Patent Application
20170161748
Signaling is the process of sending signals or signaling information. It is the transfer of special information to control communication. Signaling consists of a protocol or a specialized set of rules that govern the communications of a system. The protocol enables the effective use of the control information (i.e. signals) to provide meaningful communications within a network. Signaling is the mechanism used to operate, control, and manage, the wireless telecommunications network. A good example of a signal is the common ringing alert signal that we are familiar with when someone is calling a telephone. It is distinguished from the user information provided by the telephone network (i.e. voice) since it provides an indication that a party is calling, but it is not the information that is meant to be conveyed by the caller.
Signaling and signaling protocols have become very complex, especially when used to govern telecommunications and the sophisticated services provided today. These advanced signaling protocols provide for the transfer of information among network nodes that enables what is known as intelligent networking. Intelligent networking is a method for providing and interpreting information within a distributed network. A distributed network is structured such that the network resources are distributed throughout the geographic area being served by the network. The network is considered to be intelligent if the service logic and functionality can occur at the distributed nodes in the network. The mobile telecommunications network is distributed and intelligent. Because intelligent networks require such sophisticated signaling, the signaling means has evolved from electrical pulses and tones into very complex messaging protocols. Network signaling is used between network nodes to operate, manage, and control the network to support certain. types of functionality.
Signaling information consists of messages that contain parameters that support many functions throughout a network. The primary function required for mobile and cellular-based telecommunications and data networks is mobility and location management. These management functions are key to enabling subscriber mobility in mobile and cellular-based wireless networks. Signaling is provided among mobile switching centers (MSCs), location registers, network gateways and some specialized processing centers to support subscriber mobility within as well as between many different wireless service provider networks.
The primary identifying characteristic of a particular wireless device is the dialable mobile directory number (MDN). The MDN can be up to 15 digits long and is a unique number worldwide among all wireless devices, regardless of country or telecommunications network operator. The format of the MDN has been standardized as the E.164 International Public Telecommunication Number by the International Telecommunications Union, a standards making organization within the United Nations. Because the MDN is unique worldwide to an entity's or individual's mobile service subscription and wireless device, it can be considered an extension of the unique identity of that wireless device's user.
Much of the utility of using an entity's or individual's wireless device as an extension of the identity of the user is enabled by the physical security of wireless devices. Wireless devices are inherently secure due to the properties of digital cellular telecommunications. Digital cellular technology has replaced analog cellular technology worldwide. With this advancement came cellular authentication. Cellular authentication uses a cryptographic security protocol and public key infrastructure that is only made possible by digital communications technology. This cryptographic security protocol prevents a mobile directory number from being used by any wireless device other than the one for which it was originally programmed. The only way to re-use a mobile directory number with another device is by special secure provisioning performed within secure network platforms by the wireless network operator. When this secure provisioning occurs, the mobile director number is securely and solely associated with the device for which it is used. In the case of GSM networks, the secure wireless device is the subscriber identity module, or SIM card, which is associated with an individual and unique mobile service subscription. This is why a SIM card can be used in any GSM-based mobile phone without notifying the wireless network operator. In the case of CDMA networks, the wireless device is the mobile phone itself as SIM cards are not commercially supported today.
An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a system, and its methods of use, to detect patterns in locations derived from a communications signaling network 102 and pertaining to particular wireless devices associated with unique wireless device identifiers, for example mobile directory numbers (MDNs). The invention relates generally to protecting identity by obtaining wireless device location data from a wireless communications signaling network such as a Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) network and the associated mobile application part (MAP) protocol that makes use of the SS7 protocol and networks. The MAP protocol is used to enable mobility and location management of wireless devices and provides for automatic roaming, cellular handoff and a variety of other commonly used wireless telecommunications features. By using signaling operations and messages supported by wireless or cellular networks, wireless device location and other data may be derived. This data may be used as the basis for statistical analysis that can reveal patterns of location for both individual wireless devices as well as an aggregation of wireless device. The statistical analysis of these locations can then be used for a variety of applications, such as revealing patterns that assist in the detection and prevention of fraudulent behavior or activity that may be engaged in by a purported wireless device user.
Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a system, and its methods of use, to detect patterns of device behavior associated with the use of a particular wireless device identified, for example, by an MDN and the use of the particular MDN over time. This data may be obtained from a signaling, data or other communications network associated with one or more wireless networks that may serve, or have served, the MDN. This data may be used as the basis for statistical analysis that can reveal patterns of use for both. individual wireless devices as well as an aggregation of wireless devices. The statistical analysis of these patterns of use can then be used for a variety of applications, such as revealing patterns that assist in the detection and prevention of fraudulent behavior or activity that may be engaged in by a purported wireless device user.
Yet another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a system, and its method of use, for detecting, identity theft based on analysis of a multiplicity of provided and stored parameters associated with derived locations, historical locations, derived data about an MDN, historical use of a particular MDN, and historical patterns of locations and use of MDNs.
A further exemplary embodiment of the present invention applies to and has utility for detecting and preventing identity theft. Identity theft occurs, for example, when an individual's identity credentials are compromised, or otherwise stolen, by perpetrators of fraud. These perpetrators use the identity credentials of individual victims to obtain some financial or other benefit at a cost to the victim.
By recognizing patterns of the locations of individual's wireless devices, statistical models can be derived and used to determine a probability that a purported wireless device user is engaged in either some usual and regular behavior or potentially irregular or anomalous behavior. Irregular or anomalous behavior may be an indication that identity theft has occurred and probabilistic techniques and models to determine incidents of identity theft may be created to detect, with some degree of accuracy, that identity theft has in fact occurred.
These and other examples of the invention are described in further detail below.
Preferred and alternative examples of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the following drawings:
Examples of electronic activities include a purchase of a product or service using a credit card or the like, where the product or service is purchased by an individual at a particular location (point of purchase) or at a remote location (such as a “mail order” purchase or purchase of rights to access an interact site). Another example of an electronic activity is use of a debit card or credit card to obtain cash from an automatic teller machine (ATM). Another example is use of an identity card, such as a drivers license or passport, to prove identity of an individual. Yet another example includes remote access to a secure internet site, wherein the remote access requires identity validation as part of an access process. It is appreciated that embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 may be configured to provide an assessment of the likelihood of fraud for any type of electronic activity.
Included in the example an exemplary Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 used to determine and recognize patterns for wireless device location derived from a communications signaling network 192. The example depicts an Event Processing Module 194, a Wireless Device Location Module 106, a Wireless Device ID Database 108, a Location Pattern Database 110, one or more Location Recognition Logic Resources 112, and Logic Resource Configuration Data 114 in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
The Wireless Device Location Module 106 supports signaling network operations and messages of the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 to request wireless device location data from the communications signaling network 102.
The Event Processing Module 104 obtains Event Data 116 emanating from some Location Event that may be associated with some application. The Event Processing Module 104 also obtains Mobile Directory Number (MDN) data associated with a Location Event that may or may not have been previously registered in the Wireless Device ID Database 108. The Event Processing Module 104 passes the Event Data 116 to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 for storage and use for location data pattern recognition. The Event Processing Module 104 passes an entity's or individual's unique Wireless Device ID (e.g. the MDN) associated with the Event Data 116 to the Wireless Device Location Module 106 that is used to obtain the location of a wireless device 118, such as a mobile telephone 118a or Wireless Computing Device 118b from the communications signaling network 102. The Wireless Device Location Module 106 passes the obtained wireless device location associated with the Wireless Device ID to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 directly or indirectly via the Event Processing Module 104. The Event Processing Module 104, the Wireless Device ID Database 108 and the Location Pattern Database 110 provide the appropriate data and parameters associated with the Wireless Device ID to the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 to determine a pattern of geographic behavior for one or more individuals represented by the MDN. The data may be provided directly to one or more Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 by the respective databases, or via the Event Processing Module 104. One or more Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 may use configuration data supplied by the Logic Resource Configuration 114 to properly calculate and/or otherwise reveal location patterns. Once the location patterns are calculated or otherwise revealed, they may be stored in the Location Pattern Database 110. These location patterns may subsequently be accessed and used in statistical and probabilistic algorithms or calculations for utility, for example, in determining patterns of fraudulent behavior or activities.
It should be understood that the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 shown in
Generally, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 is used in a process of authenticating an electronic activity of interest where one or more locations of a user of the wireless device 118 that are derived from the communications signaling network 102 are incorporated into the Logic Resources 112 to generate a value (i.e. a Pattern value), to assist in creating a statistical model that can determine a likelihood that the automated electronic activity, such as a particular transaction engaged in, is fraudulent. The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 can be used with any type of electronic activity, such as an automated transaction. Two non-limiting example types of electronic activities of interest are card-not-present (CNP) and card present (CP) financial transactions.
The Location Event can be triggered by various types of applications. For example in a first alternate embodiment, a consumer desiring to make a purchase when they are not present at a retailer can initiate a card-not-present (CNP) transaction by using a computer network such as the Internet. The consumer can enter payment information such as a credit card number, the consumer's MDN and the consumer's name and address using an input device in signal communication with a computer used by the consumer. The payment information can then be transmitted to a computerized payment processing system of a payment processor such as a bank. The payment processing system can generate a Location Event by sending Event Data 116 that includes the consumer's MDN to the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 receives the Event Data 116 through the communications interface. A processor configured to implement the functions of the Event Processing Module 104 and the Wireless Device Location Module 106 requests information pertaining to, such as the location of, a device associated with the consumer's MDN from the communications signaling network 102. The processor generates location pattern information based on at least one of the Logic Resource Configuration 114, Location Recognition Logic Resources 112, Location Pattern Database 110, and Wireless Device ID Database 108. The processor then sends a response based on the location pattern information back to the payment processing system. The payment processing system, based upon the received information provided by the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100, generates an acceptance decision based on the response and, in some cases, other predetermined criteria. If the acceptance decision is positive, the payment processing system allows the transaction to proceed and the consumer is notified that the transaction went through, such as by displaying a confirmation number or a display device in signal communication with the computer used by the consumer. If the acceptance decision is negative, the payment processing system does not allow the transaction to proceed and notifies the consumer in a similar manner.
Other alternate example embodiments have other sources of Location Events such as being generated by a card present transaction or being generated during an access process by a software application sending consumer information such as an MDN to the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection. System 100 so that the transaction or access procedure is authenticated based on information in a response from the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. The transaction authentication process includes providing information that is used for denying or allowing a purchase at a point of sale such as by displaying an accepted or denied message, for example.
As another example of an electronic activity, an access procedure authentication process may include providing information that is used for allowing or denying the consumer access to a software application, such as when the consumer initiates access to the software application. The software application responds by displaying a denial message (if the embodiment provides information indicating a relatively high likelihood of fraudulent access) or by displaying an application entry screen (if the embodiment provides information indicating a relatively high likelihood of valid access).
As yet another example, an individual may be passing through a check point or gate, entering into or exiting a building or the like, wherein a proof of identity is required. When electronic security is used for identity verification, and/or when an identification document is used for identity verification, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may be used to assess the likelihood that the individual is fraudulently attempting to gain access through the check point or gate, or is fraudulently attempting to gain entry into or exit from the building or the like.
Embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may be used to assess the likelihood of fraud of the electronic activity before the electronic activity is underway, while the electronic activity is underway, and/or assess after the electronic activity has been concluded. For example, pre-authorization may be used to verify identity of the purchaser prior to delivery of a goods or service to the purchaser. If the electronic activity pertains to a point of purchase transaction, a prior transaction approval process could be completed before the purchaser leaves the premises. As another non-limiting example, if the electronic activity pertains to an Internet purchase transaction, the transaction approval could be completed before the purchased goods are mailed to the purchaser.
In the various embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100, the likelihood of fraud of a particular electronic activity of interest is assessed in response to receiving a request from a transaction entity that is conducting, or is associated with, the electronic activity of interest. Non-limiting examples of transaction entities include banks, credit card companies, Internet service providers, and sellers of goods and/or services.
The communications signaling network 102 supports the Mobile Application Part (MAP) and other protocols as the main enabler of mobility management functions. For GSM-based cellular networks, GSM MAP may be used. GSM MAP supports a variety of operations and signaling messages used to provide mobility management. Non-limiting examples are:
Any-Time-Interrogation (ATI) MAP operation using a Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN) to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home Location Register (HLR). ATI is a signaling message developed for CAMEL phase 1 (Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic). It is used for communication between a Signaling Point and the where subscriber data is stored. The MSISDN performs as the MDN of the wireless device 118.
Provide-Subscriber-Location MAP operation message using MSISDN to retrieve location data from the subscriber's serving MSC/VLR.
Location-Update MAP operation message using MSISDN or International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home Location Register (HLR).
Set-Routing-Information MAP operation message using MSISDN or IMSI to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home HLR.
SMS Type 0 message using MSISDN to retrieve location data from the subscriber's serving network.
For CDMA/ANSI-41-based cellular networks, ANSI-41 MAP may be used. ANSI-41 MAP supports a variety of operations and signaling messages used to provide mobility management. Non-limiting examples are:
Location-Request MAP operation using the MIN performing the MDN to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home Location Register (HLR). Location-Request is a signaling message used for communication between a Signaling Point and the HLR, where subscriber data is stored. The MIN is essentially the MDN of the wireless device 118.
Position-Request MAP operation using MIN to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home Location Register (HLR).
Qualification-Request MAP operation using MIN to retrieve location data from the subscriber's Home Location Register (HLR).
Some networks support mobility of wireless devices 118 between cellular networks and Wi-Fi networks. These networks use technology known as Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) that has been developed to provide seamless handoff, switching and network functionality between cellular and Wi-Fi point-to-point communications networks. In some cellular networks there exists a network entity supporting this seamless movement between wireless access protocols called the UMA Network Controller (UNC) which acts as a gateway for MAP and SS7 signaling messages that move between IP-based networks and SS7 networks. When a wireless device 118 accesses a Wi-Fi base station, it seamlessly hands off the communication through the UMA Network Controller Gateway. When the communication is IP-based, an MSC global title address representing the UNC gateway as opposed to the normal cellular MSC gateway may be provided.
Location results obtained by the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 via the communications signaling network 102 may consist of one or more of the following Location Data parameters:
Age of location since the last Visitor Location Register (VLR) update
Location Area—A location area is the area associated with a VLR. In networks where there is a one-to-one mapping between MSCs and VLRs, the location area corresponds to the area controlled by one MSC. When the wireless device's location area changes, the wireless device 118 needs to perform a location update operation to register its presence in the new VLR and erase its presence in the old VLR. In this case, the HLR also needs to be updated. If the wireless device 118 is engaged in communication, a handoff must be performed between the different MCs.
Mobile Country Code (MCC)
Mobile Network Code (MNC)
Cell identity (e.g. in longitude and latitude or other location context)
Subscriber State (on or off)
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Gateway MSC Global Title (GT) Address—serving VLR (e.g. E.164 network address). The Gateway MSC is an MSC with an interface to other networks. Mobile network operators may deploy all of their MSCs with gateway functionality or only a few. The MSC GT address may provide the following location based data;
Wireless Device 118 in home network
Wireless Device 118 in visited network
Country Code (CC)
National Destination Code (NDC)
Furthermore, additional Subscriber Data associated with a particular MDN may be obtained via a communications network that may consist of one or more of the following parameters associated with the MDN:
Network operator currently serving the MDN
Age of network subscription with current network operator
Age of MDN association with current entity
Network Operators previously associated with or have served the MDN
Type of network subscription (e.g. pre-paid or post-paid)
Type of network device (e.g. manufacturer and model)
Initially, at step 1, the Network Derived Identity Protection System communicates an any-time-interrogation to the HLR, such as via an MSISDN. The HLR provides various signaling system information. Then, at step 2, communicates a provide-subscriber-information message to the MSC and/or the VLR (MSC/VLR). The VLR and/or MSC provides various additional signaling system information. At step 3, a page is communicated to the base station controller (BSC). At step 4, the page is forwarded from the BSC to the wireless device 118, and a response to the page is provided at step 5. At step 6, the page response is forwarded from the BSC to the MSC/VLR. At step 7, the MSC/VLR provides a subscriber-information-response to the HLR. The HLR then returns an any-time-interrogation-response to the Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. Accordingly, the Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 has obtained information about the wireless device 118 from the communications signaling network 102.
At step 1, the Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 communicates a provide-subscriber-location message to the MSC and/or the VLR (MSC/VLR). The VLR and/or MSC provides various additional signaling system information. At step 2, the MSC/VLR provides a subscriber-location-response to the to the Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. Accordingly, the Network Derived identity Protection System 100 has obtained information about the wireless device 118 from the communications signaling network 102.
The above-described processes of
The Location Date and Time 508 contains entries representing the date and time of a particular obtained wireless device location to assist in determining, for example, a Pattern value. The Application ID contains entries in the database that associate a particular Application (e.g. Application 1, Application 2, etc.) that may be associated with Event Data 116 in
The Location Pattern Data 704 is comprised of particular Locations 712 (e.g. MSCID, CID, MCC, MNC, NDC, State, LAC, etc.) and Weighting Factors 714 for those Locations 712 associated with a particular Application (e.g. Application 1, Application 2, etc.) and the provided Location Pattern Data 704 within the exemplary Location Pattern Database 110. The Weighting Factors 714 are used to provide a relative value of the importance of the particular Location 712 for the particular Application (e.g. Application 1, Application 2, etc.) used by one or more Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 in
Step 1: A Location Event occurs and a Wireless Device ID 502 and associated Event Data 116 is sent to the Event Processing Module 104 of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. The Wireless Device ID 502 and associated Event Data 116 may be sent autonomously or requested based on some other interaction between the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 and an application.
Step 2: Logic Resource Configuration Parameters are either requested from the Logic Resource Configuration Data 114 or sent to the appropriate Location Recognition Logic Resource 112. This step may occur at any time and is not necessarily dependent on any actions occurring external to the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100.
Step 3: The Event Processing Module 104 passes the Wireless Device ID 502 and associated Event Data 116 to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 for storage and subsequent use by the appropriate Location Recognition Logic Resource 112 associated with a particular application requiring a Pattern value.
Step 4: The Wireless Device Location Module 106 passes the Wireless Device ID 502 along with the associated Location Data, Subscriber Data and Time either directly to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 or indirectly via the Event Processing Module 104. The Location Data may have been initially requested by the Wireless Device Location Module 106 via the Event Processing Module 104 or autonomously sent to the Wireless Device Location Module 106.
Step 5: If the Location Data, Subscriber Data and Time associated with the Wireless Device ID 502 is passed to the Event Processing Module 104, it is then passed to the Wireless Device ID Database 108.
Step 6: The appropriate data and parameters stored within the Wireless Device ID Database 108 and required by the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 are passed either directly to the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 or indirectly to the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 via the Event Processing Module 104.
Step 7: The appropriate data and parameters stored within the Location Pattern Database 110 and required by the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 are passed either directly to the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 or indirectly to the Location Recognition Logic Resources 112 via the Event Processing Module 104.
Step 8: If the appropriate data and parameters have been passed to the Event Processing Module 104 from the Wireless Device ID Database 108 or the Location Pattern Database 110, they are subsequently passed to the appropriate Location Recognition Logic Resource to be used in a calculation to generate a Pattern value for the particular Event and application requiring a Pattern value.
Step 9: A Pattern value is generated and passed either directly to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 or indirectly to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 via the Event Processing Module 104.
Step 10: If the Pattern value is passed to the Event Processing Module 104, it is then passed to the Wireless Device ID Database 108 (Step 11) for storage and to be used by one or more applications requiring that Pattern value.
Acronyms used in this application are described below.
In the various embodiments, a pattern value is developed. The pattern value is a non-dimensional numerical value corresponding to a probability that an electronic activity of interest is fraudulent. The pattern value falls within a predefined numerical range. For example, the pattern value range may be from one to ninety nine (1-99) where a low pattern value may indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely not fraudulent, and a high pattern value may indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent (or vice versa). Any suitable pattern value range may be used to define the relative probability of a determined pattern value.
The pattern value is determined based upon a statistical correlation between one or more wireless device location indicia as related to the location of the electronic activity of interest. Additionally, or alternatively, the pattern value may be determined based upon a statistical correlation between one or more wireless device supplemental information indicia as it is related to the location of the electronic activity of interest. Exemplary wireless device location indicia and wireless device supplemental information indicia are described herein. Thus, the determined pattern value is more than a mere location comparison between the location of the wireless device 118 and the location of the electronic activity of interest. Accordingly, the pattern value provides the unexpected result of indicating a statistical relevant probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely, or is not likely, to be fraudulent.
Statistical correlation methods and processes of generating identity scores are well known in the arts. Identity scoring was originally developed for use by financial services firms to measure the fraud risk for new customers opening accounts. Typical external credit and fraud checks often fail to detect erroneous background information. The use of identity scoring is used for verifying the legitimacy of an individual's identity.
Further, statistical correlation processes and methods of authenticating the identity of a wireless device 118 based upon wireless device authentication information are well known in the arts. Mobile device authentication was originally developed for use by cellular providers to protect against fraudulent use of their networks by illegitimate mobile devices. Various authentication standards and protocols are defined in the American National Standards Institute 41 (ANSI-41) standards and elsewhere.
Embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 generate the pattern value using statistical correlation processes and methods that are similar to those used to determine the identity score and/or the authenticity of a wireless device. However, unlike the identity information and/or the wireless device authentication information, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 generate the pattern value using signaling system information pertaining to the wire less device 118. The signaling system information, and information relative to the electronic activity of interest, are statistically analyzed such that the pattern value is generated, thereby indicating a value that is indicative of the probability that the electronic activity of interest is fraudulent or valid. Any suitable statistical correlation process and/or method may be used to determine the pattern value, and is not described herein in greater detail for brevity.
The process of
At block 906, signaling system network level data is obtained from the home network of the entity's wireless device 118 via the communications signaling network 102. The data represents information pertaining to the entity's wireless device 118 and is determinable based upon the unique identifier of the entity's wireless device 118. Preferably, the received signaling system network level data is not available from other sources. The request for information is made to the home network using appropriate signaling system protocol, communicated via the communications signaling network 102. The request is based upon the unique identifier of the entity's wireless device 118. For example, various wireless device location and/or wireless device supplemental information data is stored at the of the wireless device 118. In response to the request for information, information pertaining to the wireless device 118 is provided to the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100.
At block. 908, the signaling system network level data is obtained from the visited network of the entity's wireless device 118. The data represents information pertaining to the entity's wireless device 118 and is determinable based upon the unique identifier of the entity's wireless device 118. Thus, a request for information is made to the visited network using appropriate signaling system protocol. For example, but not limited to, the obtained data may be associated with the that is monitoring a current location of the wireless device 118. It is appreciated that in some situations, the HLR and VLR may be at the same location, or even be the same entity.
At block 910, a pattern value is generated based on the signaling system network level data from the home network, the signaling system network level data from the visited network, and/or a time that the signaling system network level data was obtained. The process of
The process of
The generated pattern value is indicative of whether or not a particular electronic activity of interest that is associated with the wireless device 118 is likely to be fraudulent or valid. Since the identity of the entity attempting to complete the electronic activity of interest can be associated with the wireless device 118, then the pattern value is indicative of the likelihood of fraud by the individual attempting to complete the electronic activity of interest.
For example, an individual associated with the wireless device 118 may be attempting to conduct a financial transaction, such as a purchase using a credit card. The generated pattern value would give an indication whether or not the electronic activity of interest, the financial transaction, is likely to be valid when the retrieved wireless device location indicia and/or the wireless device supplemental information indicia tend to indicate that the individual attempting to conduct the electronic activity of interest is the same individual that is associated with the wireless device 118.
In an exemplary embodiment, the age of the home network location and/or of the visited network location for the wireless device 118 is employed to generate the pattern value. For example, but not limited to, the age of the home network location and/or the age of the visited network location (wireless device supplemental information indicia) are time periods (durations) corresponding to the time between the request for information from the home network location and/or the visited network location (made using appropriate signaling system protocol), and the time that the wireless device 118 was last detected by the communications signaling network 102.
An active wireless device 118 periodically provides signaling information to the communications signaling network 102 (using appropriate signaling system protocol). The communicated signaling information is detected by one or more cell sites. Once a cell site is identified that is in communication range of the wireless device 118, incoming communications can be properly routed to the wireless device 118 via the identified cell site. Thus, the home network location and/or the visited network location are monitoring the signaling communications from the wireless device 118, and thus know the particular cell site that is in communication with the wireless device 118.
The time that the signaling information from the wireless device 118 is received by the communications signaling network 102 is stored by the HLR and/or the VLR. Thus, age information pertaining to the wireless device 118 is determinable based upon the time of the last detection of the wireless device 118 and the time of an information request generated by the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. The time of the last detection of the wireless device 118 is provided by the home network location and/or the visited network location in response to the information request.
Also during the process whereby the wireless device 118 communicates to the communications signaling system network 102, the identity of receiving cell site(s) is determined and stored by the HLR and/or the VLR. Thus, incoming communications can be routed to the identified cell site that is within reception range of wireless device 118. The identified cell site is identifiable by its geographic location. For example, but not limited to, latitude and longitude information are used to identify the location of the identified cell site. Thus, the HLR and/or the VLR can provide ceil site identity information (wireless device supplemental information indicia) such that the cell site location may be derived therefrom by the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100. Alternatively, or additionally, the and/or the VLR may provide cell site geographic location information directly (wireless device location indicia) to the requesting Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100.
As an illustrative example, a wireless device 118 may have been detected in City A (the location) at a time that is six hours (the age) since the last signaling system communication was received from the wireless device 118. Here, the time of the electronic activity of interest corresponds to the time that the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection. System 100 requests information from the home network location and/or the visited network location. Further, in this example, it is assumed that the location of the electronic activity is in City B, which is a substantial distance from City A. It is appreciated that a person, flying from City A to City B is required to turn off their wireless device 118 during the flight. Further assume that the individual associated with the wireless device 118, at the time that the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 is requesting signaling system network level information from the home network location and/or the visited network location, is attempting to conduct the electronic activity of interest. For example, the individual may be buying a drink from a vendor at the airport of City B.
The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 accesses the home network location and/or the visited network location (the HLR and/or the VLR) to obtain the location information and the age information for the wireless device 118. Further, assume that in a first scenario, that the distance is 600 miles between City A (as determined from the location of the last signaling system communication received from the wireless device 118) and City B (as determined from the location of the electronic activity of interest). Thus, in this first scenario, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 uses a statistical correlation method and process to conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the individual is now in City B in view that it is statistically reasonable that six hours are required to travel by air from City A to City B. Since it is statistically reasonable that it could take six hours to fly from City A to City B, the pattern value would indicate a reasonable likelihood that the electronic activity of interest is valid.
In contrast, in a second scenario, assume that the distance between City A and City B is 6,600 miles, as determined by the above-described location information. Here, it may be reasonably inferred that a twelve hour flight time could be expected for flying the 6,600 mile distance between City A and City B. Thus, in this second scenario, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 uses the statistical correlation method and process to conclude that there is a low probability that the individual is now in City B (in view that it is not reasonable that the wireless device 118 can travel from City A to City B in six hours). Since it is not statistically reasonable that it could take only six hours to travel from City A to City B, the pattern value would indicate a reasonable likelihood that the electronic activity of interest is fraudulent.
In an exemplary embodiment, one or more of the country code identifier, the national destination code identifier, the mobile country code identifier, and the mobile network code identifier of the directory number for the wireless device 118 is employed to generate the pattern value. The above-described identifiers, available from the home network location and/or the visited network location, provide supplemental information that is related to location information associated with the wireless device 118. For example, one of the above-described identifiers may include a regional telephone number area code that identifies a particular geographic region. This supplemental in formation is then used by the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System .100 to determine the pattern value. Such supplemental information is statistically correlated with the location information associated with the electronic activity of interest.
For example, a wireless device 118 may have been detected in City A in Country 1 at the time of the electronic activity of interest. The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 accesses the home network location and/or the visited network location to obtain one or more of the country code identifier, the national destination code identifier, the mobile country code identifier, and the mobile network code identifier for the wireless device 118. Assume that the country code identifier, the national destination code identifier, the mobile country code identifier, and/or the mobile network code identifier information obtained from the home network location and/or the visited network location corresponds to the location of the electronic activity of interest (City A, Country 1). The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100, using its statistical correlation method and process, would then statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid (since the information from the identifiers corresponds to the location of the electronic activity of interest). On the other hand, assume that the country code identifier, the national destination code identifier, the mobile country code identifier, and/or the mobile network code identifier do not correspond to the location of the electronic activity of interest (City A, Country 1). For example, the country code identifier and/or the national destination code identifier might correspond to a different country. The Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent.
The IMEI of a GSM wireless device, and the ESN of a CDMA wireless device, are unique identifiers embedded in software of the wireless device 118. For example, the IMEI or ESN may be defined as serial numbers of the wireless device 118. In some embodiments, the IMEI or ESN is used to determine the pattern value since this information may be available as signaling system network level data. For example, the IMEI or ESN is embedded in software of a SIM card of the wireless device 118 and may be associated with the MDN or other identifier. If there is a change between the IMEI or ESN and the associated MDN, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 would determine a pattern value that indicates that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent.
In some embodiments, the state of the wireless device 118 may be used to determine, the pattern value. It is appreciated that in some situations, a fraudulent electronic activity may occur in the absence of the wireless device 118 (which is tantamount to the wireless device 118 being inactive, or “off”). If the state of the wireless device 118 is active (the wireless device 118 is “on”), the Signaling Network Derived Identity protection System 100 may then statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid (since the wireless device 118 is in an active state). On the other hand, the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent (if the state of the wireless device 118 is inactive). The state of the wireless device 118 may be provided by the home network location and/or the visited network location in response to a request for information generated by the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100.
Many different types of wireless devices 118 are available to consumers. Further, many different wireless device connectivity subscription services are available to consumers. Information pertaining to the type of wireless device 118, the manufacturer of the wireless device 118, the manufacturer model of the wireless device 118, and/or the type of subscription service used by the wireless device 118 may be used to infer whether or not a electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid or fraudulent. For example, very inexpensive cell phones using a prepaid subscription are known to be associated with criminal activity. Thus, an electronic activity of interest associated with an inexpensive cell phone, and/or a prepaid subscription service, may have higher likelihood of being a fraudulent transaction is compared to a relatively expensive wireless device 118 using a premium subscription service.
Information received from the home network location and/or the visited network location pertaining to the wireless device 118 may be used to determine the manufacturer, the type, and/or the model of the wireless device 118, and thus, enable a determination of the relative value (e.g., purchase price) of the wireless device 118. Additionally, or alternatively, supplemental information received from the home network location and/or the visited network location pertaining to the wireless device 118 may be used to determine the nature of the subscription service used by the wireless device 118. Accordingly, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid when the wireless device 118 is a relatively expensive device, and/or is using a premium subscription service. On the other hand, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent if the wireless device 118 is a relatively inexpensive device. Alternatively, or additionally, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent if the wireless device 118 is using a prepaid subscription service (as contrasted with a post-paid subscription service).
The length of time that a consumer has had a particular subscription service may also be relevant to the determination of a pattern value. It is appreciated that a criminal engaging in fraudulent electronic activities may frequently change between subscription. service providers, or frequently change their wireless device 118 (and thus, for all practical purposes, obtain a new subscription service) so as to avoid detection by law enforcement agencies. On the other hand, it is appreciated that an honest citizen will likely keep their subscription service provider for a relatively long period of time. Such honest citizens typically have a legitimate reason to change their subscription service provider, such. as when they relocate to a different region of the country. Thus, an electronic activity of interest associated with a wireless device 118 that has only been receiving service from a particular subscription service provider for relatively short period of time may have higher likelihood of being a fraudulent transaction as compared to a wireless device 118 that has been receiving service from a particular subscription service provider for a relatively long period of time.
Supplemental information received from the some network location and/or the visited network location may include information pertaining to the type of subscript service that the wireless device 118 is receiving from a particular subscription service provider. For example, available billing and service registration information provided by the home network location may indicate the type of subscription used by the wireless device 118. It is appreciated that a criminal engaging in fraudulent electronic activities is more likely to subscribe to a relatively inexpensive subscription service and that an honest citizen is more likely to subscribe to a premium subscription service. Accordingly, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid when the wireless device 118 is receiving a premium subscription service. On the other hand, the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may statistically conclude that there is a reasonable probability that the electronic activity of interest likely to be fraudulent if the wireless device 118 has been receiving an inexpensive subscription service.
The length of time that has passed since the entity's current mobile directory number was associated with the entity's current wireless network subscription and/or was associated with the entity may be relevant to the determination of a pattern value. Here, a relatively long duration may indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be valid since an honest citizen is more likely to retain their current mobile directory number for a long time. In contrast, a relatively short duration may indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent since criminals engaging in fraudulent electronic activities are known to frequently change their current mobile directory number in an effort to avoid detection by law enforcement agencies. Accordingly, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 use the length of time that has passed since the entity's current mobile directory number was associated with the entity's current wireless network subscription and/or the entity in determining the pattern value.
In some embodiments, an identity of the particular wireless network operator providing service to the wireless device 118 is employed to generate the pattern value. It is appreciated that service provided from a well known subscription service provider may tend to indicate that the electronic activity of interest is valid. On the other hand, if the subscription service provider is a small organization, and or if the subscription service provider is based in a country with little to no regulatory oversight or legal enforcement, it is appreciated that such a subscription service provider may tend to indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent. Accordingly, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 use the identity of the particular wireless network operator in determining the pattern value.
In some embodiments, modifications to the entity's registration information, such as a service address, is employed to generate the pattern value. Here, registration information may be provided by the borne network location and/or the visited network location. It is appreciated that a registration information that has been the same for a relatively long time may tend to indicate that the electronic activity of interest is valid as an honest citizen would not be expected to frequently change their registration information, at least in the absence of a legitimate reason. On the other hand, if the registration information has been recently and/or frequently changed, it is appreciated that such changes in the registration information may tend to indicate that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent since criminals engaging in fraudulent electronic activities are known to frequently change such information in an effort to avoid detection by law enforcement agencies. Accordingly, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 consider modifications made to the entity's registration information in determining the pattern value. Non-limiting examples of registration information pertaining to characteristics of the entity include the entity's name, age, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, family contact in passwords, service address, etc.
Recent regulatory provisions allow an individual to retain their current mobile directory number if the entity changes their subscription service provider. In some embodiments, the service history of the entity's current mobile directory number is received from the home network location. It is appreciated that a criminal engaging in fraudulent electronic activities may frequently change their subscription service provider in an effort to avoid detection by legal enforcement agencies. In contrast, an honest citizen is more likely to retain their service provider for a long period of time. Accordingly, it is appreciated that a service history demonstrating frequent and reoccurring changes to different subscription service providers may be associated with criminal activity and that the electronic activity of interest is likely to be fraudulent. On the other hand, it is appreciated that a history demonstrating a long duration of service from a single subscription service provider may tend to indicate that the electronic activity of interest is valid. Accordingly, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived identity Protection System 100 consider the service history of the wireless device 118 determining the pattern value.
The above-described wireless device location indicia and wireless device supplemental information indicia provided by the home network location and/or the visited network location in response to a request for information from embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 are used to determine the pattern value using a suitable statistical correlation process and/or method. Embodiments may determine the pattern value using one or more of the above-described indicia. Weighting may be used to adjust the relevance of a particular indicia when the pattern value is determined. Embodiments may selectively pick available indicia for consideration when the pattern value is determined.
Further, other available supplemental information may also be considered when the pattern value is determined. For example, a remote source may provide a credit history or the like that is considered when the pattern value is determined.
Account level information may in various types of billing information and/or billing history information. For example, account level information may include, but is not limited to, customer contact information and general information, type of service (e.g., cost, amounts paid, device used, pre-paid amounts or post-paid amounts), and/or account service history (e.g., length of service, payment history, payment trends, and/or applications purchased). Network level information may include, but is not limited to, number porting history, home location information, current location information, and/or time at current location information (e.g., time stamp).
After the pattern value is determined, the pattern value may be communicated to a transaction entity 1106 that is associated with the electronic activity of interest. The transaction entity 1106 may evaluate the pattern value, and based on the pattern value and other relevant information, may make a determination to accept or reject the electronic activity of interest. The pattern value may be communicated to the transaction entity 1106 in any suitable manner. Alternatively, or additionally, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may make a recommendation to to accept or reject the electronic activity of interest, which may then be communicated to the entity that is associated with the electronic activity of interest.
To illustrate use of the supplemental information, amounts owed by and/or payment trends of a mobile phone account associated with wireless device 118 can be verified and integrated into the determination of the pattern value. A length of credit will be based on the length of time the MDN has been on file with the mobile phone account. New credit accounts for family plans and business accounts, the type, number and relative growth of accounts can be used in the determination of the pattern value. Types of credit in use, such as the type of phone, status of account, applications used or purchased may be used in the determination of the pattern value. When various types of supplemental information is combined with signaling system network level information, the determined pattern value presents the credit requesting organization with valuable information regarding the individual associated with a wireless device 118.
An unexpected advantage is that the determined pattern value may provide credit worthiness information that is not available anywhere else in developing nations. In developing nations, hundreds of millions of people are entering the global economy for the first time. Enterprises around the world are trying to find ways to sell products and/or services to an entirely new demographic of consumers. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about these consumers. Determining credit worthiness and authenticating identity of such consumers can be difficult. The wireless device 118 is in many cases, the first introduction and main interactive tool consumers in developing nations have of interacting with the global economy. The determined the pattern value represents a compelling opportunity for providing a valuable service to global and local enterprises alike wishing to provide goods and/or services to developing nation consumers.
The memory component 1204 may be any suitable memory device or system. Depending upon the embodiment, the memory component 1204 may be a dedicated memory system, may be part of another component or system, and/or may be a distributed memory system. The memory component 1204 may also include other logic, modules and/or databases not illustrated or described herein.
In the context of this disclosure, the memory component 1204 is a computer-readable medium that is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other another physical device or means that contains or stores a computer and/or processor program. The computer-readable medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a nonexhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette (magnetic, compact flash card, secure digital, or the like), a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM). Note that the computer-readable medium, could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program associated with logic 908 is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via for instance optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in memory component 1204.
The communications interface 1206 is illustrated and described heroin as a single component that is configured to communicate with the home network and the visited network via the communications signaling network 102. Also, the communications interface 1206 is illustrated and described as being configured to communicate with the carrier supplemental information device 1104 via the carrier management and/or wireless network 1102. Further, the communications interface 1206 is illustrated and described as being configured to communicate with the transaction entity 1106 that provides a request for information pertaining to the likelihood that the electronic activity of interest is valid. It is appreciated that the communications interface 1206 is comprised of a plurality of communication devices that act in cooperation so that embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 are able to access the various entities described herein. Further, the communications signaling network 102 and the carrier management and/or wireless network 1102 may be different types of systems. Accordingly, the various communication devices of the communications interface 1206 will be different from each other so as to support communications over a variety of different networks that may be using different communication formats.
Embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 are configured to concurrently process a plurality of requests to verify that a plurality of different electronic activities of interest are valid. The plurality of requests may originate from the same transaction entity 1106. That is, it is likely that a large transaction entity 1106, such as a bank or credit card company, will be concurrently conducting many different electronic activities of interest with different customers. Further, embodiments of the Signaling Network Derived Identity Protection System 100 may be configured to concurrently process the plurality of requests for information from many different transaction entities. That is, embodiments are configured to concurrently respond to different transaction entities 1106, such as banks, credit card companies, Internet service providers, and sellers of goods and/or services.
While the preferred embodiment or the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, as noted above, many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is not limited by the disclosure of the preferred embodiment. Instead, the invention should be determined entirely by reference to the claims that follow.
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/567,468 filed on Aug. 6, 2012 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/628,051 filed on Nov. 30, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,348 issued on Oct. 2, 2012 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/167,111 filed Apr. 6, 2009, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/054,047 filed on Oct. 15, 2013 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/303,809 filed on Nov. 23, 2011 now U.S. Pat. No, 8,588,748 issued on Nov. 19, 2013 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/332,878, filed Dec. 11, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,116,731 issued on Feb. 14, 2012 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/058,621, filed Jun. 4, 2008, and also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/027,892, filed Feb. 2, 2008. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/196,861 filed on Mar. 4, 2014 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/933,803, filed Nov. 1, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,374,634 issued on Feb. 12, 2013 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/979,663, filed Oct. 12. 2007; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/909,718, filed Apr. 3, 2007; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/895,144, filed Mar. 16, 2007. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/992,064 file on Feb. 9, 2011, which is a 371 National Stage entry of Patent Cooperation Treaty application No. PCT/US2009/03007 filed on May 13, 2009 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/053,152, filed May 14, 2008. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/030,759 filed on Feb. 18, 2011, which claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/305,830, filed Feb. 18, 2010. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/030,794 filed on Feb. 18, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/306,369, filed Feb. 19, 2010. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing dates of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/382,900 filed on Jan. 6, 2012, which is a 371 National Stage entry of Patent Cooperation Treaty application No. PCT/US2010/41264 filed on Jul. 7, 2010 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/223,671 filed Jul. 7, 2009 and Provisional Application No. 61/223,677, filed Jul. 7, 2009. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/387,991 filed on Jan. 30, 2012, which is a 371 National Stage entry of Patent Cooperation Treaty application No. PCT/US2010/44019 filed on Jul. 30, 2010 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/230,628, filed Jul. 31, 2009. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/752,271 filed Jan. 28, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/591,232, filed Jan. 26, 2012. This patent application is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit of the filing date, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/903,663 filed on May 28, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/659,934, filed Jun. 14, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/652,173, filed May 26, 2012. The contents of each of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61167111 | Apr 2009 | US | |
| 61058621 | Jun 2008 | US | |
| 61027892 | Feb 2008 | US | |
| 60979663 | Oct 2007 | US | |
| 60909718 | Apr 2007 | US | |
| 60895144 | Mar 2007 | US | |
| 61053152 | May 2008 | US | |
| 61305830 | Feb 2010 | US | |
| 61306369 | Feb 2010 | US | |
| 61223671 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61223677 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61230628 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61591232 | Jan 2012 | US | |
| 61659934 | Jun 2012 | US | |
| 61652173 | May 2012 | US |
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