1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to multi-node computer systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Multi-node computer systems have been provided to promote processing ability and speed. An example of such a system is IBM's Blue Gene petaflop supercomputer, which can have 32,000 nodes, with each node being established by a chip having perhaps dozens of microprocessors.
In a multi-node system, processing is undertaken by the nodes acting in concert with each other. Accordingly, the nodes communicate with each other in one of various network topologies, such as grids, meshes, hypercubes, and torus graphs.
Regardless of the topology, however, it is possible that one or more nodes or links between nodes might fail. “Fault tolerance” is a term that refers to the ability of a multi-node system to continue to operate effectively in the presence of such failures.
Specifically, when faults in the network occur, processing formerly undertaken by failed nodes must be assumed by the remaining good nodes, and messages between nodes must be routed around faulty nodes and links. Representative of past solutions to the route-around problem are those set forth in Boppana et al., “Fault-Tolerant Wormhole Routing Algorithms for Mesh Networks”, IEEE Trans. on Computers, 44: 848-864 (1995) and Chalasani et al., “Communication in Multicomputers with Nonconvex Faults”, IEEE Trans. on Computers, 46: 616-622 (1997), incorporated herein by reference. Boppana et al. disclose a method for message route-around that uses only two virtual channels to avoid a message routing interference problem known as “deadlock”, provided that the fault regions are rectangular and the fault rings (non-faulty boundaries around fault regions) do not overlap. As used herein, “k virtual channels” means a physical channel (communication link) must be shared by k different channels, typically in a round-robin manner. Thus, the larger “k” is, the more the hardware cost in manufacturing the communication link.
The Boppana et al. method is extended to regions such as crosses, “L”s, and “T”s by Chalasani et al. using four virtual channels and again assuming that fault rings do not overlap. Chen et al., “A Fault-Tolerant Routing Scheme for Meshes with Nonconvex Faults”, IEEE Trans. on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 12: 467-475, 2001 improve on Chalasani et al. in that fault rings are allowed to overlap, and only three virtual channels are required.
Unfortunately, as can be appreciated from the above discussion the latter two improvements over the relatively limited applicability of Boppana et al. require more than two virtual channels to guarantee deadlock avoidance. Moreover, all of the above-referenced methods assume that the number of “turns” in message routing through the system is not an issue, which in practical implementations may not be the case from a performance standpoint.
The present invention has recognized the above-noted problems and provides solutions to one or more of them as disclosed below.
To address one or more of the above-noted problems, a system and method are disclosed for routing messages in a multi-node computer system around faults in the system. A set of “lamb” nodes is defined to promote fault tolerance in the system. The “lamb” nodes are so called because, while lamb nodes are not failed nodes, they are used exclusively for message routing, and not for processing user's tasks or processes. Consequently, lamb nodes will not originate or receive messages.
Accordingly, a general purpose computer is programmed according to the inventive steps herein. The invention can also be embodied as an article of manufacture—a machine component—that is used by a digital processing apparatus and which tangibly embodies a program of instructions that are executable by the digital processing apparatus to execute the present logic. This invention is realized in a critical machine component that causes a digital processing apparatus to perform the inventive method steps herein.
Accordingly, a general purpose computer system having multiple nodes includes a processor that executes method acts to promote tolerance of faults in the system. The method acts executed by the processor include determining a set of non-faulty nodes, which may be referred to as a “lamb set”, based on the faults, and using nodes in the set of nodes only as points on routing paths of messages. No node in the set of nodes is used for sending or receiving messages.
In a preferred embodiment, small sets of partitions of prospective lamb nodes are found, with each partition including a representative node. This can include partitioning nodes in the system into maximal intervals of sequential nodes, with no node in an interval being a faulty node. At least some intervals are returned as a set of partitions.
Regardless of how the partitions have been determined, a reachability can next be determined from at least one representative node of a partition to at least another representative node of a partition. The reachability is used to establish a solution set, such that any node in the solution set can reach any other node in the solution set in at most k rounds, where k is the number of virtual channels in the communication links of the parallel system. As intended herein, k is chosen as a tradeoff among the hardware cost (larger k means more cost), the routing time (larger k means longer time for a message to travel along the communication links), and the size of the lamb set (larger k means a smaller lamb set and therefore more nodes available for processing). In one non-limiting embodiment, reachability can be computed by computing at least one reachability matrix using the partitions, computing at least one intersection matrix, and then returning a product of reachability and intersection matrices.
After determining reachability, the lamb set can be minimized if desired using a weighted graph G, such as but not limited to a weighted bipartite graph. This can include finding a vertex cover C of the graph G and, using selected elements of the vertex cover C, establishing the lamb set. Membership in the lamb set can depend, if desired, at least partially on a number of processors in a node that are malfunctioning or not functioning.
In another aspect, a computer program device includes a computer program storage device that is readable by a digital processing apparatus. A program is on the program storage device. The program includes instructions that can be executed by the digital processing apparatus for promoting fault tolerance in a multi-node system. The program can include means for designating a lamb set of nodes in the multi-node system to be used for routing messages within the system.
In yet another embodiment, a method for promoting fault tolerance in a multi-node system includes, for each of k rounds, finding multiple partitions of nodes, with each partition having a representative node. The method further includes, for each representative node, determining whether the node can reach at least one predetermined other representative node within a predetermined criteria. Also, the method can include minimizing the number of nodes and/or partitions using a weighted graph to establish a routing set of nodes. The routing set of nodes is returned for use thereof in routing messages through the system in the presence of one or more node and/or link faults.
The details of the present invention, both as to its structure and operation, can best be understood in reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts, and in which:
Referring initially to
In one intended embodiment, although illustrated in
A group controller 18 communicates with a preferably software-implemented logic module 20 to execute the logic disclosed below in designating a set of “lamb” nodes to be used for routing messages through the system 10 in the presence of faulty nodes 16 and/or faulty links. By “lamb” node is meant a node whose processing capability is sacrificed for routing messages only; that is, a lamb node only routes messages, and does not send or receive messages.
While the controller 18 is shown for illustration as being separate from the nodes 12 of the system 10 and connected thereto for message routing purposes, it is to be understood that the present logic can be undertaken by one of the nodes 12 or distributed within the system 10 for coordinated processing between plural nodes 12.
With the above overview of the present architecture in mind, it is to be understood that the present logic is executed on the architecture shown in
In other words, the logic may be embodied by a computer program that is executed by a processor as a series of computer-executable instructions. These instructions may reside, for example, in RAM or on a hard drive or optical drive, or the instructions may be stored on a DASD array, magnetic tape, electronic read-only memory, or other appropriate data storage device. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the computer-executable instructions may be lines of compiled C++compatible code.
Now referring to
In the following, definitions are set forth that assume that the interconnection network has a d-dimensional structure, in describing one presently preferred embodiment. It is to be understood that the below definitions can be modified for a general interconnection network. For example, the π-routing or π-ordered routing can be generalized to any routing on any interconnection network.
Then, at block 30 for each source SES partition, it is determined whether its representative node “v” can reach each representative node “w” of each destination DES partition within a predetermined reachability criteria. More specifically, it is determined, for each “v”, whether it can (k, F, πvector)-reach each destination DES representative node “w”, wherein “k” is the number of rounds and F is the set of faulty nodes and links. Details of a preferred implementation of block 30 are set forth further below in reference to FIG. 5.
All SES/DES that do not satisfy the reachability test of block 32 are candidates for the lamb set and are sent to block 32, the goal of which is to prune the candidates and, thus, minimize the size of the lamb set. As set forth further below in reference to
Now referring to
In the discussion below, using, by way of non-limiting illustration only, a rectangular subset of nodes of a mesh M=Md(n1, . . . ,nd), each coordinate “j” can be designated by one of three objects: “*”, meaning that any value vj with 0≦vj<nj can appear in the coordinate, an interval [lj, rj], meaning that any value vj with lj≦vj≦rj can appear in the coordinate, and a constant cj, meaning that only the value cj can appear in the coordinate. The below algorithm finds SES's of the form S =(*, . . . ,*,[lj, rj], cj+1, . . . ,cd) and DES's of the form D=(c1, . . . ,cj−1,[lj, rj],*, . . . ,*). The representative node of an SES is of the form (0, . . . 0,1j, cj+1, . . . ,cd and of a DES is (c1, . . . ,cj−1 ,0, . . . 0).
While the discussion below describes the algorithm recursively, it is to be understood that other implementations can be used. For instance, at the start of the algorithm the faults can be sorted by radix sort with the significance of the coordinates increasing from left to right, and with calls to the algorithm below the top level adding SES's directly to the solution set, rather than passing them up to the calling program. It is to be further understood that, without loss of generality, the π ordering is assumed to be in ascending order (1,2, . . . ,d). For a general π ordering (j1, . . . ,jd), the algorithm is modified to consider the coordinates in the reverse order given by π.
An input to decision diamond 34 is a d-dimensional mesh of the form n1 by n2 by . . . by nd, denoted Md(n1, . . . ,nd). Also input is the set F of faulty nodes.
Commencing at decision diamond 34, it is determined whether the system 10 is one-dimensional, i.e., whether d=1. If so, the logic flows to block 36 to partition the non-faulty nodes into maximal intervals [l1, r1], . . . ,[lm, rm] such that each interval contains no node fault or link fault. Then, at block 38 the solution set, i.e., the set of maximal intervals, is returned.
On the other hand, when d>1 the logic moves from decision diamond 34 to block 40 to initialize the solution set to zero and to define a fault set H of values “c” such that (*, . . . *,c) contains either a node fault or a link fault. Proceeding to block 42, a DO loop is entered for each value “c” in the fault set H. At block 44, a find SES Partition is called wherein an SES partition “SES” is found on an input (d−1, n1, . . . ,nd−1) and F/c. Then, moving to block 46, for each of the SES's found at block 44, its product with “c” is added to the solution set, i.e., S′·c, which is of the form (*, . . . ,*,[lj, rj],cj+1, . . . ,cd−1,c), is added to the solution set. The DO loop ends at block 48.
After completing the DO loop the logic proceeds to block 50 to partition the values that are not in H into maximal intervals [l, r] such that (*, . . . *,[1,r]) contains no node fault or link fault. At block 52, for each maximal interval [l,r], (*, . . . *,[l,r]) is added to the solution set, which is returned.
To save memory, each SES partition and DES partition can be computed at the point where the below-described reachability matrix R is needed, after which the reachability matrix and associated partitions can be erased. It is to be understood that while the logic of
Now referring to the reachability algorithm of
Moving to block 56, for each “t” in 1≦t≦k, the one-round reachability entries of a pt×qt reachability matrix “Rt” are computed, where Rt(i,j)=1 iff st,i can (F,πt)-reach dt,j.
Next, proceeding to block 58, for 1≦t≦k−1, the entries of a qt×Pt+1 intersection matrix I are computed, where It(j,i)=1 iff Dt,j∩St+1,1≠0. The product Rk of the matrices, i.e., R1I2R2I2. . . Rk−1Ik−1Rk is returned. If the same ordering π and same SES and DES partitions are used in each round, the algorithm can be simplified because in such a case R1=R2=. . . =Rk and likewise the intersection matrices are equal to each other.
Define p=p1 and q=qk. The product Rk, rectangular abbreviations S1, . . . ,Sp for the partitions S1,1, . . . ,S1,p, and rectangular abbreviations D1, . . . ,Dq for the partitions Dk,1, . . . ,Dk,q are sent from the logic of
Moving to block 64, a minimum weight vertex cover C is determined for the graph G in accordance with principles known in the weighted graph art and returned. The lamb set is returned at block 66 as the union of those SES partitions Si with si ∈ C and those Dj with dj ∈ C.
Instead of the logic of
Moving to block 70, a vertex cover C is determined for the graph G in accordance with principles known in the weighted graph art and returned. The lamb set is returned at block 72 as the union of those SES partitions Si∩Dj over all (i,j) such that i,j ∈ C.
While the particular SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FAULT TOLERANCE IN MULTI-NODE SYSTEM as herein shown and described in detail is fully capable of attaining the above-described objects of the invention, it is to be understood that it is the presently preferred embodiment of the present invention and is thus representative of the subject matter which is broadly contemplated by the present invention, that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular means “at least one”. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for”.
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