or transmitting a signal (e.g., using the computing system 1400) which instructs or causes a physical action to take place. In another embodiment, performing the wellsite action may include physically performing the action (e.g., either manually or automatically).
Illustrative physical actions may include, but are not limited to, varying the off-bottom pressure, varying the on-bottom pressure, varying the weight on the drill bit 360, varying a rate of rotation of the drill string 250 at the surface 220 (e.g., using the top drive 212), varying an amount of torque introduced into the drill string 250 at the surface 220 (e.g., using the top drive 212), varying a toolface setting of the BHA 260 (e.g., while sliding), varying the flow rate of the fluid being pumped into the wellbore 230, checking for pack-off, checking for plugged nozzles in the drill bit 360, checking for blockages in the drill string 250 and/or BHA 260, determining location(s) of washouts in the wellbore 230, varying the drilling mud, circulating one or more pills to vary the pressure in the wellbore 230, stopping drilling, changing the BHA 260, checking the pumps for leaks or damage, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure may be executed by a computing system.
A processor may include a microprocessor, microcontroller, processor module or subsystem, programmable integrated circuit, programmable gate array, or another control or computing device.
The storage media 2006 may be implemented as one or more computer-readable or machine-readable storage media. Note that, while in the example embodiment of
In some embodiments, computing system 2000 contains one or more torque module(s) 2008. It should be appreciated that computing system 2000 is merely one example of a computing system, and that computing system 2000 may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine additional components not depicted in the example embodiment of
Further, the steps in the processing methods described herein may be implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors or application specific chips, such as ASICs, FPGAs, PLDs, or other appropriate devices. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/or their combination with general hardware are included within the scope of the present disclosure.
Computational interpretations, models, and/or other interpretation aids may be refined in an iterative fashion; this concept is applicable to the methods discussed herein. This may include use of feedback loops executed on an algorithmic basis, such as at a computing device (e.g., computing system 2000,
The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Moreover, the order in which the elements of the methods described herein are illustrated and described may be re-arranged, and/or two or more elements may occur simultaneously. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the disclosed embodiments and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/268,879, filed on Mar. 4, 2022, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63268879 | Mar 2022 | US |