Patent Grant
9524388
This invention relates generally to the authentication field, and more specifically to a new and useful system and method for enforcing a policy for an authenticator device in the authentication field.
Two-factor authentication is commonly used to increase the confidence in a user's identity and augment existing authentication factors such as passwords. While a password or other knowledge-based factor (“what you know”) can be captured, phished, and replayed by a malicious party, an authentication factor that requires possession of a unique device (“what you have”) can provide greater security. These “what you have” authentication factors commonly take the form of a hardware token (eg. RSA's infamous SecurID product line) that generates one-time passcodes. These one-time passcodes are commonly 6 digit numeric passcodes generated using an algorithm and a stored secret key. While these hardware devices offer a strong second factor of authentication when deployed alongside traditional knowledge-based passwords, the devices are expensive, difficult to manage, and painful for end users having to carry around an extra device at all times. As mobile devices become increasingly ubiquitous, powerful, and extensible to run third-party applications, they present an attractive replacement for hardware tokens. Instead of carrying around an expensive hardware token to generate one-time passwords, a user can simply use an application on their phone to generate the same one-time passwords. However, this increase in usability, convenience, and management comes at the cost of ensuring the integrity and security of the mobile application and mobile device software. While a dedicated hardware token can be tamper-resistant, have a small trusted computing base, and accept limited outside input, a mobile device is a rich software environment that often suffers vulnerabilities and other security weaknesses that plague any non-trivial software system. Therefore, if a mobile device is used in place of a hardware token for authentication, it is imperative that the device's storage, applications, and platform remain in a secure state and are not compromised by attackers or malicious applications that may reside on the same device. Unfortunately, such attacks against mobile devices do take place and the threat of mobile malware and other types of mobile attacks will only increase in the future as they evolve into more attractive targets to compromise. Therefore, organizations that wish to use mobile devices as a form of authentication (whether OTP-based or otherwise) have a difficult trade-off to evaluate between the increased security/isolation but decreased usability of a dedicated hardware device, and the increased usability but decreased security/isolation of a mobile device. Thus, there is a need in the authentication field to create a new and useful system and method enforcing a policy for an authenticator device. This invention provides such a new and useful system and method.
The following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these preferred embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.
A system and method of preferred embodiments function to define, evaluate, and enforce a policy for the use of computing devices as authenticators. Modern two-factor authentication approaches often include the use of a mobile device as a secondary authenticator. In one variation, the secondary authenticator is distinct from a primary device where authentication is attempted. In another variation, the secondary authenticator is a distinct application on the same device as the primary application where authentication is attempted. For example, the primary application may be a browser on a mobile phone and the secondary authenticator can be an application distinct from the browser on the mobile phone. The system and method may alternatively be used with any suitable computing device used as an authenticator device. The system and method preferably alleviates at least some risk associated with the security threats, greater attack surface, and potential compromises of mobile device and its software. The system and method thus can function to potentially make a mobile device suitable for use as an authenticator. The system and method preferably allow an administrator to define and enforce policies to determine when a user is permitted or denied use of their mobile device as an authenticator by collecting and evaluating information about the software state of the mobile device and any perceived weaknesses or other attributes of the device, platform, or applications that may have a relevant impact on the security of the device or its authentication functionality. Such policies may be based on the software state of the mobile device and any perceived weaknesses or other information and attributes of the device, platform, or applications that may compromise its integrity as a strong authentication mechanism. For example, a user accessing their online bank account from their PC may provide a username and password to log in, and then be challenged to provide a one-time password generated by their mobile device as a secondary authentication factor. After completing primary authentication with the username and password, an authenticator application on the user's mobile device may collect information to provide to a policy engine of a authentication service (in this case, the online bank) to determine whether the mobile device is suitable and trusted for use as a secondary authentication factor. Based on the evaluation of policies acting upon the collected information, the authentication service would enforce whether or not the device is deemed appropriate for use as a trusted authenticator.
1. System for Enforcing a Policy for an Authenticator Device
As shown in
A policy engine no of a preferred embodiment functions to regulate transaction attempts according to relevant policies. The policy engine no is tasked with evaluating a transaction request in the context of a defined policy and determining whether or not the computing device is suitable for use as an authenticator based on the result of that evaluation. A transaction attempt can be an authentication attempt, a registration attempt, a network access attempt, a file access attempt, data submission/edit/deletion attempt, or any suitable transaction request. Herein, authentication attempt is used as a primary example of a transaction attempt, but the system and method may be used for regulating any suitable type of transaction. The policy engine no preferably includes or has a communication channel to a policy database. The policy database can be configured with various policies. Policies may be defined for different accounts, different groups of accounts, different individual devices, different device types or classes, device models, or other suitable categories. The policy engine no additionally can include a communication interface through which authentication requests are received. The policy engine no can be a standalone service used in combination with an outside authentication system, but may alternatively be integrated in an authentication system. The policy engine may alternatively be integrated with the authenticator (or another suitable transaction regulator) and be located on the computing device used as an authenticator device. Preferably, the policy engine no works in cooperation with a two-factor authentication system. The particular policy evaluation procedure may consist of traditional boolean logic expressions (eg. “IF platform_version<2.3.2 AND component_version<1.5”), standalone services with rich functionality (eg. analyze the applications installed on the device to determine whether they are malicious or not), and any other processes or heuristics that may be appropriate to evaluate whether a mobile device is suitable for use as an authenticator.
A policy interface 120 of a preferred embodiment functions to define policies. The policy interface is a software component designed to allow an administrator or other appropriately designated user to define policies around the use of a user's computing device as an authenticator. Typically, the policy interface would be a web application that an administrator would interact with using a web browser to create, read, update, or delete policies for the administrator's organization's users. The policy interface 120 may alternatively be an application programming interface (API) for programmatic setting of policies. Additionally the system may have policies preset or set in an alternative way and may not include a policy interface 120. As described above, policies can be set for particular accounts, particular groups of accounts, individual devices, device types or classes, device models, or other suitable categories.
Any suitable rules or restrictions may be set for allowed use of an authenticator device. Policy can be dependent on various state properties of a device. The policy can be conditional on one property or multiple properties. Some exemplary device properties can include passcode lock activation status (e.g., is a passcode lock setup for the device), GPS/GeoIP location, full disk encryption status, HSM (hardware security module) support, malicious apps installed, out of date software versions, apps with communication app access (e.g., SMS/MMS access, phone access, email access, etc.), or other suitable device state properties. For example, an administrator may define a policy that disallows the use of SMS-delivered passcodes if a user's mobile device is running suspicious applications that may have access to their SMS inbox. By defining such a policy, an administrator may reduce the risk of the passcodes being stolen by a malicious application on the user's mobile device, thereby allowing an attacker to impersonate the user by using the stolen passcodes. As another example, the administrator may define a policy that requires the user's device to undergo a “health check” where it may be scanned for malicious applications or analyzed for weaknesses that may compromise its integrity or security. If the health check (i.e., vulnerability assessment) fails, the user may be disallowed to use that mobile device as an authenticator as it has been deemed too risky by the administrator's policy. The resulting policies defined by the administrator are stored in the policy database.
The authenticator 130 of a preferred embodiment functions to enforce the results of the policy engine no. The authenticator is preferably a software component that is present on the computing device (i.e., an authenticator device) of a user that typically provides some strong authentication functionality. The authenticator 130 preferably facilitates the authentication process. For example, basic HMAC-based One time Password (HOTP), Time-based One-time Password (TOTP), or any suitable One-time Password (OTP) generation can be employed for mobile app-based authenticators to provide strong authentication. Additionally or alternatively, the authenticator 130 can facilitate the authentication process through notification-based authentication approval. For example, when a user attempts to perform authentication, the authenticator 130 can be notified (such as through a push notification), and then an option to approve or deny the authentication request is presented to the user. The user's response may be used to signal that the authentication request is approved or denied. When the authenticator is invoked, either by the user or by the authentication service, the authenticator 130 may enforce whether or not the device is permitted for use as an authenticator device based on the results of the policy engine's output. The authenticator 130 can also collect and transmit information from the mobile device to an authentication service that may be relevant to the evaluation of the defined policies. The authenticator 130 may be built into the mobile software platform itself, installed as a third-party app by the user of the mobile device, or delivered via any other mechanism available to execute software on the mobile device. The authenticator 130 preferably includes communication channels to at least the authentication system and/or policy engine.
2. Method for Enforcing a Policy for an Authenticator Device
As shown in
Step S110, which includes defining at least one device authentication policy at a policy engine, functions to determine at least one policy for evaluating the security of an authenticator device. The device authentication policy is preferably created through a user interface. An administrator or other authorized user interacting with a policy user interface can preferably create, read, update, or delete policies governing the conditions when a mobile device is deemed suitable to be used as an authenticator (most commonly using a mobile phone as a “what you have” second factor of authentication via OTPs, phone callback, SMS authentication, smartphone push authentication, etc). A device authentication policy may alternatively be defined through an application programming interface (API). As another alternative, the policy may be permanently set for the authentication through a settings file or in any suitable manner. A policy may alternatively be predefined by a third-party or automatically defined by any suitable algorithm or process. Additional policies may augment existing administrator-defined policies or eliminate the need for administrator-defined policies.
The device authentication policy can preferably be set for any suitable categorization of authentication requests. The device authentication policy is preferably for a particular account on an authentication system. Each account of an authentication system may have a policy set. A default policy may be used if no policy for a particular account is defined. The device authentication policy may alternatively be associated with a whole authentication system, a user-account type/label, a time of day, device type, or be associated with any suitable property of an account, authentication request, and/or authentication system. The device authentication policy preferably defines device parameters that an authenticator device must satisfy. In one variation, the device parameters include at least one parameter for the device status assessment that may define suitable application version numbers and allowed device health status. The device parameters can additionally include conditions set based on the status of device properties such as passcode lock activation status (e.g., is a passcode lock setup for the device), GPS/GeoIP location, full disk encryption status, HSM (hardware security module) support, installed applications (e.g., are malicious apps installed), out of date software versions, apps with communication app access (e.g., SMS/MMS access, phone access, email access, etc.), or other suitable device state properties. The device authentication policy is preferably stored in a policy database at the policy engine. This is preferably a resource existing in a networked computing system, but may alternatively policies may be stored locally on associated authenticator devices or in any suitable location.
Step S120, which includes at a policy engine initializing authentication policy processing for an authenticator device, functions to trigger the policy engine to check if the authenticator device complies with the policy. Initializing an authentication policy process preferably occurs as a result of a user attempting to perform a step of an authentication process using the authenticator device. The authentication process is preferably completing at least one factor of authentication for a login request, such as completing a secondary factor of authentication using an OTP or app approval. An authentication process can include registration of the device to be used in subsequent authentication as an authenticator device. The authentication process may alternatively be in verifying permissions to access a network or other computing resource, access a file, perform data submission/edit/deletion attempt, or any suitable action. An authenticator on the device will preferably trigger an evaluation of the administrator-defined policies in order to determine whether the user should be able to use their mobile device as an authenticator. As a result, the policy engine preferably receives an authentication policy request. The authentication policy request may be transmitted by the authenticator on the device or may alternatively be transmitted by an authentication system. If the policy engine requires additional information about the mobile device in order to evaluate the administrator-defined policies, it can query the authenticator on the device to provide a device status assessment. Alternatively, the authentication policy request may include the device status assessment.
Step S130, which includes collecting a device status assessment, functions to retrieve parameters that indicate the status of the authenticator device. An authenticator on the device preferably collects information from the device. For example, the policy engine may request that the authenticator collect a list of all the installed applications on the mobile device and return them to the policy engine so that the policy engine can process the list to see if any potentially risky or malicious applications are installed on the mobile device that would compromise the integrity of the authenticator device as a strong authenticator. Other device status properties can include passcode lock activation status (e.g., is a passcode lock setup for the device), GPS/GeoIP location, full disk encryption status, HSM (hardware security module) support, malicious apps installed, out of date software versions, apps with communication app access (e.g., SMS/MMS access, phone access, email access, etc.), or other suitable device state properties. The authenticator preferably transmits the device status assessment along with any additional relevant information from the device to the policy engine to assist in the evaluation of the administrator-defined device authentication policies. This transmission can occur over traditional wide-area network communications mechanisms available on the mobile device such as WiFi, cellular data service (eg. EDGE, GSM, HSDPA, LTE, etc), even local radio communications such as BlueTooth, or any suitable networking protocol. Alternatively, the device status assessment may be transmitted to a policy engine operating locally on the device. Additionally, the method may include calculating a vulnerability assessment. The vulnerability assessment may be calculated in any suitable manner. In one variation, the vulnerability assessment may be calculated by the system and/or method described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/601,409, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY OF A MOBILE DEVICE”, filed 31 Aug. 2012 by the assignee of the present invention, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by this reference. The results of the vulnerability assessment may be transmitted to the policy engine. Alternatively, the policy engine may facilitate the calculation of the vulnerability assessment. In calculating the vulnerability assessment, the policy engine and/or authentication system may receive at least one vulnerability assessment request that includes an object identifier for an operative object of a mobile computing device, wherein the vulnerability assessment request originates from the authenticator device; and a module to identify a vulnerability assessment associated with the identifier of the operative object.
In one variation, device status assessments from the computing device may be delivered to the policy engine and/or authentication service periodically or lazily (instead of on-demand at the time of authentication) and stored in the policy database to develop an extended historical view of the device's perceived health. The historical status assessment may be used in evaluating policy compliance. When evaluating the policy compliance, the use of the most recent device status assessment may be used. For example, device status assessments may be collected every hour. When evaluating policy compliance the device status assessment from the last hour can be used such that the device status assessment is typically no older than an hour. This technique may be useful when the device status assessment requires time-consuming processing.
Step S140, which includes evaluating policy compliance of the device status assessment to an associated device authentication policy, functions to determine whether the computing device is suitable for use as an authenticator device. The policy engine preferably retrieves the necessary defined device authentication policies from the policy database/storage. A single policy preferably governs the policy compliance, but a plurality of policies may alternatively be used to cooperatively define a policy for an authenticator device. The particular policy evaluation procedure may consist of traditional Boolean logic expressions (eg. “IF platform_version<2.3.2 AND component_version<1.5”), standalone services with rich functionality (eg. analyze the applications installed on the device to determine whether they are malicious or not), and any other processes or heuristics that may be appropriate to evaluate whether a mobile device is suitable for use as an authenticator. In one exemplary policy evaluation, if a passcode lock is not enabled or HSM support is not available or the disk is not encrypted then the device is not in policy compliance. In another instance, a policy can disallow the use of SMS delivered OTPs on a device when a suspicious application has been granted access to an SMS inbox. In one variation, a vulnerability assessment is calculated or received, and the vulnerability assessment is used in logic to determine policy compliance. For example, a vulnerability assessment may indicate a number of vulnerabilities on the device. The associated policy may only specify a particular vulnerability that should be used to selectively give or deny authentication. If the vulnerabilities on the device do not include the policy specified vulnerabilities, the policy compliance is positive and authentication may be allowed. If at least one vulnerability of the device coincides with a policy specified vulnerability, then policy compliance is negative and authentication is denied.
Step S150, which includes enforcing use of the authenticator device according to the policy compliance, functions to appropriately allow, disallow, or otherwise respond to an attempt to perform an authentication process with the authenticator device. The authentication process is preferably approving a secondary-factor of authentication of a login attempt. The authentication process may alternatively include registering the authenticator device for completing two-factor authentication of an account. For example, if a device is not in compliant with the policy, then the device may not even be permitted to register to approve/complete authentication requests for an account. Enforcing may include the policy engine transmitting the policy compliance evaluation to the computing device as shown in
In another variation, the authenticator prevents communication of authentication information to the authentication system. Similarly, the authenticator can transmit a message that indicates that the authentication system should not accept authentication using the device. In another variation, the method can include receiving an authentication push notification at an authentication application on the authenticator device. The authentication application in this variation preferably is alerted when an authentication process is attempted and provides a user interface for approving or denying the process. For example, when a user attempts to perform a login, the authentication application can be notified (such as through a push notification), and then an option to approve or deny the authentication request is presented to the user. The user's response may be used to signal that the authentication request is approved or denied. Enforcing use of the authenticator device can include permitting or preventing authentication of a login attempt associated with the push notification as shown in
The enforcement of the result of the policy evaluation can not only be enforced on the mobile device itself (eg. disallowing the user to use or interact with the authenticator application to generate one-time passcodes), but also, enforced by the authentication service to deny any attempts by the user to authenticate using that device if it has been deemed unsuitable for use as an authenticator as shown in
In an exemplary implementation of a preferred embodiment of the method, the method is used with a two-factor authentication system as shown in
In another exemplary implementation of a preferred embodiment of the method, the method is used for locally policing the use of a computing device for authentication as shown in
An alternative embodiment preferably implements the above methods in a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions are preferably executed by computer-executable components preferably integrated with a policy engine used in cooperation with an authentication system. The computer-readable medium may be stored on any suitable computer readable media such as RAMs, ROMs, flash memory, EEPROMs, optical devices (CD or DVD), hard drives, floppy drives, or any suitable device. The computer-executable component is preferably a processor but the instructions may alternatively or additionally be executed by any suitable dedicated hardware device.
As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention defined in the following claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 14/271,258, filed on 6 May 2104 which is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 13/647,166, filed on 8 Oct. 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/544,273, filed on 7 Oct. 2012, all of which are incorporated in their entirety by this reference.
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