Patent Application
20160381370
The present invention relates to the field of thin-client systems. In particular, but not by way of limitation, the present invention discloses techniques for encoding video for thin-client terminal systems.
Centralized computer systems with multiple terminal systems for accessing the centralized computer systems were once the dominant computer architecture. These mainframe or mini-computer systems were shared by multiple computer users wherein each computer user had access to a terminal system coupled to the mainframe computer.
In the late 1970 s and early 1980 s, semiconductor microprocessors and memory devices allowed the creation of inexpensive personal computer systems. Personal computer systems revolutionized the computing industry by allowing each individual computer user to have access to their own full computer system. Each personal computer user could run their own software applications and did not need to share any of the personal computer's resources with any other computer user.
Although personal computer systems have become the dominant form of computing, there has been a resurgence of the centralized computer with multiple terminals form of computing. Terminal systems can have reduced maintenance costs since terminal users cannot easily introduce viruses into the main computer system or load in unauthorized computer programs. Furthermore, modern personal computer systems have become so powerful that the computing resources in these modern personal computer systems generally sit idle for the vast majority of the time.
In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes represent different instances of substantially similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.
The following detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show illustrations in accordance with example embodiments. These embodiments, which are also referred to herein as “examples,” are described in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that specific details in the example embodiments are not required in order to practice the present invention. For example, although the example embodiments are mainly disclosed with reference to a thin-client system, the teachings can be used in other environments. The example embodiments may be combined, other embodiments may be utilized, or structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope what is claimed. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one. In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. Furthermore, all publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.
Computer Systems
The present disclosure concerns computer systems.
The example computer system 100 includes a processor 102 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) or both), a main memory 104 and a static memory 106, which communicate with each other via a bus 108. The computer system 100 may further include a video display adapter 110 that drives a video display system 115 such as a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) or a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). The computer system 100 also includes an alphanumeric input device 112 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 114 (e.g., a mouse or trackball), a disk drive unit 116, a signal generation device 118 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 120.
The disk drive unit 116 includes a machine-readable medium 122 on which is stored one or more sets of computer instructions and data structures (e.g., instructions 124 also known as ‘software’) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 124 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 104 and/or within the processor 102 during execution thereof by the computer system 100, the main memory 104 and the processor 102 also constituting machine-readable media.
The instructions 124 may further be transmitted or received over a computer network 126 via the network interface device 120. Such transmissions may occur utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols such as the well known File Transport Protocol (FTP).
While the machine-readable medium 122 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein, or that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying data structures utilized by or associated with such a set of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.
For the purposes of this specification, the term “module” includes an identifiable portion of code, computational or executable instructions, data, or computational object to achieve a particular function, operation, processing, or procedure. A module need not be implemented in software; a module may be implemented in software, hardware/circuitry, or a combination of software and hardware.
The Resurgence of Terminal Systems
Before the advent of the inexpensive personal computer, the computing industry largely used mainframe or mini-computers that were coupled to many “dumb” terminals. Such terminals are referred to as ‘dumb’ terminals since the computing ability resided within the mainframe or mini-computer and the terminal merely displayed an output and accepted alpha-numeric input. No user applications ran locally on the terminal system. Computer operators shared the mainframe computer to multiple individual users that each used individual terminals coupled to the mainframe computer. These terminal systems generally had very limited graphic capabilities and were mostly visualizing only alpha-numeric characters on the display screen of the terminal.
With the introduction of the modern personal computer system, the use of dumb terminals largely disappeared since personal computer systems were much more cost effective. If the services of a dumb terminal were required to interface with a legacy terminal based computer system, a personal computer could easily emulate the operations of a dumb terminal at a cost very similar to the cost of a dedicated dumb terminal.
During the personal computer revolution, personal computers introduced high resolution graphics to personal computer users. Such high-resolution graphics allowed for much more intuitive computer user interfaces than a text-only display. For example, all current user interfaces that use multiple different windows, icons, and pull-down menus are implemented in high resolution graphics. Furthermore, high-resolution graphics allowed for applications that used photos, videos, and graphical images.
In recent years, a new generation of terminal systems have been introduced into the computer market as people have rediscovered some of the advantages of a terminal based computer systems. For example, computer terminals allow for greater security and reduced maintenance costs since users of computer terminal systems cannot easily introduce computer viruses by downloading or installing new software. Only the main computer server system needs to be closely monitored in terminal-based computer system. This new generation of computer terminal systems includes high-resolution graphics capabilities, audio output, and cursor control system (mouse, trackpad, trackball, etc.) input that personal computer users have become accustomed to.
Modern terminal-based computer systems allow multiple users at individual high-resolution terminal systems to share a single personal computer system and all of the application software installed on that personal computer system. In this manner, a modern high-resolution terminal system is capable of delivering nearly the full functionality of a personal computer system to each user without the cost and the maintenance requirements of an individual personal computer system for each user. A category of these modern terminal systems is called “thin client” systems since the terminal systems are designed to be very simple and limited (thus “thin”) and thus primarily depend on a thin-client server system for application processing activities. The thin-client terminal system thus mainly focuses only on conveying input and output between the user and the centralized server system. Note that although the techniques set forth this document will be disclosed with reference to thin-client terminal systems, the techniques described herein are applicable in other area of the IT industry as well. For example, any system that remotely displays video information can use the teachings disclosed in this document.
A Thin-Client System
The goal of thin-client terminal system 240 is to provide most or all of the standard input and output features of a personal computer system to the user of the thin-client terminal system 240. However, this goal is to be achieved without providing the full computing resources or software of a personal computer system within thin-client terminal system 240 since those features will be provided by the thin-client server system 220 that will interact with the thin-client terminal system 240.
Referring back to
The audio sound system of thin-client terminal system 240 operates in a similar manner. The audio system consists of a sound generator 271 coupled to an audio connector 272 for creating a sound signal. The sound generator 271 is supplied with audio information thin-client control system 250 using audio information sent as output 221 by the thin-client server system 220 across bi-directional communications channel 230.
From an input perspective, thin-client terminal system 240 allows for both alpha-numeric input and cursor control input from a terminal system user to be supplied to the thin-client computer system 220. The alpha-numeric input is provided by a keyboard 283 coupled to a keyboard connector 282 that supplies signals to a keyboard control system 281. Thin-client control system 250 encodes keyboard input from keyboard control system 281 and sends that keyboard input as input 225 to the thin-client server system 220. Similarly, the thin-client control system 250 encodes cursor control input from cursor control system 284 and sends that cursor control input as input 225 to the thin-client server system 220. The cursor control input is received through a mouse connector 285 from a computer mouse 285 or any other suitable cursor control device such as a trackball, trackpad, etc.
The thin-client terminal system 240 may include other input, output, or combined input/output systems in order to provide additional functionality to the user of the thin-client terminal system 240. For example, the thin-client terminal system 240 illustrated in
Thin-client server computer system 220 is equipped with multi-tasking software for interacting with multiple thin-client systems. As illustrated in
Transporting Video Information to Terminal Systems
The bandwidth required to deliver an entire high-resolution video frame buffer can be quite large. In an environment wherein a shared computer network is used to transport the video display information such as thin-client environment of
So as long as the software applications run by the users of thin-client terminal systems do not change the display screen information very frequently, then the thin-client system illustrated in
Difficulty of Transporting Full Motion Video Information to Terminal Systems
When full motion video is transmitted digitally, video compression systems can be used to minimize the amount of bandwidth need to transport the video information. The full motion video can be encoded (compressed) at the origination site, transmitted in its encoded form across a digital communication channel (such as a computer network), decoded (decompressed) at the destination site, and then displayed on a display system at the destination site. Many digital video encoding systems exist such as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, and H.264. These digital video encoding systems are used in digital satellite television systems, DVDs, terrestrial HDTV transmission systems, and digital cable systems.
Implementing digital video encoding and digital video decoding systems is relatively easy on modern personal computer systems since there is plenty of processing power and memory capacity available for the task. However, in a thin-client terminal system environment one of the primary goals is to keep the thin-client terminal systems as simple and inexpensive as possible. Thus, configuring a thin-client terminal system with the processing power, memory, and software to handle digital video decoding in the same manner as it is typically done within a personal computer system may not be practical. A thin-client terminal system that could handle digital video decoding in such a manner might require a large amount of memory in order to buffer the incoming digital video data and processing power to execute the sophisticated digital video decoder routines such that the thin-client terminal system might become too expensive. Furthermore, to accommodate multiple decoders on a thin-client terminal system would require storage space, dynamic update capabilities, code compatibility, and other resources that would make the development a huge task.
Implementing Full Motion Video Decoders In Terminal Systems
To implement full-motion digital video decoding in thin-client terminal systems, the present disclosure proposes incorporating one or more inexpensive video decoders into a terminal system. These inexpensive video decoders may be discrete integrated circuits, licensed intellectual property implemented within an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or in another form. Video decoding for other video encoding systems may be handled with transcoding. In this manner a low cost thin-client terminal systems that handles a wide variety of video encoding systems can be implemented at a low cost.
The proposed video transport system will be disclosed with reference to
Referring to
The video decoders 262 and 263 are selected for ubiquity and low implementation cost in a thin-client terminal system architecture. If a particular video decoder is ubiquitous but expensive to implement, that video decoder may not be practical due to cost. However, decoders for very popular video encoding systems probably should be selected since the user experience will be greatly enhanced. If a particular video decoder is very inexpensive but only supports a rarely used digital video encoding system then such a video decoder is not likely selected since it is not worth the cost of adding a video decoder that will rarely be used.
The video decoders may be implemented with software run on a processor, as discrete off-the-shelf hardware parts, or as licensed digital video decoder cores that are implemented with an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or a Field Programmable Gate Array. In one embodiment, a licensed digital video decoder as a part of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit was selected since other portions of the thin-client terminal system could also be implemented within the same ASIC.
Server Side Support For the Video Transport System
Although the video decoders added to the thin-client terminal systems will improve the digital video experience for the thin-client terminal user, the video transport system would not be able to operate without a significant amount of video system support provided from within the thin-client server computer system 220 of
Referring to the thin-client server system 220 of
The virtual graphics card 331 acts as a control system for creating video displays for each of the thin-client terminal systems. In one embodiment, a virtual graphics card 331 is created for each thin-client terminal system supported by the thin-client server system 220. The goal of the virtual graphics card 331 is to output either bit-mapped graphics to be placed into the thin-client screen buffer 215 for a thin-client terminal system or to output an encoded video stream that is supported by the video decoder within a thin-client terminal system.
The video decoders 332 and video transcoders 333 within the thin-client server system 220 are used to support the virtual graphics card 331 in handling digital video streams. Specifically, the video decoders 332 and video transcoders 333 help the virtual graphics card 331 handle digital video encoding streams that are not natively supported by the digital video decoder(s) (if any) in thin-client terminal systems. The decoders 332 are used to decode video streams and place the data thin-client screen buffer 215. The transcoders 333 are used to convert from a first digital video encoding format into a second digital video encoding format. In this case, the second digital video encoding format will be a digital video encoding format natively supported by a target thin-client terminal device.
The transcoders 333 may be implemented as digital video decoder for decoding a first digital video stream into individual decoded video frames, a frame buffer memory space for storing decoded video frames, and a digital encoder for re-encoding the decoded video frames into a second digital video format. This enables the transcoders 333 to use existing video decoders on the personal computer system. Furthermore, the transcoders 333 could share the same video decoding software used to implement video decoders 332. Sharing code would reduce licensing fees.
Operation of the Video Transport System
To best describe the digital video system transport system of the thin-client server system 220 and thin-client terminal system 240, the operation of the digital video transport system will be described with reference to both the block diagram of
After the terminal session has been initialized and the virtual graphics card 331 has been created, the virtual graphics card 331 is ready to accept display requests from the operating system 222 (or other entity responsible for delivering terminal session display requests). When a display request is received at stage 430 in
Referring back to stage 440, if the display request received by the virtual graphics card 331 is a digital video stream then the virtual graphics card 331 proceeds to stage 450 in
Referring back to stage 450, if the thin-client terminal system 240 associated with a digital video stream request does not have the appropriate video decoder for that digital video stream, then the virtual graphics card 331 proceeds to stage 460 to handle the digital video stream in an alternative manner. At stage 460, the virtual graphics card 331 determines if transcoding of the digital video stream is possible and desirable. Transcoding of a digital video stream is not be possible if the thin-client server system 220 lacks the needed resources to transcode the digital video stream into an encoded video stream that the video decoder in the thin-client terminal system 240 can handle. For example, needed transcoder 333 and/or decoder may not be available.
If transcoding of the video stream is deemed to be possible and desirable, then the virtual graphics card 331 proceeds to stage 465 where the video stream is sent to an appropriate transcoder 333 to transcode the digital video stream into an encoded video stream that the video decoder in the thin-client terminal system 240 can handle. This is illustrated in
Note that in some circumstances it may be possible to transcode a digital video stream from an unsupported video encoding format to a video encoding format supported by the video decoder in the thin-client terminal system 240 but not desirable to do so. Digital video transcoding can be a very difficult task that requires a lot of memory and significant processor resources. Thus, if the thin-client server computer system 220 is already experiencing a heavy processing load then it may not be desirable to transcode the digital video stream. In such situations, the system may refuse to handle digital video stream request or handle the digital video stream with the following alternate method.
Referring back to stage 460, if video stream transcoding is deemed to be not possible or not desirable (possibly due to a heavy processing load already on thin-client server computer system 220) then the virtual graphics card 331 may proceed to stage 470 to handle the digital video stream in a different manner. At stage 470, the virtual graphics card 331 sends the digital video stream to a video decoder 332 to decode the video stream. This is illustrated in
As the video decoder 332 writes display information into the thin-client screen buffer 215, the video frame encoder 217 of the thin-client server system 220 will read that bit-mapped thin-client screen buffer 215 and transport that display information to the associated thin-client terminal system 240. Note that the video frame encoder 217 is generally not designed to handle full motion video such that video frames will likely be dropped thus causing a stuttering video display at the thin-client terminal system 240. Furthermore, the video frame encoder 217 may read from the thin-client screen buffer 215 while the video decoder 332 is simultaneously writing to that thin-client screen buffer 215 such that video frame tearing may occur. This particular method of handling digital video is thus not optimal but can be used if the thin-client server system 220 lacks a proper video transcoder 333 or the associated thin-client terminal system 240 has no embedded video decoder.
Note that all embodiments need not have all of the various different components disclosed. For example, a thin-client server system 220 could be constructed only with video transcoders 333. Or a thin-client server system 220 could be constructed only with decoders 332. A thin-client server system 220 with neither would only support video encoding systems supported by native video decoders in the terminal systems. A good implementation of a thin-client server system 220 would be implemented with a mixture of both video transcoders 333 and video decoders 332.
It should be noted that the system of
The preceding technical disclosure is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the claims should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b), which requires that it allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.
This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/395,152, filed on Feb. 27, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/067,516 filed Feb. 27, 2008, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160080754 A1 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61067516 | Feb 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12395152 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Child | 14879838 | US |
