Patent Application
20240392446
This disclosure lies in the field of making hydrogen gas on demand from an aqueous solution that is subjected to electrical energy and a vibrational disturbance.
The quest for low carbon emissions has made hydrogen an attractive source of energy because it is found in large quantities, mainly in the form of water. When used as a fuel, hydrogen produces water vapor, making it a clean energy source.
Hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower. But the sun does not always shine, and the wind may not blow as desired. Overall, hydrogen has the potential to be a key component in a sustainable energy future, as it is a clean, efficient, and versatile energy source that can be produced from renewable sources.
In practice, hydrogen gas is difficult to store compactly and efficiently because it has a very low density. This means that a large amount of space is needed to store even a small amount of hydrogen. Because hydrogen gas is a collection of small molecules, it can easily leak through minute gaps in storage containers, valves, or pipes. This can result in hydrogen loss, waste, and potential danger because hydrogen is flammable.
To meet spatial constraints, hydrogen gas must often be stored at high pressures to achieve the required density before use. Such high pressures require storage containers to be heavier and are thus expensive to manufacture.
Another adverse consequence of hydrogen storage is embrittlement. It is known that hydrogen can cause embrittlement in metals, making it difficult to store hydrogen safely in metal containers for long periods of time.
Against this backdrop, it would be desirable to have a system and method to make hydrogen gas on-demand, thereby minimizing or eliminating the need to store hydrogen between its production and use.
Further, it would be desirable to make hydrogen using a system that is relatively compact and if necessary, readily transportable.
Of particular interest is green hydrogen. Green hydrogen is hydrogen gas resulting from water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen, conventionally using electricity and electrolysis. The term “green” refers to the fact that the production of hydrogen does not produce any greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are said to negatively impact the environment when their concentrations in the atmosphere are excessive. Such gases trap heat from the sun, which causes the Earth's temperature to increase. This is thought to lead to changes in climate patterns and rising sea levels, more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, floods, and extreme weather events.
Making green hydrogen is a promising alternative to traditional methods of producing hydrogen, which typically rely on fossil fuels and can contribute to climate change.
Prior art electrolysis involves the decomposition of water by passing a low-voltage current through liquid water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, which can be burned in a combustion engine or fed into a fuel cell to generate energy. Conventional electrolysis systems require electrolytes (e.g., sodium hydroxide or sulfuric acid) added to the water. Then an electrical current is passed through the water until enough energy is supplied to dissociate the hydrogen ions from the oxygen ions. Oxygen ions are attracted to the anode (+) and hydrogen ions are attracted to the cathode (−).
Prior art systems and methods for dissociating hydrogen from water molecules tend to be relatively inefficient and consume more energy than can be recaptured. Therefore, it would be desirable to have an improved hydrogen generation system that consumes less energy than conventional approaches to hydrogen generation. In some cases, supplementing electrolysis with a 10-MHz hybrid sound wave may benefit hydrogen production. See, e.g., newatlas.com/energy/hydrogen-sound-vibration-electrolysis, which is incorporated by reference. That approach used gold electrodes and an electrolyte with a neutral pH level contained in a glass electrolyte chamber. See also, 13 Advanced Energy Materials 7, Feb. 17, 2023-onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202203164, which is also incorporated by reference.
Against this background, it would be beneficial to make hydrogen on-demand practically from an abundant fuel-water-without resorting to solar power or wind energy.
Among the patent references considered before filing this patent application are: EP2433902, EP3907181, PE20211530, US2012/0222954, US2017/0275160, and US2020/0376459.
In light of the shortcomings and challenges presented by the prior art, it is an object of the present disclosure to provide an improved hydrogen generation system. This disclosure aims to provide relatively inexpensive, energy-efficient green hydrogen by exposing an electrolyte to vibration and a direct electric current. In one embodiment, green hydrogen is created through electrolysis. This involves splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Each gas is attracted to a different electrode, where the hydrogen can be captured from the cathode, compressed, and stored.
Green hydrogen enables zero-emission fuel to be made, allowing refueling to be done relatively quickly.
In one approach according to this disclosure, electrolysis occurs under the influence of vibrational energy. Without being bound by any particular theory, vibrating water molecules has the effect of “frustrating” the water molecules nearest to the electrodes, shaking them out of the tetrahedral networks they tend to settle in. This results in more “free” water molecules that can contact electrode catalytic sites. newatlas.com/energy/hydrogen-sound-vibration-electrolysis. Preferably, the electrodes are comprised of a relatively inexpensive material. In one case, the preferred material is stainless steel.
Thus, several aspects of this disclosure involve a system and method of making hydrogen from water that circulates along a tortuous path within a reaction vessel under the influences of electrolysis and vibration.
The generally cylindrical reaction vessel has an outer shell, a central shaft, and one or more concentric inner tubes separated by annular spaces. Water is delivered to the annular spaces under the influence of a pump through an inlet in communication with the central shaft. Water flows along a tortuous flow path. That path begins at an inner annular space around the central shaft and ends at an outer annular space beneath the outer shell. Reaction products, including hydrogen, water, water vapor, and oxygen emerge from the reaction vessel through an outlet associated with a manifold positioned at the end of the reaction vessel.
A vibratory excitation device such as a variable frequency drive or controller imparts a high-frequency vibratory stimulus to the concentric tubes in the reaction vessel and water as it wends its way along the tortuous flow path. As a result, water molecules are dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen. These reaction products are delivered through an exit port in the reaction vessel along a delivery conduit to a receiving reservoir.
Some of the potential and actual uses of hydrogen include hydrogen engines that power generators, vehicles powered by hydrogen, and hydrogen fueling stations.
1. Hydrogen Engines that Power Generators
A hydrogen engine can be connected to a generator to create electricity. If, for example, electrical energy is delivered to a reaction vessel containing water flowing along a tortuous path, hydrogen can be produced. That hydrogen can be delivered to a hydrogen engine. This may allow electricity to be delivered to remote places that are not connected to electric power grids.
At the end of December 2022, the United States had about 205 operating fuel cell electric power generators at 147 facilities with about 350 megawatts (MW) of total nameplate electric generation capacity. www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/use-of-hydrogen.php
One or more embodiments of the disclosed system could be designed into the structure of a truck. This would allow trucks to travel from coast to coast without stopping for fuel, and be environmentally clean. Some vehicle designs contemplate hydrogen production on demand. This avoids storing and delivering hydrogen on the vehicle or at fueling stations.
Several vehicle manufacturers (e.g., Toyota and Hyundai) have developed hydrogen engines to power vehicles. Vehicle availability is limited to locations with adequate hydrogen refueling stations.
The cost of fuel cells and the limited availability of hydrogen fueling stations limit the number of hydrogen-fueled vehicles in use. The consumer won't buy those vehicles if hydrogen refueling stations are inaccessible. Companies won't build refueling stations if they don't have customers with hydrogen-fueled vehicles.
The United States has about 56 hydrogen-vehicle-fueling stations. All are in California. afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/find/nearest?fuel=HY&1pg_secondary=true&country=US&hy_nonret ail=true California's Advanced Clean Cars Program provides assistance in establishing publicly accessible hydrogen vehicle fueling stations to promote a market for zero-emission vehicles.
The US Government projects the need for 50,000 hydrogen fueling stations in the US and will fund them. www.eia.gov/energy>plained/hydrogen/use-of-hydrogen.php. Each fueling station could have one or two embodiments of the disclosed system. This would provide an unlimited and continuous supply of inexpensive hydrogen.
The disclosure and its advantages appear in greater detail in the context of the following description of embodiments given by way of illustration and with reference to the accompanying Figures, in which:
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary. They may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The Figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the disclosed method and system.
Elements that are present in more than one of the Figures are given the same reference numerals in each of them.
One or more power outlets (12) provide a source of AC power to a power converter (13) via a switch (15) and to a vibratory excitation means such as a variable frequency drive or controller (14). In one embodiment, there is a 120-volt AC power supply (12) that delivers electrical energy to the power converter (13) when the switch (15) is closed. One suitable converter is the Mean Well Model SE-1000-24. It converts an input of 120 volts AC to about 17.5 amps and delivers an output of 24 volts.
In alternative embodiments, other voltages (e.g., 240 volts) may be supplied. Further, in other embodiments, electrical energy may be provided by battery power.
Examples of a vibratory excitation means (14) is a variable frequency drive or controller or a modulator. A preferred embodiment has an operating frequency of 18 kHz. If a modulator is used, an operating frequency range is up to 1 kHz. A preferred embodiment of a modulator is a pulse width modulator. Some variable frequency drives include a pulse width modulator. In one example, a suitable frequency lies between 40 Hz and 100 Hz.
A personal computer, laptop, notebook, tablet, and the like (collectively, “microprocessor”), in communication with the control pad (18) allows adjustments to be made that influence the frequency and current delivered to the reaction vessel (26). The control pad (18) is used to enter variables and values into the variable frequency drive (14) that controls the resulting vibration characteristics and displays the results. The control pad (18) could be operated wirelessly via Bluetooth if desired.
If desired, but not depicted, ban inductor (e.g., a high current 450-amp inductor from Coil Winding Specialist, Orange Grove, CA-www.coilws.com), a potentiometer (e.g., B5k), and a capacitor (e.g., 75 volt Cornell Dublilier 176719) are connected to the variable frequency drive (14).
The vibratory excitation means (14) communicates to the reaction vessel (26) a vibratory signal that causes vibration in the concentric tubes (30) of the reaction vessel (26) and its water contents. In some cases, harmonics are thereby created with good results.
As shown in
The reaction vessel (26) includes concentric tubes (30) (
The end caps (45, 46) are preferably made of nylon. Serving as relatively inexpensive electrodes, the concentric tubes (30) and outer shell (32) are made from stainless steel. The hollow central shaft (36) has threads at each end which hold the stainless steel thin-walled tubes (30) between the end caps (45, 46). In one exemplary embodiment, the reaction vessel (26) is about 4 feet long.
In the reaction vessel (26), water flows into the hollow central shaft (36), outwardly through orifices (38) provided along at least some of its length, and then along annular spaces (40) between the concentric tubes (30) via a tortuous path. The water partly re-circulates within the reaction vessel (26) by flowing back and forth. In some embodiments, this occurs about 3-4 times. Water flows from smaller (inner) tubes to larger (outer) tubes. In alternative embodiments, water can instead enter at an outer annular space and tortuously flow inwardly towards the central shaft. By flowing from the smaller inner annular spaces towards the outer tube (32), volumetric expansion of the gas/water mixture is accommodated.
If desired the reaction vessel (26) may be oriented at an angle (α) as shown in
As noted earlier, a water pump (42) may lie between the pressure vessel (28) and the reaction vessel (26). Optionally, the water pump (42) may resemble a 1/25 HP circulating pump. If desired, a flow meter (52) and valve (54) may be provided in communication with one or more gaseous effluents. A suitable flow meter is offered by Dwyer.
Water plus impurities/catalyst(s) serve as an electrolytic medium. Preferably, an electrolyte such as sodium hydroxide is added. Thus, impurities and ions in the water enable conduction.
If desired, influent water passes through a reverse osmosis unit (not shown) for cleansing before entry into the pressure vessel (28). Optionally, the pressure vessel (28) may be a 9-gallon stainless steel pressure tank.
Non-conductive baffles or end caps (45, 46) are arranged between the concentric inner tubes (30). Consequently, the tortuous fluid flow path includes a first flow direction along the inner annular space, an opposite direction of flow in the adjacent annular outer space, and so on until the outer shell (32) is reached.
A liquid/gas effluent mixture from the reaction vessel (26) flows from outer annular spaces through conduits (47) to a manifold (48). Optionally there are four such conduits (47). Effluent reaction products pass from the manifold (48) to the pressure vessel (14) via a delivery conduit (56). This thus results in an on-demand hydrogen delivery system that may or may not store green hydrogen before use.
Preferably, a direct current runs from the power converter (13) to a positive terminal of the variable frequency drive (14) and then to a positive terminal attached to the central shaft (36) of the reaction vessel (26) (
As a result, the inner shaft (36) and concentric tubes (30) vibrate and subject the water to electrolysis and vibratory disturbance, which in some cases is a harmonic frequency. Without being bound to a particular theory, when the water and tubes are forced into resonant vibrations at one of their natural frequencies, they vibrate so that a standing wave pattern is formed within the water. These patterns are only created at specific frequencies of vibration, termed “harmonic frequencies”, or merely harmonics. TPC Physics Tutorial: Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics (physicsclassroom.com).
In response to vibratory disturbance and electrolysis, water molecules (H2O) within stainless steel electrodes (32, 36) are split into hydrogen and oxygen. Clean end-products, including green hydrogen (50), are produced practically, efficiently, and economically.
Noteworthy is that no hydrogen need be stored long-term in a desired use environment. This avoids the storage problems described above. Unless otherwise deployed, oxygen gas is allowed to escape to an ambient atmosphere through a port associated with the flow meter (52).
Wastage is minimized because the water flowing from the reaction vessel (26) can be re-circulated.
As noted earlier, green hydrogen gas may be connected, for example, to a hydrogen motor that turns a generator to supply electricity or to a fuel cell generator. There are no adverse emissions. The hydrogen could be made on demand. Accordingly, no storage is needed. If, for example, 5 L per minute is needed for a small motor to generate electricity for a house, then all that is needed is a relatively small system. If 40 L per minute is needed to power a semi-tractor-trailer rig, then one might use larger systems. Again, hydrogen storage is not required. All the operator needs to do is make what he needs, on demand.
To recap, a tortuous electrolyte flow within the reaction vessel while subjected to vibratory stimulus and electrolysis combine to create a suitable environment for inexpensive, high-yield hydrogen production without harmful emissions.
Naturally, the present disclosure is subject to numerous variations as regards its implementation. Although several embodiments are described above, it should readily be understood that it is not conceivable to identify all possible embodiments exhaustively. It is naturally possible to replace any of the means described with equivalent means without going beyond the ambit of the present disclosure and the claims.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.
This is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 18/202,150 filed on May 25, 2023, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 18202150 | May 2023 | US |
| Child | 18422842 | US |
