Embodiments disclosed herein relate in general to optical instrument calibration such as in stereoscopic digital cameras, and more particularly to stereoscopic calibration in dual-aperture digital cameras (“dual-cameras”) that are configured to be incorporated in vehicles as part of a driver assistance system.
Definitions:
“Dynamic stereoscopic calibration”—estimation of “stereo parameters” of a stereo (dual) camera without a known calibration chart, while the stereo camera is in use, with or without it being moved.
“Stereo parameters”: stereo camera parameters that are required to be calibrated in order to produce a high precision depth map, comprising intrinsic parameters (for each camera) and extrinsic parameters (for each camera pair).
“Intrinsic parameters”: parameters that include focal length, optical axis in X and Y axes and lens distortion coefficients.
“Extrinsic parameters”: parameters that include three relative (between two cameras) angles (Yaw, Pitch and Roll) and three offsets (Tx, Ty and Tz).
“Disparity axis”: the axis of disparity (in our XYZ coordinate system, X if cameras are placed horizontally).
“Non-disparity axis”: the axis perpendicular to the disparity axis (in our XYZ coordinate system, Y if cameras are placed horizontally).
Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADASs) are known. An ADAS included in vehicles combine sensors and algorithms to understand the vehicle's environment so that a driver of the vehicle can receive assistance or be warned of hazards. ADASs rely on computer vision, which plays a pivotal role in acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding the environment and surrounding objects. Often, ADASs use multi-camera systems with two or more cameras or “camera modules”.
Accurate depth maps of the environment are necessary for the computer vision to operate properly. A depth map is an image or image channel that contains information relating to the distance of surfaces of scene objects from a viewpoint.
A common solution for creating depth maps of the environment is using a stereoscopic camera or a dual-camera (a camera comprised of two sub-cameras) for imaging and estimating the distance of objects from the camera. Using a dual-camera for depth map creation depends on calculating disparity of the pixels of various objects in the field of view (FOV). In order to accurately translate disparity values in pixels to real-world depth in meters, there is a need for accurate camera stereo calibration.
Calibration of a stereo (or dual) camera system includes analyzing acquired data to assess the accuracy of the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters and adjusting accordingly.
Assuming all intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are known, an object's distance (or “depth) Z within the FOV of a vehicle dual-camera system can be calculated and/or estimated using equation 1:
where f is focal length, B is baseline, D is disparity in pixels, and “ps” is pixel size.
However, in practice, factory and dynamic calibration procedures suffer from estimation errors in intrinsic and/or extrinsic parameters that can be expressed in a revised equation 1′:
where “s” is an unknown scaling factor, an accumulative error in focal length estimation and translation along a disparity axis (i.e. Tx), and “e” represents a “infinity disparity error” or “infinity offset” that encapsulates the estimation error in optical axis location for both left (“L) and right (“R”) cameras (intrinsic parameters) as well as estimation errors in the rotation along the “non-disparity axis” extrinsic parameters).
Manual stereo calibrations before installation of stereo or dual-cameras in a host vehicle are difficult. Maintaining a pre-installation stereo calibration is difficult, due to changes during camera lifecycle. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) heat expansions, vibrations and mechanical hits, which cause some of the calibration parameters to change over time. Calibrating a stereo (or dual) camera mounted behind a windshield is further complicated since the windshield may affect some of the calibration parameters of the stereo camera, e.g. by distorting the perspective or viewing angles of the camera. Therefore, the calibration may be performed only after installing the cameras in the host vehicle.
There have been a number of attempts to solve the stereoscopic camera calibration issue, however, none have been able to devise a solution that meets the needs of industry. Some of these solutions attempt to run structure from motion (SFM) algorithms. SFM uses complicated algorithms that track moving features in successive images to determine its structural information, then the image frames are processed to compute a depth map. This solution fails to meet the needs of industry because running these processes is inordinately difficult and computationally demanding for the cameras mounted in a moving car.
There is therefore a need for, and it would be advantageous to have dynamic stereoscopic calibration systems and methods that overcome the deficiencies in existing systems and methods that use SFM technology.
In various embodiments, there are provided methods for dynamic stereoscopic calibration of a stereo digital camera including a first camera and a second camera, each camera having intrinsic parameters and extrinsic parameters, the method comprising: obtaining optimized extrinsic and intrinsic parameters based on input intrinsic parameters, and, optionally, input extrinsic parameters; estimating an offset parameter e using the optimized extrinsic and extrinsic parameters; estimating a scaling factor s using the optimized extrinsic and extrinsic parameters and estimated offset parameter e; and using the optimized extrinsic and extrinsic parameters, infinity offset e and scaling factor s to provide stereo calibration that leads to improved depth estimation.
In certain embodiments, a method for dynamic stereoscopic calibration disclosed herein may include selecting initial values for the intrinsic and/or extrinsic parameters of the first camera and initial values for the intrinsic parameters of the second camera. The initial values may be derived for example from the design of the camera (“nominal” values), from factory settings if calibration for each camera was done or from previous usage of the camera, etc. The calibration of the intrinsic and/or extrinsic parameters may include capturing at least one image from the first camera and at least one image from the second camera, matching corresponding points on the at least one image from the first camera to corresponding points on the at least one image from the second camera, and calculating optimized intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the first camera and the second camera using epipolar geometry. This provides an initial calibration of the first camera and of the second camera with aligned epipolar lines. The various selections, calculations, processes etc. may be performed using a processor, and data/results of the processing may be stored in a memory.
Further actions to estimate offset parameter e and scaling factor s may include obtaining, at least two image pairs based upon images received from the first camera and the second camera, wherein the at least two image pairs are images sequentially taken via the first camera and the second camera, and wherein each pair of images (one from each camera) needs to be taken simultaneously; matching corresponding points on the at least two image pairs; and generating a disparity map, wherein the disparity map includes pixels matched from the corresponding points on the at least two image pairs, wherein pixels with constant disparity are identified as pixels at infinity distance.
In certain embodiments, the method includes storing the at least two image pairs in a memory.
In certain embodiments, the number of at least two image pairs captured from the first camera and the at least two image pairs captured from the second camera is determined by a processor.
In certain embodiments, the processor stops receiving at least two image pairs from the first camera and the second camera once a full FOV is captured.
In certain embodiments, the stereo digital camera is installed in a vehicle.
In certain embodiments, the stereo digital camera is configured to be incorporated in a vehicle as part of a driver assistance system.
In certain embodiments, the step of setting the initial intrinsic parameters of the first camera and the initial intrinsic parameters of the second camera includes a processor performing an initial guess for the intrinsic parameters for said stereo digital camera.
In certain embodiments, the step of selecting initial intrinsic parameters include factory calibration.
In certain embodiments, the selecting initial intrinsic parameters includes independent estimation from bundle adjustment.
In certain embodiments, selecting initial intrinsic parameters includes independent estimation from structure from motion (SFM).
In certain embodiments, the at least one image from the first camera and at least one image from the second camera are stored in memory.
In certain embodiments, the corresponding points on the at least one image from the first camera and the second camera are stored in memory.
In certain embodiments, the disparity map is stored in memory.
In certain embodiments, the steps for calibrating external and internal parameters are repeated to obtain a full FOV.
In certain embodiments, the steps for calibrating depth are repeated to obtain a full FOV.
In certain embodiments, the intrinsic parameters are selected from a group consisting of focal length, image distortion and optical axis.
In certain embodiments, the extrinsic parameters describe the translation and rotation of the one camera relative to the other.
In certain embodiments, the method includes using infinity disparity to compensate for estimation errors.
In certain embodiments, the method includes identifying moving objects in the at least two image pairs.
In certain embodiments, the method includes removing said moving objects from the disparity map.
In certain embodiments, the moving objects are identified using computer vision.
In certain embodiments, the moving objects are identified using high disparity values.
In certain embodiments, the method includes repeating the steps of the above referenced steps multiple times and averaging the results.
In an embodiment there is provided a method for dynamic stereo camera calibration, comprising obtaining at least two image pairs from a dual-camera, performing local registration of the at least two image pairs and obtaining a registration map, finding a minimal disparity in the registration map, calculating a minimum disparity value, defining a global minimal disparity value, and calibrating the dual-camera using the global minimal disparity value.
Some embodiments herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the application. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the application may be practiced. In the drawings:
Embodiments disclosed herein describe methods of dynamic stereo calibration of the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that include estimation of the “additional” parameters of equation 1′, scaling factor s and disparity error e. While all the parameters in the equation may be estimated in a factory (where the dual-camera is assembled and/or where the vehicle is assembled), the parameters may change during the life cycle of the camera due to a number of factors, including (but not limited to) shift between sub-cameras, tilt between sub-cameras, shift in each sub-camera between its lens and the sensor, change in the camera focal length, etc.
The present application efficiently calibrates the camera parameters to ensure that the camera is viewing its surroundings properly and is able to effectively calculate distance.
The output of step 204 is optimized stereo calibration (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic) parameters 206, i.e. a calibrated dual-camera output that allows rectifying the camera system's output into a pair of images having parallel epipolar lines. The optimized stereo calibration parameters are then used in estimating infinity offset e and scaling factor s.
This optimization problem can be solved with a number of optimization techniques such as gradient decent. Intrinsic parameters refined in this sub-step include focal length ratio between left and right cameras, lens distortion coefficients and “non-disparity” optical axis differences.
1. Iterate steps 208 and 210 until sufficient matched points are gathered: this is an iterative process performed in step 211 until the matched features are evenly spread across the camera's FOV and distance from the camera, for example by having 5 corresponding points in a 3D box of N0×N0×FOV_Pdisp (N˜1/20 FOV P˜1/10 disparity range measured by pixels).
2. Iterate steps 212 and 214 until a stable state is reached: this is an iterative process performed in step 213. After intrinsic parameters were refined in step 214 recalculate extrinsic parameters in step 212 and refine until steady state is reached either in the parameter value or in the sum of absolute NDA.
Optionally, a step 314 of filtering stationary objects may be performed before estimating infinity offset e step 312. Objects that are stationary to the dual-camera and/or the given vehicle (e.g., another vehicle moving with the same velocity and in the same direction as the given vehicle) will have constant disparity (same as infinity pixels) and therefore should be filtered from the infinity offset estimation. The filtering may include for example thresholding pixels with large enough disparity (infinite disparity will be close to zero) or detecting cars/motorcycle/bikes by machine learning.
In some embodiments, one set of images is needed since object dimensions may be known. In other embodiments, many sets of images can be obtained, preferably a thousand image sets, however fewer can be utilized effectively as well. A plurality of output estimations for s may be averages over many measurements.
Furthermore, s can be easily extracted and averaged across many samples.
In an alternate embodiment, a dual-camera system obtains a set of two images from the dual-camera. The system performs local registration of the set of two images and obtains a registration map. The system proceeds by finding the minimal disparity in the registration map, calculating the minimum of minimum disparity value, defining a global minimum disparity value, and calibrating the dual-camera using the global minimum disparity.
Image registration is the process of transforming different sets of data into one coordinate system. The data may be multiple photographs, data from different sensors, times, depths, or viewpoints.
In use, a processing unit such as AP 520 may receive respective first and second image data (or 1st and 2nd images) from camera modules 502 and 510 and may supply camera control signals to camera modules 502 and 510 to ensure that both images are acquired simultaneously. After receiving at least one image from each camera, AP 520 will execute the processes described in
It should be understood that where the claims or specification refer to “a” or “an” element, such reference is not to be construed as there being only one of that element.
Methods described herein can be implemented to calibrate camera parameters as often as every time a user turns on a car or multiple times per use or scheduled calibration periods preset by the manufacturer or user prompt, to a single calibration upon leaving the factory, or a combination thereof. The present application does not require network or cloud access however can benefit from having such access for storing or processing data, for example storage of images, accessing dimension data, remote processing, etc.
The disclosed embodiments are capable of processing sets of image pairs independently, providing better results than the standard techniques. The disclosed methods can be done without a strict sequential requirement, unlike SFM, which requires a sequence of 20-100 image pairs. Further, they are unique when compared with other known processes and solutions in that they (1) reduce the computational demand on the system, and (2) reduce the number of images needed to calibrate the parameters.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical or/and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the application pertains.
While this disclosure describes a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of such embodiments may be made. In general, the disclosure is to be understood as not limited by the specific embodiments described herein, but only by the scope of the appended claims.
This is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 16/975,726 filed Aug. 26, 2020 (now allowed), which was a 371 application from international patent application PCT/IB2020/051948 filed Mar. 6, 2020, and is related to and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/816,097 filed on Mar. 9, 2019, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 16975726 | US | |
Child | 17712074 | US |