Patent Grant
8626640
A box spread is a known tool in option trading. A box spread is a combination of four distinct option positions having a common expiration date. This combination of four option positions will dictate that, at the expiration, the seller of the box spread shall return a fixed sum of money to the buyer of the box spread, regardless of what the price of the underlying asset is at that point in time. The initial price of the box is thus the net present value, at the time of the box spread trade, of the fixed sum to be repaid by the seller to the buyer of the box spread at the expiration. Typically, the initial price of the box spread is below that of the sum to be prepaid on the expiration date, tantamount to applying a positive interest rate for the determination of the net present value.
Further, with an option box spread traded based on options listed at an exchange, the positions are novated to the clearing house associated with the exchange. The trade is guaranteed by the clearing house by the process of novation, i.e. substitution of the clearing house as the counterparty of the trade for both the buyer and the seller. As such, the buyer and seller of the options box spread will no longer be exposed to the credit risk of the original counterparty. The clearing house, in turn, manages risk by requiring the market participants to transfer sufficient collateral to guarantee the performance of each counterparty. In the case of an option box spread trade, the buyer posts cash dictated by the price of the box spread, while the seller of the box spread posts sufficient collateral, typically securities with a liquid market, to guarantee the repayment amount at the expiration of the options. As such, the arrangement is tantamount to a loan from the buyer of the box spread to the seller of the box spread, with the exchange clearing house standing in the middle to serve as a custodian and manager of the collateral posted by the seller of the box spread.
Given that the option box spread is equivalent to a collateralized borrowing/lending transaction, the most relevant basis for trade negotiation would be the interest rate for the loan. With the interest rate embedded in the discounted value, the fluctuation of the interest rate becomes obscured by the passage of time, for example. It would be desirable to provide a system and method to facilitate listing, quoting and trading box spreads in the most appropriate quoting convention, as well as to provide a facility to trade the box spread on a forward basis.
Examples of the invention are described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which components, features and integral parts that correspond to one another each have the same reference number, wherein:
Bundled option box futures or bundled box futures provide an advantageous way of listing, quoting and trading box spreads that facilitate use of boxes in the context of borrowing and lending activities.
The exchange computer system or trading network 100 may include a user database 102 configured to store and index information identifying traders, investors and other users of the system. The user database 102 may further store and index user names, passwords associated with user accounts stored in an account data module 104. The account data module 104 may process account information utilized during trades, clearing and/or margining operations.
The exchange computer system or trading network 100 may further include a match engine module 106, a trade database 108, an order book module 110, and a market data module 112. Match engine module 106 may be configured to match bid and offer prices. Match engine module 106 may be implemented with software that executes one or more algorithms for matching bids and offers. Match engine module 106 may be configured to execute operations, algorithm and programs to implement and process trades for the clearinghouse. Trade database 108 may store information identifying trades and descriptions of trades. In particular, trade database 108 may store information identifying or associated with the time that a trade took place and the contract price. The order book module 110 may be configured to compute or otherwise determine current bid and offer prices. A market data module 112 may be included to collect market data and prepare the data for transmission to users. A risk management module 134 may be included to compute and determine a user's risk utilization in relation to the user's defined risk thresholds.
The exchange computer system or trading network 100 may further include an order-processing module 136, a clearing module 180 and/or a post-trading module 182. The order-processing module 136 may be configured to decompose delta-based and bulk order types for processing by order book module 110 and match engine module 106. The clearing module 180 may be configured to clear outstanding positions on a contract settlement day or any other trading day. The post-trade processing module 182 may further be configured to generate reports and enumerate details of the trades that may fulfill delivery obligations.
Computer device 114, in this exemplary embodiment, is in communication with the exchange computer system 100 via, for example, a T1 line, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless local area network (WLAN) compliant with IEEE 802.11x or other communication standards capable of communicating or transporting the financial information utilized by the exchange computer system or trading network 100. Computer device 114 may further be in communication with a trader or exchange employee via a radio 132. The radio user may transmit orders or other information to a user of computer device 114 that, in turn, may then transmit the trade or other information to exchange computer system 100. As shown in
Computer devices 116 and 118 communicatively couple to the exchange computer system 100 via a local area network (LAN) 124. LAN 124 may have one or more of the known LAN topologies and may use a variety of different protocols, such as Ethernet, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX). Wireless personal digital assistant device (PDA) 122 may communicate with LAN 124 or the Internet 126 via, for example, Wi-Fi and/or WiMAX communication protocols. PDA 122 may further communicate with exchange computer system 100 via wireless hub 128. PDA is defined broadly to include mobile telephones such as smart phones and other wireless devices, netbooks, tablet computers or other devices capable of communicating with the LAN 124 or wireless hub 128.
One or more market makers 130 may maintain a market by providing substantially constant bid and offer prices for a financial instrument, such as a derivative or security, to exchange computer system 100.
Exchange computer system 100 may also exchange information with other exchanges, markets represented by trade engine 138. Additional computers and systems such as, for example, clearing, regulatory and fee systems, may be coupled to exchange computer system 100 in the manner described above.
The operations of computer devices and systems shown in
Additional servers, computers, handheld devices, personal digital assistants, telephones and other devices may also be connected to exchange computer system 100. Moreover, the topology shown in
The match system 200, in this exemplary embodiment, operates as a central counterparty to each party of the contract. The central counterparty clears and ensures each trade handed by the match system 200. The action of the central counterparty provides and/or ensures capital efficiencies and minimizes risk for traders of the exchange traded derivative contacts.
A match client 206 may contain application program interfaces and/or other software modules that allow front end clearing application 202 to communicate with a plurality of match servers 208a and 208b. A variety of different match clients may be used to allow different front end clearing applications to communicate with match servers. For example, a first front end clearing application may use a first match client to communicate with a set of match servers and a second front end clearing application may use a second match client to communicate with the same set of match servers. Front end clearing application 202 is also coupled to an all trades database 210. All trades database 210 contains a master record of all trades that have taken place.
Server 208b, in one exemplary embodiment, may include match modules 212b that may be similar to match module 212a. The match modules 212a and 212b may be used to match specific types of orders or trades that take place in specific locations. For example, match module 212a may be configured to match orders that were executed at one exchange and match module 212b may be used to match orders that were executed at another exchange.
Servers 208a and 208b may receive and store trade data from front end clearing application 202 in caches 214a and 214b, respectively. In one embodiment, each cache 214a and 214b contains all trade data, while in other embodiments the trade data may be distributed or parceled among multiple caches in one or more servers.
The match modules 212a and 212b and/or caches 214a and 214b may communicate using the Java Messaging Service standard publish and subscribe application program interface (API). The type of information that may be exchanged includes information to add, update and remove trade and/or order data from caches 214a and 214b. Information may be communicated in a variety of formats, for example, information may be exchanged identifying changed information, providing a complete copy of the cached information, partial updates of segments based on time or activity or any other desired communication schedule or schema.
Servers 208a and 208b may further include aging queues 216a and 216b. Each aging queue or book may contain trade data representative of orders that have not been matched. Each book may contain a unique subset of unmatched trade data so that the workload is distributed across servers. In this way, different futures related to individual stock indexes may be handled by different books and aging queues deployed in one or more servers 208a, 208b to 208x.
The method bifurcates again as shown at block 312 based on a determination of whether or not the order data stored within the aging queue or book 216 has been matched after the predetermined period of time shown in block 310. If the match is again not made, the method returned to block 310 to rest for a predetermined period. However, if the order data is matched, the method continues to the element or step discussed in connection with the block 314. After the order data is determined to be match at either block 306 and the block 312, the method discloses that the match data and match server state change information or other update information may be transmitted to the match servers 208.
I. Box Spread Mechanics
As previously discussed, a box spread entails the simultaneous purchase and sale of four options with the same expiration. There are typically two strike prices involved. The higher of the two strike prices may be identified as the high strike, and remaining strike price may be identified as the low strike. The buyer of the options box spread may, for example, buy a call with the low strike, sell a put at the low strike, sell a call with the high strike and buy a put at the high strike. For example, standard Mar-09 S&P 500 futures may have settled at 1,061.70 on Feb. 4, 2010. There were 133 days until the Jun. 17, 2010 expiration of the Mar-09 S&P 500 options. At the time, a trader may have bought an exemplary box spread by buying the 1,050 Mar-09 call, selling the 1,050 Mar-09 put, selling the 1,080 Mar-09 call and buying the 1,080 Mar-09 put. Table 1 illustrates this exemplary box spread as:
The exemplary box spread illustrated in Table 1 may have been purchased for an initial net debit of $7,475 ($250.times.29.90). But at expiration, the box spread will be valued at the difference in strike prices or $7,500 ($250.times.30 index points) in any circumstance.
Return on Box=Difference in Strikes−Initial Net Payment
If, in one scenario, the market trades to the lower of the two strike prices by the common expiration date, the 1,050 struck options are at-the-money and worthless. The 1,080 call falls out-of-the-money and similarly expires worthless. The holder or owner of the box spread may, in turn, exercise the 1,080 put and recover the intrinsic value of $7,500 less the initial net debit of $7,475 for a profit of $25.
If, in another scenario, the market trades to the upper strike price by the common expiration date, the 1,080 options are at-the-money and worthless. The 1,050 put falls out-of-the-money and similarly expires worthless. The 1,050 call may be exercised to recover the intrinsic value of $7,500. The box generates a profit of $7,500 less the initial net debit of $7,475, for a profit of $25.
Thus, the buyer of the box spread shown in Table 1 will always generate $25 in profit while the seller of the box will always generate a $25 loss. The initial net debit of $7,475 for the buyer of the box spread represents a credit of $7,475 for the seller of the box and may be considered a loan secured by the CME Group Clearing House via the financial safeguards offered therethrough. Translated into borrowing/lending terms, the interest on the original $7,475 loan amount is $25. Alternatively, the eventual repayment of $7,500 was discounted to $7,475 at the time of the box spread trade, with $25 difference being the discount interest.
A. Calculating the Loan Rate
In the embodiment shown in Table 1, the difference between the payment or loan of $7,475 at the initiation of the box spread and the receipt of $7,500 on the common expiration date implies a return of $25. In order to determine the effective interest rate associated with the return, the following formula may be applied:
Implicit Rate=(360/days)×(Return on Box/Diff in Strikes)=(360/133)×($25/$7,500)=0.902%
In this embodiment, the $25 return represents interest accrued while the face value of the loan may be represented as the difference in strike prices or $7,500. The loan term is 133 days. Based on these known values, the effective interest rate may be calculated as 0.902%. The box spreads may, in turn, be priced to reflect the discounted present value of the difference in strike prices.
B. Discount Loan Structure
Returning to the example shown in Table 1, the interval between strike prices of the options that comprised the box spread is 30 index points (1080−1050=30). The known contract multiplier for standard S&P 500 options is $250.times. which, in turn, implies that $7,500 ($250.times.30 index points) may be from box seller to buyer at the common expiration date. The effective loan principal is, in this exemplary embodiment, equal to the combined difference in strike prices.
Box spreads constructed in this manner provide for a loan structure similar to a Treasury bill in that both are “discount” instruments that are purchased at a value less than the stated face value. Upon maturity, bills call for the return of the stated face value. For example, a Treasury bill may be purchases for $995,000 and redeemed for a $1 million after a 90-day period. Utilizing the implicit rate formula provided above, the rate on this transaction may be calculated as 2%. The effective rate on an exemplary box spread represents a “discount yield” (DY) similar to a quoted T-bill rate. The yield on a discount instrument such as a Treasury bill or a box spread may not be directly comparable to the quoted yield associated with an “add-on” instrument such as Eurodollars which are quoted as a “money market yield” (MMY). The discount yield may be reconciled with a money market yield per the following formula.
MMY=DY×(Diff in Strikes/Diff in Strikers−Return on Box)=0.902%×($7,500/$7,500−$25)=0.905%
Thus, the discount yield of 0.902% associated with the exemplary box spread discussed above may equate to a money market yield of 0.905%
C. Quote Convention
Box spreads may be quoted in terms of option ticks noting that the minimum tick size in standard S&P 500 options is equal to 0.10 index points or $25 ($250.times.0.10 index points). However, quoting box spreads in terms of ticks is often difficult and/or confusing when the transaction is the basis for a collateralized loan. Loans are typically quoted in terms an interest rate. Further, the typical tick size of extant option contracts is so large that the minimum amount by which the implicit interest rate may be adjusted may be extremely large. Loan instruments, by way of comparison, are typically quoted in terms of an interest rate, often in minimum increments of perhaps 0.01% (one basis point) or 0.005% (one-half basis point) or even 0.0025% (one-quarter basis point).
For example, returning to the box spread discussed above, assume that the value of the illustrated box spread changed by one minimum price fluctuation of $25. The return on the box spread increases from $25 to $50 and the initial net payment decreases from $7,475 to $7,450. The implicit interest rate on the exemplary box spread, as shown below, may be calculated to equal 1.804%.
Implicit Rate=(360/133)×($50/$7,500)=1.804%
Stated another way, the implicit rate increases from 0.902% to 1.804% (a change of +0.902%) given a one-tick fluctuation in the value of the box. For example, the implicit tick size of the box spread quoted in an interest rate equals 90.2 basis points. The implicit minimum tick size of the loan is a function of the strike price interval (which further defines the face value of the loan) and the days until loan maturity. A generalized formula for the implicit minimum tick may be expressed as:
Implicit Trick=(360/days)×(Tick Value/Diff in Strikes)=(360/60)×($25/$25,000)=60 basis points
II. Bundled Option Box Futures
In order to address the shortcomings of known box spreads, bundled option box spreads have been developed. A bundled option box spread is a futures contract, hereafter referred to as box spread futures, that calls for the delivery of options on futures. In an exemplary bundled option box future, strike prices may be fixed at a 2,000 index point interval with a specific option expiration from the expiration of the box spread futures, e.g., 30-days, 60-days, 90-days. In order to provide for a $1,000,000 face value loan, bundled option box spread futures may call for the delivery of two (2) option box spreads, assuming that the standard S&P 500 index futures have multiplier of $250 per index point. The contract may be quoted in yields in minimum tick sizes of ¼th of one basis point (0.0025%) to facilitate the use of option boxes as loan instruments with a suitably calibrated tick size.
In an exemplary embodiment shown in
A. Quoting Bundled Box Futures
An exemplary bundled futures contract is quoted using the IMM Index convention, i.e., at 100 less an interest rate. The minimum increment or tick size shall be ¼ of one basis point (0.0025%). Based upon a $1 million face value 30-day loan, the tick equates to a value of $2.0833. Similarly, the tick value of a 60-day bundled box futures contract equals $4.166 while a 90-day bundled box contract has a tick value of $6.25. For purposes of a daily mark-to-market, the tick is rounded to the nearest penny.
Tick Value=0.0025%(Days/360)×Diff in Strikes=0.0025%(39/360)×$1,000,000=$2,0833
Assume that the contract is quoted at a value of 99.1225. This implies a discount yield (DY) of 0.8775% or 87.75 basis points (=100−99.1225). Thus, the initial net debit (credit) upon purchase (sale) of the bundled box spread equals $999,268.75. The interest associated with the loan equals $731.25 ($1,000,000−$999,268.75).
Debit(Credit=Diff in Strikes[Dγ×(Days/360)×Diff in Strikes]=$1,000,00−[03.8775%×(30/360)×$1,000,000]=$999,268.75
B. Settlement and Management of Bundled Box Futures
As previously discussed, a box spread future may be defined such that difference in strike prices may be fixed, an interest rate or cost of the loan is known and a specific option expiration from the expiration of the box spread futures, e.g., 30-days, 60-days, 90-days, is defined.
At step 702, an order for a bundled box spread future may be received and matched to a complimentary order resting in the order book module 110 and/or received by the match engine module 106.
At step 704, the order book module 110 and/or the match engine module 106 may execute the order for the box spread future based on the received terms.
At step 706, following the expiration of the bundled box spread futures, the clearinghouse may utilize the order book module 110 and one or more algorithms implemented by the match engine 106 may be identified and retrieved by the long and short open interests. The final settlement price of the futures contract will imply an interest rate for the period or term of the box spread. The interest rate may be expressed, for example, using the IMM Index convention described above.
The match engine module 106 may cooperate with, for example, the trade database 108, order book module 110 and market data module 112 to specify (a) the four options that form the options box spread; (b) the price of the four options based on the input from trade database 108, order book module 110, and market data module 112, along with a pricing algorithm or module configured to use the current market quotes from the futures and options of the underlying index futures market input to determine the individual price of the options in the options box spread to be delivered; and amend one or more of the four option prices to ensure that the resultant four options prices would imply an interest rate identical to that implied by the final settlement price of the box spread futures. For example, three of the four option prices may be determined using known option pricing formulas and the fourth may be determined as a function of the net present value of the box spread based on the box spread futures final settlement price. The net present value, in this example, is the net present value of the strike differential of the box spread based on the final settlement price of the box spread futures. Table 2 provides an example of legs that may be identified and selected to form the options box spread associated with the now-expired bundled box spread future.
At step 708, the trade database 108, order book module 110 and market data module 112 may cooperate with the match engine module 106 to allocate a long position to each short position in the expired bundled box spread futures as buyer and seller of the options box spread, and enter the purchase and sale of the box spread between the buyer and the seller of the box spread paired up by the module, at the options prices determined in step 704. These options position will be commingled with other positions in the buyer's or seller's respective options (and futures) positions that are residing in, for example, the order book module 110.
At step 710, once the long and short positions have been allocated, the account data module 104 issues instructions to other modules such as, for example, the order processor module 136 and the clearing module 180, in the exchange computer system 100 that calls for the collection of the options premium from the buyer of the box spread, and the release of the options premium to the seller of the box spread, due to step 708. The positions will be relayed to risk management module 134 of the clearinghouse to determine the incremental impact for performance bond requirement. For example, the sale of the box spread may increase the margin requirement for the seller of the box spread. With the posting of non-cash collateral, the option premium released in step 710 may be allowed to be withdrawn by the seller.
C. Other Operational Considerations
Prior to the expiration of the box spread futures, the futures positions are subject to marked-to-market daily and subject to normal initial, maintenance and variation margin requirements in a normal futures market. Upon expiration of the box spread futures, the buyer of the box spread futures shall pay in cash the option premium implied by the final settlement price of the box spread futures. In exchange, the buyer of the box spread futures shall receive the corresponding options positions in his/her account. Conversely, the seller of the box spread futures shall receive in cash the option premium implied by the final settlement price of the box spread futures. In return, the seller of the box spread futures will also receive the corresponding options positions in his/her account. In effect, the buyer and the seller of the box spread futures execute an options box spread trade at the expiration of the box spread futures based on the final settlement price of the box spread futures. The resulting option box spread position will then be subject to the normal collateralization requirement imposed by the clearing house. Bundled box futures enjoy all the benefits inferred by a multi-lateral clearing system which includes a daily mark-to-market process administered through standard futures accounting systems and held in segregated futures accounts. This further includes all the protections of the CME Clearing House financial safeguards package. Once the option box (a functional loan instrument) is delivered, it continues to be carried by the CME Clearing House in segregated accounts, likewise enjoying all the benefits and financial sureties implied thereby. These sureties are particularly important in the wake of the so-called subprime mortgage crisis where counterparty credit risks have arisen as a significant issue. Further note that the functional loan is carried within CME clearing systems where the funds may be used to meet the financial obligations associated with carrying positions in other CME Group products on an automated basis. Bundled box futures may additionally be quoted in terms of a rate in minimum increments or ticks that are compatible with typical loan instruments, as well as being traded on a forward basis, i.e. in advance of the actual collateralized lending/borrowing.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority to, U.S. Pat. No. 8,374,953 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/911,516, filed Oct. 25, 2010), issued Feb. 12, 2013, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5819230 | Christie et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 7567928 | Oaten et al. | Jul 2009 | B1 |
| 7937302 | Lego et al. | May 2011 | B1 |
| 8073761 | Bjornson et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 20010037284 | Finkelstein et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20040103127 | Bjornson et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20060155638 | de la Motte | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20070250439 | Crocker | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070294159 | Cottle | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080120213 | Morik | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080243576 | Czupek et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20100169205 | Labuszewski et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100191643 | Brady et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20110112989 | Devito | May 2011 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report for PCT Application No. PCT/US09/60865 mailed Dec. 1, 2009 (9 pp.). |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT Application No. PCT/US11/55238 dated Dec. 28, 2011 (7 pp.). |
| Co, Richard, “Box Spreads of Equity Index Options on Futures as a Financing Tool,” Research and Product Development, Aug. 2008 (4 pp.). |
| Repurchase Agreement, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, last modified on Nov. 26, 2008 (5 pp.). |
| “The Lending Process of BNY Mellon Asset Servicing,” website, www.mellon.com/securitieslending/lendingprocess.html (2 pp.). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130211996 A1 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12911516 | Oct 2010 | US |
| Child | 13759605 | US |
