System and method for impregnating fiber rovings

Abstract

A die and method for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin are disclosed. The die includes an impregnation section. The impregnation section includes an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the roving with the resin. The impregnation zone includes a plurality of contact surfaces. At least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

Description

This application relates to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/569,055, filed Dec. 9, 2011, titled: “DIE AND METHOD FOR IMPREGNATING FIBER ROVINGS”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fiber rovings have been employed in a wide variety of applications. For example, such ravings have been utilized to form fiber-reinforced composite rods. The rods may be utilized as lightweight structural reinforcements. For example, power umbilicals are often used in the transmission of fluids and/or electric signals between the sea surface and equipment located on the sea bed. To help strengthen such umbilicals, attempts have been made to use pultruded carbon fiber rods as separate load carrying elements.

Another application that is particularly suited for the use of fiber rovings is in the formation of profiles. Profiles are pultruded parts with a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes, and may be employed as a structural member for window lineals, decking planks, railings, balusters, roofing tiles, siding, trim boards, pipe, fencing, posts, light posts, highway signage, roadside marker posts, etc. Hollow profiles have been formed by pulling (“pultruding”) continuous fiber rovings through a resin and then shaping the fiber-reinforced resin within a pultrusion die.

Further, fiber rovings may generally be utilized in any suitable applications to form, for example, suitable fiber reinforced plastics. As is generally known in the art, rovings utilized in these applications are typically combined with a polymer resin.

There are many significant problems, however, with currently known rovings and the resulting applications that utilize such rovings. For example, many rovings rely upon thermoset resins (e.g., vinyl esters) to help achieve desired strength properties. Thermoset resins are difficult to use during manufacturing and do not possess good bonding characteristics for forming layers with other materials. Further, attempts have been made to form rovings from thermoplastic polymers in other types of applications. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0186410 to Bryant, et al., for instance, describes attempts that were made to embed carbon fibers into a thermoplastic resin to form a composite core of an electrical transmission cable. Unfortunately, Bryant, et al, notes that these cores exhibited flaws and dry spots due to inadequate wetting of the fibers, which resulted in poor durability and strength. Another problem with such cores is that the thermoplastic resins could not operate at a high temperature.

As such, a need currently exists for an improved die and method for impregnating a fiber roving. Specifically, a need currently exists for a die and method that produce fiber ravings which provide the desired strength, durability, and temperature performance demanded by a particular application.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a die for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin is disclosed. The die includes an impregnation section. The impregnation section includes an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the roving with the resin. The impregnation zone includes a plurality of contact surfaces. At least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin is disclosed. The method includes flowing a polymer resin through a manifold assembly of a die, the manifold assembly including a plurality of branched runners, and coating at least one fiber roving with the resin. The method further includes traversing the coated roving through an impregnation zone of the die to impregnate the roving with the resin, the impregnation zone including a plurality of contact surfaces. At least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

Other features and aspects of the present invention are set forth in greater detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof to one skilled in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of an impregnation system for use in the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a die for use in the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an opposing perspective view of one embodiment of a die for use in the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the die shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is an exploded view of one embodiment of a manifold assembly and gate passage for a die that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of one embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a plan view of another embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a plan view of another embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a plan view of another embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a plan view of another embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of another embodiment of a manifold assembly that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a second impregnation plate at least partially defining an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a close-up cross-sectional view, as indicated in FIG. 4, of one embodiment of a portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a close-up cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a close-up cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a close-up cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a close-up cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a close-up cross-sectional view, as indicated in FIG. 4, of one embodiment of a downstream end portion of an impregnation zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 19 is one embodiment of a geometric representation of a roving traversing a contact surface that may be utilized to calculate a normal force of the roving according to the present invention;

FIG. 20 is one embodiment of a geometric representation of the interaction between a roving, resin, and a contact surface that may be utilized to calculate a lift force of the resin according to the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a land zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a land zone that may be employed in the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a consolidated ribbon for use in the present invention; and

FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a consolidated ribbon for use in the present invention.

Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF REPRESENTATIVE EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention.

Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a die and method for impregnating fiber rovings with a polymer resin. The impregnated fiber rovings may be utilized in composite rods, profiles, or any other suitable fiber reinforced plastic applications. The die according to the present invention generally includes a manifold assembly, an impregnation zone at least partially defined in an impregnation section, and a gate passage therebetween. The manifold assembly distributes a polymer resin therethrough. Upon exiting the manifold assembly, the resin flows into and through the gate passage. The rovings are traversed through the die such that the resin, upon exiting the gate passage, coats the rovings. After being coated with the resin, the rovings are traversed through the impregnation zone and impregnated therein with the resin.

According to further aspects of the present invention, an extrusion device may be employed in conjunction with the die to impregnate the rovings with the polymer. Among other things, the extrusion device further facilitates the ability of the polymer to be applied to the entire surface of the fibers, as discussed below.

Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of such an extrusion device is shown. More particularly, the apparatus includes an extruder 120 containing a screw shaft 124 mounted inside a barrel 122. A heater 130 (e.g., electrical resistance heater) is mounted outside the barrel 122. During use, a polymer feedstock 127 is supplied to the extruder 120 through a hopper 126. The feedstock 127 is conveyed inside the barrel 122 by the screw shaft 124 and heated by frictional forces inside the barrel 122 and by the heater 130. Upon being heated, the feedstock 127 exits the barrel 122 through a barrel flange 128 and enters a die flange 132 of an impregnation die 150.

A continuous fiber roving 142 or a plurality of continuous fiber ravings 142 are supplied from a reel or reels 144 to die 150. The rovings 142 are generally positioned side-by-side, with minimal to no distance between neighboring rovings, before impregnation. The feedstock 127 may further be heated inside the die by heaters 133 mounted in or around the die 150. The die is generally operated at temperatures that are sufficient to cause and/or maintain the proper melt temperature for the polymer, thus allowing for the desired level of impregnation of the rovings by the polymer. Typically, the operation temperature of the die is higher than the melt temperature of the polymer, such as at temperatures from about 200° C. to about 450° C. When processed in this manner, the continuous fiber rovings 142 become embedded in the polymer matrix, which may be a resin 214 (FIG. 4) processed from the feedstock 127. The mixture may then exit the impregnation die 150 as wetted composite or extrudate 152.

As used herein, the term “roving” generally refers to a bundle of individual fibers 300. The fibers 300 contained within the roving can be twisted or can be straight. The rovings may contain a single fiber type or different types of fibers 300. Different fibers may also be contained in individual rovings or, alternatively, each roving may contain a different fiber type. The continuous fibers employed in the rovings possess a high degree of tensile strength relative to their mass. For example, the ultimate tensile strength of the fibers is typically from about 1,000 to about 15,000 Megapascals (“MPa”), in some embodiments from about 2,000 MPa to about 10,000 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 3,000 MPa to about 6,000 MPa. Such tensile strengths may be achieved even though the fibers are of a relatively light weight, such as a mass per unit length of from about 0.05 to about 2 grams per meter, in some embodiments from about 0.4 to about 1.5 grams per meter. The ratio of tensile strength to mass per unit length may thus be about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter (“MPa/g/m”) or greater, in some embodiments about 4,000 MPa/g/m or greater, and in some embodiments, from about 5,500 to about 20,000 MPa/g/m. Such high strength fibers may, for instance, be metal fibers, glass fibers (e.g., E-glass, A-glass, C-glass, D-glass, AR-glass, R-glass, S1-glass, S2-glass, etc.), carbon fibers (e.g., amorphous carbon, graphitic carbon, or metal-coated carbon, etc.), boron fibers, ceramic fibers (e.g., alumina or silica), aramid fibers (e.g., Kevlar® marketed by E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.), synthetic organic fibers (e.g., polyamide, polyethylene, paraphenylene, terephthalamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polyphenylene sulfide), and various other natural or synthetic inorganic or organic fibrous materials known for reinforcing thermoplastic and/or thermoset compositions. Carbon fibers are particularly suitable for use as the continuous fibers, which typically have a tensile strength to mass ratio in the range of from about 5,000 to about 7,000 MPa/g/m. The continuous fibers often have a nominal diameter of about 4 to about 35 micrometers, and in some embodiments, from about 9 to about 35 micrometers. The number of fibers contained in each roving can be constant or vary from roving to roving. Typically, a roving contains from about 1,000 fibers to about 50,000 individual fibers, and in some embodiments, from about 5,000 to about 30,000 fibers.

Any of a variety of thermoplastic or thermoset polymers may be employed to form the polymer matrix in which the continuous fibers are embedded. For example, suitable thermoplastic polymers for use in the present invention may include, for instance, polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene, propylene-ethylene copolymers, etc.), polyesters (e.g., polybutylene terephalate (“PBT”)), polycarbonates, polyamides (e.g., Nylon™), polyether ketones (e.g., polyetherether ketone (“PEEK”)), polyetherimides, polyarylene ketones (e.g., polyphenylene diketone (“PPDK”)), liquid crystal polymers, polyarylene sulfides (e.g., polyphenylene sulfide (“PPS”), poly(biphenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide diketone), poly(biphenylene sulfide), etc.), fluoropolymers (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether polymer, perfluoro-alkoxyalkane polymer, petrafluoroethylene polymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer, etc.), polyacetals, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, styrenic polymers (e.g., acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”)), and so forth.

The properties of the polymer matrix are generally selected to achieve the desired combination of processability and performance. For example, the melt viscosity of the polymer matrix is generally low enough so that the polymer can adequately impregnate the fibers. In this regard, the melt viscosity typically ranges from about 25 to about 1,000 Pascal-seconds (“Pa-s”), in some embodiments from 50 about 500 Pa-s, and in some embodiments, from about 60 to about 200 Pa-s, determined at the operating conditions used for the polymer (e.g., about 360° C.). Likewise, when the impregnated rovings are intended for applications involving high temperatures (e.g., high voltage transmission cables), a polymer is employed that has a relatively high melting temperature. For example, the melting temperature of such high temperature polymers may range from about 200° C. to about 500° C., in some embodiments from about 225° C. to about 400° C., and in some embodiments, from about 250° C. to about 350° C.

Polyarylene sulfides are particularly suitable for use in the present invention as a high temperature matrix with the desired melt viscosity. Polyphenylene sulfide, for example, is a semi-crystalline resin that generally includes repeating monomeric units represented by the following general formula:

These monomeric units typically constitute at least 80 mole %, and in some embodiments, at least 90 mole %, of the recurring units, in the polymer. It should be understood, however, the polyphenylene sulfide may contain additional recurring units, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,381 to Gotoh, et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto for all purposes. When employed, such additional recurring units typically constitute no more than about 20 mole % of the polymer. Commercially available high melt viscosity polyphenylene sulfides may include those available from Ticona LLC (Florence, Ky.) under the trade designation FORTRON®. Such polymers may have a melting temperature of about 285° C. (determined according to ISO 11357-1,2,3) and a melt viscosity of from about 260 to about 320 Pascal-seconds at 310° C.

A pressure sensor 137 (FIGS. 2 and 3) may sense the pressure near the impregnation die 150 to allow control to be exerted over the rate of extrusion by controlling the rotational speed of the screw shaft 124, or the feed rate of the feeder. That is, the pressure sensor 137 is positioned near the impregnation die 150, such as upstream of the manifold assembly 220, so that the extruder 120 can be operated to deliver a correct amount of resin 214 for interaction with the fiber rovings 142. After leaving the impregnation die 150, the extrudate 152, or impregnated fiber rovings 142, may enter an optional pre-shaping or guiding section (not shown) before entering a nip formed between two adjacent rollers 190. Although optional, the rollers 190 can help to consolidate the extrudate 152 into the form of a ribbon, as well as enhance fiber impregnation and squeeze out any excess voids. In addition to the rollers 190, other shaping devices may also be employed, such as a die system. Regardless, the resulting consolidated ribbon 156 is pulled by tracks 162 and 164 mounted on rollers. The tracks 162 and 164 also pull the extrudate 152 from the impregnation die 150 and through the rollers 190. If desired, the consolidated ribbon 156 may be wound up at a section 171. Generally speaking, the resulting ribbons are relatively thin and typically have a thickness of from about 0.05 to about 1 millimeter, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 0.8 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 0.2 to about 0.4 millimeters.

Perspective views of one embodiment of a die 150 according to the present disclosure are further shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown, resin 214 is flowed into the die 150 as indicated by resin flow direction 244. The resin 214 is distributed within the die 150 and then interacted with the rovings 142. The rovings 142 are traversed through the die 150 in roving run direction 282, and are coated with resin 214. The rovings 142 are then impregnated with the resin 214, and these impregnated rovings 142 exit the die 150.

Within the impregnation die, it is generally desired that the rovings 142 are traversed through an impregnation zone 250 to impregnate the rovings with the polymer resin 214. In the impregnation zone 250, the polymer resin may be forced generally transversely through the rovings by shear and pressure created in the impregnation zone 250, which significantly enhances the degree of impregnation. This is particularly useful when forming a composite from ribbons of a high fiber content, such as about 35% weight fraction (“Wf”) or more, and in some embodiments, from about 40% Wf or more. Typically, the die 150 will include a plurality of contact surfaces 252, such as for example at least 2, at least 3, from 4 to 7, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 30, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 50, or more contact surfaces 252, to create a sufficient degree of penetration and pressure on the rovings 142. Although their particular form may vary, the contact surfaces 252 typically possess a curvilinear surface, such as a curved lobe, pin, etc. The contact surfaces 252 are also typically made of a metal material.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an impregnation die 150. As shown, the impregnation die 150 includes a manifold assembly 220 and an impregnation section. The impregnation section includes an impregnation zone 250. In some embodiments, the impregnation section additionally includes a gate passage 270. The manifold assembly 220 is provided for flowing the polymer resin 214 therethrough. For example, the manifold assembly 220 may include a channel 222 or a plurality of channels 222. The resin 214 provided to the impregnation die 150 may flow through the channels 222.

As shown in FIGS. 5 through 11, in exemplary embodiments, at least a portion of each of the channels 222 may be curvilinear. The curvilinear portions may allow for relatively smooth redirection of the resin 214 in various directions to distribute the resin 214 through the manifold assembly 220, and may allow for relatively smooth flow of the resin 214 through the channels 222. Alternatively, the channels 222 may be linear, and redirection of the resin 214 may be through relatively sharp transition areas between linear portions of the channels 222. It should further be understood that the channels 222 may have any suitable shape, size, and/or contour.

The plurality of channels 222 may, in exemplary embodiments as shown in FIGS. 5 through 11, be a plurality of branched runners 222. The runners 222 may include a first branched runner group 232. The first branched runner group 232 includes a plurality of runners 222 branching off from an initial channel or channels 222 that provide the resin 214 to the manifold assembly 220. The first branched runner group 232 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from the initial channels 222.

If desired, the runners 222 may include a second branched runner group 234 diverging from the first branched runner group 232, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7 through 11. For example, a plurality of runners 222 from the second branched runner group 234 may branch off from one or more of the runners 222 in the first branched runner group 232. The second branched runner group 234 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from runners 222 in the first branched runner group 232.

If desired, the runners 222 may include a third branched runner group 236 diverging from the second branched runner group 234, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 8 through 9. For example, a plurality of runners 222 from the third branched runner group 236 may branch off from one or more of the runners 222 in the second branched runner group 234. The third branched runner group 236 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from runners 222 in the second branched runner group 234.

In some exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 through 11, the plurality of branched runners 222 have a symmetrical orientation along a central axis 224. The branched runners 222 and the symmetrical orientation thereof generally evenly distribute the resin 214, such that the flow of resin 214 exiting the manifold assembly 220 and coating the rovings 142 is substantially uniformly distributed on the rovings 142. This desirably allows for generally uniform impregnation of the rovings 142.

Further, the manifold assembly 220 may in some embodiments define an outlet region 242. The outlet region 242 is that portion of the manifold assembly 220 wherein resin 214 exits the manifold assembly 220. Thus, the outlet region 242 generally encompasses at least a downstream portion of the channels or runners 222 from which the resin 214 exits. In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 through 10, at least a portion of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 have an increasing area in a flow direction 244 of the resin 214. The increasing area allows for diffusion and further distribution of the resin 214 as the resin 214 flows through the manifold assembly 220, which further allows for substantially uniform distribution of the resin 214 on the rovings 142. Additionally or alternatively, various channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 may have constant areas in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214, as shown in FIG. 11, or may have decreasing areas in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 through 9, each of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 is positioned such that resin 214 flowing therefrom is combined with resin 214 from other channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242. This combination of the resin 214 from the various channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 produces a generally singular and uniformly distributed flow of resin 214 from the manifold assembly 220 to substantially uniformly coat the rovings 142. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, various of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 may be positioned such that resin 214 flowing therefrom is discrete from the resin 214 from other channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242. In these embodiments, a plurality of discrete but generally evenly distributed resin flows 214 may be produced by the manifold assembly 220 for substantially uniformly coating the rovings 142.

As shown in FIG. 4, at least a portion of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 have curvilinear cross-sectional profiles. These curvilinear profiles allow for the resin 214 to be gradually directed from the channels or runners 222 generally downward towards the rovings 142. Alternatively, however, these channels or runners 222 may have any suitable cross-sectional profiles.

As further illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, after flowing through the manifold assembly 220, the resin 214 may flow through gate passage 270. Gate passage 270 is positioned between the manifold assembly 220 and the impregnation zone 250, and is provided for flowing the resin 214 from the manifold assembly 220 such that the resin 214 coats the rovings 142. Thus, resin 214 exiting the manifold assembly 220, such as through outlet region 242, may enter gate passage 270 and flow therethrough.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the gate passage 270 extends vertically between the manifold assembly 220 and the impregnation zone 250. Alternatively, however, the gate passage 270 may extend at any suitable angle between vertical and horizontal such that resin 214 is allowed to flow therethrough.

Further, as shown in FIG. 4, in some embodiments at least a portion of the gate passage 270 has a decreasing cross-sectional profile in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214. This taper of at least a portion of the gate passage 270 may increase the flow rate of the resin 214 flowing therethrough before it contacts the rovings 142, which may allow the resin 214 to impinge on the rovings 142. Initial impingement of the rovings 142 by the resin 214 provides for further impregnation of the rovings, as discussed below. Further, tapering of at least a portion of the gate passage 270 may increase backpressure in the gate passage 270 and the manifold assembly 220, which may further provide more even, uniform distribution of the resin 214 to coat the rovings 142. Alternatively, the gate passage 270 may have an increasing or generally constant cross-sectional profile, as desired or required.

Upon exiting the manifold assembly 220 and the gate passage 270 of the die 150 as shown in FIG. 4, the resin 214 contacts the rovings 142 being traversed through the die 150. As discussed above, the resin 214 may substantially uniformly coat the rovings 142, due to distribution of the resin 214 in the manifold assembly 220 and the gate passage 270. Further, in some embodiments, the resin 214 may impinge on an upper surface of each of the rovings 142, or on a lower surface of each of the rovings 142, or on both an upper and lower surface of each of the rovings 142. Initial impingement on the rovings 142 provides for further impregnation of the rovings 142 with the resin 214. Impingement on the ravings 142 may be facilitated by the velocity of the resin 214 when it impacts the rovings 142, the proximity of the rovings 142 to the resin 214 when the resin exits the manifold assembly 220 or gate passage 270, or other various variables.

As shown in FIG. 4, the coated rovings 142 are traversed in run direction 282 through impregnation zone 250. The impregnation zone 250 is in fluid communication with the manifold assembly 220, such as through the gate passage 270 disposed therebetween. The impregnation zone 250 is configured to impregnate the rovings 142 with the resin 214.

For example, as discussed above, in exemplary embodiments as shown in FIGS. 4 and 12 through 18, the impregnation zone 250 includes a plurality of contact surfaces 252. The rovings 142 are traversed over the contact surfaces 252 in the impregnation zone. Impingement of the rovings 142 on the contact surface 252 creates shear and pressure sufficient to impregnate the rovings 142 with the resin 214 coating the rovings 142.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the impregnation zone 250 is defined between two spaced apart opposing impregnation plates 256 and 258, which may be included in the impregnation section. First plate 256 defines a first inner surface 257, while second plate 258 defines a second inner surface 259. The impregnation zone 250 is defined between the first plate 256 and the second plate 258. The contact surfaces 252 may be defined on or extend from both the first and second inner surfaces 257 and 259, or only one of the first and second inner surfaces 257 and 259.

In exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4, 13, and 15 through 18, the contact surfaces 252 may be defined alternately on the first and second surfaces 257 and 259 such that the rovings alternately impinge on contact surfaces 252 on the first and second surfaces 257 and 259. Thus, the rovings 142 may pass contact surfaces 252 in a waveform, tortuous or sinusoidual-type pathway, which enhances shear.

Angle 254 at which the rovings 142 traverse the contact surfaces 252 may be generally high enough to enhance shear and pressure, but not so high to cause excessive forces that will break the fibers. Thus, for example, the angle 254 may be in the range between approximately 1° and approximately 30°, and in some embodiments, between approximately 5° and approximately 25°.

As stated above, contact surfaces 252 typically possess a curvilinear surface, such as a curved lobe, pin, etc. In exemplary embodiments as shown, a plurality of peaks, which may form contact surfaces 252, and valleys are thus defined. Further, in many exemplary embodiments, the impregnation zone 250 has a waveform cross-sectional profile. In one exemplary embodiment as shown in FIGS. 4, 13, and 18, the contact surfaces 252 are lobes that form portions of the waveform surfaces of both the first and second plates 256 and 258 and define the waveform cross-sectional profile. FIG. 12 illustrates the second plate 258 and the various contact surfaces thereon that form at least a portion of the impregnation zone 250 according to some of these embodiments.

In other embodiments, as shown in FIG. 14, the contact surfaces 252 are lobes that form portions of a waveform surface of only one of the first or second plate 256 or 258. In these embodiments, impingement occurs only on the contact surfaces 252 on the surface of the one plate. The other plate may generally be flat or otherwise shaped such that no interaction with the coated rovings occurs.

In other alternative embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 15 through 17, the impregnation zone 250 may include a plurality of pins (or rods) 260, each pin having a contact surface 252. The pins 260 may be static, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, freely rotational (not shown), or rotationally driven, as shown in FIG. 17. Further, the pins 260 may be mounted directly to the surface of the plates defining the impingement zone, as shown in FIG. 15, or may be spaced from the surface as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. It should be noted that the pins 260 may be heated by heaters 133, or may be heated individually or otherwise as desired or required. Further, the pins 260 may be contained within the die 150, or may extend outwardly from the die 150 and not be fully encased therein.

In further alternative embodiments, the contact surfaces 252 and impregnation zone 250 may comprise any suitable shapes and/or structures for impregnating the rovings 142 with the resin 214 as desired or required.

As discussed, a roving 142 traversed through an impregnation zone 250 according to the present disclosure may become impregnated by resin 214, thus resulting in an impregnated roving 142 exiting the impregnation zone 250, such as downstream of the contact surfaces 252 in the run direction 282. Further, in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, such impregnated roving 142 may desirably be generally uniform. A uniform impregnated roving 142 may have fibers 300 generally or approximately uniformly distributed therein, and/or may have a generally uniform coating of resin 214 surrounding those fibers. Thus, a generally uniform impregnated roving 142 may have a cross-section, as shown in FIG. 24 and discussed below, with a generally uniform distribution of fibers and resin 214. Such uniform impregnated roving 142 may have a number of different advantages. For example, a uniform impregnated roving 142 may provide improved strength characteristics.

To facilitate the production of uniform impregnated rovings 142 according to the present disclosure, one or more contact surfaces 252 may have various characteristics that adjust the various forces applied to and by the rovings 142 and resin 214 during impregnation. For example, FIGS. 4 and 18 illustrate embodiments of an impregnation section and impregnation zone 250 for impregnated a roving 142 with a resin 214. As shown, one or more contact surfaces, designated as contact surfaces 253 for purposes of the present disclosure, may be configured such that a normal force of one or more rovings 142 traversing that contact surface 253 is less than or equal to a lift force, such as a hydraulic lift force, of the associated resin 214 on that roving 142 during impregnation of the roving 142 with the resin 214 by the contact surface 253. Typical dies 150 and impregnation sections include contact surfaces that cause rovings 142 traversing those contact surfaces to have normal forces that are greater than the lift forces of the associated resin 214. However, this typical arrangement of the contact surfaces may cause excess resin 214 to be removed from the rovings 142 during impregnation and/or may cause resin 214 to migrate to the one side of the ravings 142, and may cause contact between the rovings 142 and the contact surfaces when the rovings are traversing the contact surfaces. This may prevent the resulting impregnated rovings 142 from being generally uniform. The die and method of the present disclosure, by ensuring that the normal force is less than or equal to the lift force for rovings traversing contact surfaces 253, cause the rovings 142 to not contact the contact surfaces 253 when they are traversing the contact surfaces 253. Thus, an appropriate amount of resin 214 is relatively evenly distributed and an appropriate amount of resin 214 is impregnated, resulting in a generally uniform impregnated roving 142.

As shown in FIG. 18 and discussed above, during impregnation, rovings 142 may traverse contact surfaces 252, 253 at angles 254. The rovings 142 may further traverse contact surfaces 252, 253 at suitable tensions, as discussed below. Such angle 254 and tension for a particular roving 142 and contact surface 252, 253 may be determined at or throughout an impregnation location 302 or portion thereof on the contact surface 252, 253. An impregnation location 302 is the location wherein the resin 214 and/or roving 142 comes into contact with the contact surface 252, 253 for impregnation thereof by the contact surface 252, 253. An impregnation location 302 in exemplary embodiments may include a peak of the contact surface 252, 253. It should be noted that a roving 142 traversing a contact surface 253 will not generally contact a contact surface 253; rather, a portion of the associated resin 214 will remain disposed therebetween due to the relative relationship between normal force and lift force.

The normal force of a roving 142 at an impregnation location 302 during impregnation may be calculated as a vector component of the tension of the roving 142. Such calculation may be made at an impregnation location 302 for a contact surface 252, 253, and may be based on the angle 254 and tension of a roving 142 at such location. FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of a geometric representation of a roving 142 traversing a contact surface 252, 253 that may be utilized to calculate a normal force of the roving 142. According to such representation, A represents the angle 254 at which the roving 142 is traversing a contact surface 252, 253, h represents the tension of that roving 142, and a represents the normal force. The normal force may thus be calculated according to the following equation:a=sin(A)*h.

It should be understood that calculation of the normal force is not limited to the above-disclosed equation, and rather that any suitable calculation of the normal force of a roving 142 traversing a contact surface 252, 253 is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

Further, various other variables may be determined for a roving 142 and associated resin 214 according to the present disclosure. For example, the speed of a roving 142 as well as the width of the roving 142 at or within the impregnation location 302 may be determined. Further, the viscosity of the resin 214 as well as the length of the impregnation location 302 and the height of resin 214 within the impregnation location 302 may be determined. A porosity factor may additionally be determined for the resin. These various factors for a particular roving 142 and contact surface 252, 253 may be determined at or throughout an impregnation location 302 or portion thereof on the contact surface 252, 253.

The lift force, such as the hydraulic lift force, of resin 214 at an impregnation location 302 during impregnation may be calculated utilizing the above-determined factors. FIG. 20 is one embodiment of a geometric representation of the interaction between a roving, resin, and a contact surface that may be utilized to calculate a lift force of the resin. According to such representation, η is a viscosity of the resin 214 and U is a speed of the roving 142. L is a length of the impregnation location 302. h is a height of resin 214 within the impregnation location 302. Such height may be determined at a first end of the impregnation location 302, represented by h_O, and a second end of the impregnation location 302, represented by h_L. These heights may additionally represent the distance between a roving 142 and a contact surface 252, 253. C is a porosity factor. The porosity factor may be a constant that is estimated or calculated based on the porosity of the resin 214, and may be adjusted as necessary. w is a width of the roving 142. F is the lift force of the resin 214. An equation to calculate slider bearing pressure may be utilized according to these embodiments to calculate the lift force, because the interaction of the roving 142, resin 214, and contact surface 252, 253 may be similar to the interaction between various slider bearing components. The lift force may thus be calculated according to the following equation:F=(((6ηUL)/h²)*(((h_o−h)*(h−h_L))/(h_o²−h_L²)))*C*(w*L)

It should be understood that calculation of the lift force is not limited to the above-disclosed equation, and rather that any suitable calculation of the lift force of resin 214 for a roving 142 traversing a contact surface 252, 253 is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

It should further be understood that the various determinations of variables utilized in the above-disclosed equations may be measured or estimated before or during operation of a die 150 and traversal therethrough of various rovings 142 and resin 214 to produce impregnated rovings 142. Further, such measurements or estimates may be made based on the rovings 142 and resin 214 utilized in the die 150, or may be made based on general knowledge or information for rovings 142 and/or resin 214 having similar characteristics. Still further, the various variables may be adjusted as desired or required, and the lift force and/or normal force thus adjusted, to obtain the desired performance wherein the normal force is less than or equal to the lift force at an impregnation location 302 on a contact surface 253 during impregnation of a roving 142 with resin 214 by that contact surface 253.

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of an impregnation zone 250 having contact surfaces 253 that allow for the traversal thereof of rovings 142 such that the normal force of a roving 142 is less than or equal to the lift force of the associated resin 214 on that roving 142. For example, an impregnation zone 250 may include one or more contact surfaces 253. A contact surface 253 may be formed on or as part of the first or second plate 256 and 258. Further, in exemplary embodiments as shown, the contact surfaces 253 may be located in the downstream portion of the impregnation zone 250, and may be the final contact surface or contact surfaces 253 in the run direction 282 of a roving 142. A roving 142 being traversed through an impregnation zone 250 according to the present disclosure may in exemplary embodiments only encounter contact surfaces 252 before, and not after, encountering contact surfaces 253. Additionally or alternatively, no contact surfaces 252 in exemplary embodiments may be disposed downstream in run direction 282 of the final contact surface or surfaces 253.

In exemplary embodiments, as further shown in FIGS. 4 and 18, each of the contact surfaces 253 for which the normal force is less than or equal to the lift force may be configured such that a roving 142 traversing that contact surface 253 is at an angle 254 that is less than an angle 254 for the remaining contact surfaces 252. Such reduced angle 254 for the contact surfaces 253 may reduce the normal force by reducing the tension in a roving 142 traversing the contact surface 253. To reduce the angle 254 for a contact surface 253, in some embodiments as shown the height 304 of the contact surface 253 may be reduced. Thus, the height 304 of such contact surface 253 may be less when measured from a common base point than the height of a contact surface 252. The angle 254 and/or height 304 may be adjusted based on the equations as discussed above, or may be otherwise adjusted until the normal force is less than or equal to the lift force or until the impregnation section 250 and die 150 produce suitable uniform impregnated rovings 142.

In other embodiments, the angle 254 of a contact surface 253 may be reduced through any other suitable technique, such as by altering the shape of the contact surface 253. Still further, in other embodiments, the contact surface 253 may be adjusted through any other suitable technique to reduce the normal force for a roving 142 traversing that contact surface 253.

It should be understood that an impregnated roving 142 according to the present disclosure may have any suitable cross-sectional shape and/or size. For example, such roving may have a generally oval or circular cross-sectional shape, or may have a generally rectangular shape or other suitable polygonal or otherwise shape. Further, it should be understood that in some embodiments a plurality of impregnated rovings 142 having been traversed through the impregnation zone 250 may together form a sheet or ribbon, with the resin 214 of the various rovings 142 connected to form such ribbon. The various above variables may thus in exemplary embodiments be determined for a single roving 142 or a plurality of impregnated rovings 142, whether connected or separate, as desired or required.

To further facilitate impregnation of the ravings 142, they may also be kept under tension while present within the die 150, and specifically within the impregnation zone 250. The tension may, for example, range from about 5 to about 300 Newtons, in some embodiments from about 50 to about 250 Newtons, and in some embodiments, from about 100 to about 200 Newtons per roving 142 or tow of fibers.

As shown in FIG. 4 and FIGS. 21 and 22, in some embodiments, a land zone 280 may be positioned downstream of the impregnation zone 250 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142. The rovings 142 may traverse through the land zone 280 before exiting the die 150. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 21, at least a portion of the land zone 280 may have an increasing cross-sectional profile in run direction 282, such that the area of the land zone 280 increases. The increasing portion may be the downstream portion of the land zone 280 to facilitate the rovings 142 exiting the die 150. Alternatively, the cross-sectional profile or any portion thereof may decrease, or may remain constant as shown in FIG. 22.

As further shown in FIG. 4, in some embodiments, a faceplate 290 may adjoin the impregnation zone 250. The faceplate 290 may be positioned downstream of the impregnation zone 250 and, if included, the land zone 280, in the run direction 282. Faceplate 290 is generally configured to meter excess resin 214 from the rovings 142. Thus, apertures in the faceplate 290, through which the ravings 142 traverse, may be sized such that when the ravings 142 are traversed therethrough, the size of the apertures causes excess resin 214 to be removed from the ravings 142.

Additionally, other components may be optionally employed to assist in the impregnation of the fibers. For example, a “gas jet” assembly may be employed in certain embodiments to help uniformly spread a roving of individual fibers, which may each contain up to as many as 24,000 fibers, across the entire width of the merged tow. This helps achieve uniform distribution of strength properties. Such an assembly may include a supply of compressed air or another gas that impinges in a generally perpendicular fashion on the moving ravings that pass across exit ports. The spread ravings may then be introduced into a die for impregnation, such as described above.

The impregnated ravings that result from use of the die and method according to the present disclosure may have a very low void fraction, which helps enhance their strength. For instance, the void fraction may be about 3% or less, in some embodiments about 2% or less, in some embodiments about 1% or less, and in some embodiments, about 0.5% or less. The void fraction may be measured using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the void fraction may be measured using a “resin burn off” test in which samples are placed in an oven (e.g., at 600° C. for 3 hours) to burn out the resin. The mass of the remaining fibers may then be measured to calculate the weight and volume fractions. Such “burn off” testing may be performed in accordance with ASTM D 2584-08 to determine the weights of the fibers and the polymer matrix, which may then be used to calculate the “void fraction” based on the following equations:V_f=100*(ρ_t−ρ_c)/ρ_t where,

V_f is the void fraction as a percentage;

ρ_c is the density of the composite as measured using known techniques, such as with a liquid or gas pycnometer (e.g., helium pycnometer);

ρ_t is the theoretical density of the composite as is determined by the following equation:ρ_t=1/[W_f/ρ_f+W_m/ρ_m]

ρ_m is the density of the polymer matrix (e.g., at the appropriate crystallinity);

ρ_f is the density of the fibers;

W_f is the weight fraction of the fibers; and

W_m is the weight fraction of the polymer matrix.

Alternatively, the void fraction may be determined by chemically dissolving the resin in accordance with ASTM D 3171-09. The “burn off” and “dissolution” methods are particularly suitable for glass fibers, which are generally resistant to melting and chemical dissolution. In other cases, however, the void fraction may be indirectly calculated based on the densities of the polymer, fibers, and ribbon in accordance with ASTM D 2734-09 (Method A), where the densities may be determined ASTM D792-08 Method A. Of course, the void fraction can also be estimated using conventional microscopy equipment.

The present disclosure is further directed to a method for impregnating at least one fiber roving 142 or a plurality of fiber ravings 142 with a polymer resin 214. The method generally includes flowing a polymer resin 214 through a manifold assembly 220. The manifold assembly 220 may include a plurality of channels or branched runners 222, as discussed above. The method further includes coating the fiber rovings 142 with the resin 214, as discussed above. Further, the method includes traversing the coated roving 142 through an impregnation zone 250 to impregnate the rovings 142 with the resin 214, as discussed above. Such traversing step may include contacting one or more contact surfaces 252 and one or more contact surfaces 253, as discussed above. In exemplary embodiments, as discussed above, at least one contact surface 253 may be configured such that a normal force of a roving 142 traversing the contact surface 253 may be less than or equal to a lift force of the resin 214 on the roving 142 at an impregnation location 302 on the contact surface 253 during impregnation of the roving 142 with the resin 214 by the contact surface 253.

As discussed above, in some embodiments, the step of flowing the resin 214 through the manifold assembly 220 may include flowing the resin 214 through an outlet region 242 of the manifold assembly 220. As further discussed above, the step of coating the roving 142 with the resin 214 may include flowing the resin 214 from the manifold assembly 220 through a gate passage 270. The method may further include traversing the rovings 142 from the impregnation zone 250 through a land zone 280, as discussed above. In exemplary embodiments, as discussed above, impregnated rovings 142 exiting the die 150 may be generally uniform.

As discussed above, after exiting the impregnation die 150, the impregnated rovings 142, or extrudate 152, may be consolidated into the form of a ribbon. The number of rovings employed in each ribbon may vary. Typically, however, a ribbon will contain from 2 to 20 rovings, and in some embodiments from 2 to 10 rovings, and in some embodiments, from 3 to 5 rovings. In some embodiments, it may be desired that the rovings are spaced apart approximately the same distance from each other within the ribbon. Referring to FIG. 23, for example, one embodiment of a consolidated ribbon 4 is shown that contains three (3) rovings 5 spaced equidistant from each other in the −x direction. In other embodiments, however, it may be desired that the rovings are combined, such that the fibers of the rovings are generally evenly distributed throughout the ribbon 4. In these embodiments, the rovings may be generally indistinguishable from each other. Referring to FIG. 24, for example, one embodiment of a consolidated ribbon 4 is shown that contains rovings that are combined such that the fibers are generally evenly distributed.

A pultrusion process may further be utilized according to the present disclosure for certain particular applications. For example, in some embodiments, such process may be utilized to form a rod. In these embodiments, continuous fibers of rovings 142 may be oriented in the longitudinal direction (the machine direction “A” of the system of FIG. 1) to enhance tensile strength. Besides fiber orientation, other aspects of the pultrusion process may be controlled to achieve the desired strength. For example, a relatively high percentage of continuous fibers are employed in the consolidated ribbon to provide enhanced strength properties. For instance, continuous fibers typically constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 35 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the ribbon. Likewise, polymer(s) typically constitute from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 25 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 40 wt. % to about 65 wt. % of the ribbon.

In general, ribbons may be supplied to the pultrusion system directly from impregnation die 150, or may be supplied from spindles or other suitable storage apparatus. A tension-regulating device may be employed to help control the degree of tension in the ribbons as they are drawn through the pultrusion system. An oven may be supplied in the device for heating the ribbons. The ribbons may then be provided to a consolidation die, which may operate to compress the ribbons together into a preform, and to align and form the initial shape of the desired product, such as a rod. If desired, a second die (e.g., calibration die) may also be employed that compresses the preform into a final shape. Cooling systems may additionally be incorporated between the dies and/or after either die. A downstream pulling device may be positioned to pull products through the system.

These and other modifications and variations of the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.

Claims

1. A system for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin, the system comprising: a die, the die comprising: an impregnation section, the impregnation section comprising an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the roving with the resin, the impregnation zone comprising a plurality of contact surfaces; anda gate passage for flowing the resin to the impregnation section such that the resin coats the roving, the entire gate passage extending vertically to the impregnation zone, the entire gate passage having a constantly decreasing cross-sectional profile in a flow direction of the resin;a roving being traversed through the impregnation section in a run direction; anda resin being flowed into the impregnation section, the resin contacting the roving within the impregnation section,wherein resin is disposed between at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces and the roving at an impregnation location of the contact surface, and the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces has a height, the roving has a speed and a tension, and the resin has a viscosity such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is a final contact surface in a run direction of the roving.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein no contact occurs between the roving and the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the impregnation location comprises a peak of the contact surface.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the normal force is calculated using the equation: a=sin(A)*h wherein a is the normal force, A is an angle at which the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces, and h is a tension of the roving.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the lift force is calculated using the equation: F=(((6ηUL)/h2)*(((ho−h)*(h−hL))/(ho2−hL2)))*C*(w*L)wherein F is the lift force, h is a viscosity of the resin, U is a speed of the roving, L is a length of the impregnation location, h is a height of resin within the impregnation location, C is a porosity factor, and w is a width of the roving.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the contact surface at an angle in the range between 1 degree and 30 degrees.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces at an angle that is less than the angle of the remainder of the plurality of contact surfaces.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of contact surfaces comprises a curvilinear contact surface.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the impregnation zone has a waveform cross-sectional profile.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of contact surfaces comprises between 2 and 50 contact surfaces.

12. A method for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin, the method comprising: flowing a polymer resin through a manifold assembly of a die, the manifold assembly comprising a plurality of branched runners;flowing the resin from the manifold assembly vertically through a gate passage, wherein the entire gate passage has a constantly decreasing cross-sectional profile in a flow direction of the resin;coating at least one fiber roving with the resin; andtraversing the coated roving through an impregnation zone of the die to impregnate the roving with the resin, the impregnation zone comprising a plurality of contact surfaces,wherein resin is disposed between at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces and the roving at an impregnation location of the contact surface, and the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces has a height, the roving has a speed and a tension, and the resin has a viscosity such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is a final contact surface in a run direction of the roving.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein no contact occurs between the roving and the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the impregnation location comprises a peak of the contact surface.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein the normal force is calculated using the equation: a=sin(A)*h wherein a is the normal force, A is an angle at which the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces, and h is a tension of the roving.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the lift force is calculated using the equation: F=(((6ηUL)/h2)*(((ho−h)*(h−hL))/(ho2−hL2)))*C*(w*L)wherein F is the lift force, h is a viscosity of the resin, U is a speed of the roving, L is a length of the impregnation location, h is a height of resin within the impregnation location, C is a porosity factor, and w is a width of the roving.

18. The method of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the contact surface at an angle in the range between 1 degree and 30 degrees.

19. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces at an angle that is less than the angle of the remainder of the plurality of contact surfaces.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein each of the plurality of contact surfaces comprises a curvilinear contact surface.

21. A die for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin, the die comprising: an impregnation section, the impregnation section comprising an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the roving with the resin, the impregnation zone comprising a plurality of contact surfaces; anda gate passage for flowing the resin to the impregnation section such that the resin coats the roving, the entire gate passage extending vertically to the impregnation zone, the entire gate passage having a constantly decreasing cross-sectional profile in a flow direction of the resin,wherein at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that a normal force of the roving is less than or equal to a lift force of the resin at an impregnation location on the contact surface during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

22. The die of claim 21, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is a final contact surface in a run direction of the roving.

23. The die of claim 21, wherein no contact occurs between the roving and the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces during impregnation of the roving with the resin by the contact surface.

24. The die of claim 21, wherein the impregnation location comprises a peak of the contact surface.

25. The die of claim 21, wherein the normal force is calculated using the equation: a=sin(A)*h wherein a is the normal force, A is an angle at which the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces, and h is a tension of the roving.

26. The die of claim 21, wherein the lift force is calculated using the equation: F=(((6ηUL)/h2)*(((ho−h)*(h−hL))/(ho2−hL2)))*C*(w*L)wherein F is the lift force, h is a viscosity of the resin, U is a speed of the roving, L is a length of the impregnation location, h is a height of resin within the impregnation location, C is a porosity factor, and w is a width of the roving.

27. The die of claim 21, wherein each of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the contact surface at an angle in the range between 1 degree and 30 degrees.

28. The die of claim 21, wherein the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces is configured such that the roving traverses the at least one of the plurality of contact surfaces at an angle that is less than the angle of the remainder of the plurality of contact surfaces.