Patent Application
20160060981
The following is generally directed to a system for manipulating tubulars for subterranean operations, and more particularly, a system and method of operating the system for building stands of tubulars.
Drilling for oil and gas with a rotary drilling rigs is being undertaken to increasingly greater depths both offshore and on land, and is an increasingly expensive operation given the demands to search for resources deeper into the earth, which translates into longer drilling time. In fact, it has been recently estimated that the costs to operate some rigs can exceed nearly half a million dollars per day. Thus a heavy emphasis is placed on procedures for reducing delays in the drilling operation.
Currently, one of the most regular delays in the drilling operation is the extension of the drill string. When a small part of the tubular string extends above the drilling deck, additional tubulars must be moved from a storage rack and connected with the upper end of the tubular string to continue drilling to greater depths. Today, top drive rotary systems are most often used in place of other, older technology (e.g., a rotary table to turn the drill string), because it allows the rig to utilize pre-assembled tubular stands. The creation and handling of tubular stands, independently of the drilling process, is a potentially important way to save time and money, since multiple strings of tubulars can be assembled offline which can cause less delays to the actual drilling operation.
Previous systems of handling tubulars and creating stands while conducting drilling operations have been described. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,439. However, such systems generally rely upon a hoist to lift the tubular and lack features to ensure the safety of the workers. Other systems utilized in manipulating tubulars have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,540, U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,604, U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0151215, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,220,607. Generally, these handling systems, are heavy, costly, and consume a large amount of space. Moreover, these systems generally require significant human physical contact with the tubulars and lifting equipment at numerous times and locations, which can result in costly delay or possible injury. The alignment and transfer operations are lengthy and complex and the paths of the tubulars in the offline stand building are not fully restricted, which creates delay and safety hazards.
The industry continues to demand improvements in drilling technologies.
According to a first aspect, method for manipulating tubulars for subterranean operations including providing a first tubular at an initial position, wherein in the initial position the first tubular is in a substantially horizontal position and a proximal end region of the first tubular is position on a predetermined vertical axis, engaging the first tubular at the proximal end region with an engagement head, and lifting the first tubular at the proximal end region along the predetermined vertical axis and rotating the first tubular to change a position of the first tubular from the substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position, wherein in the substantially vertical position a longitudinal axis of the first tubular has an angular variation with respect to a predetermined vertical axis of not greater than about 5 degrees.
In yet another aspect, a for manipulating tubulars for subterranean operations includes operating a remote-controlled tubular lift system (RCTLS) by engaging a proximal end region of a first tubular with an engagement head at an initial position, wherein in the initial position the proximal end region of the first tubular is position on a predetermined vertical axis lifting the first tubular at the proximal end region along the predetermined vertical axis and rotating the first tubular to change a position of the first tubular from the substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position, wherein in the substantially vertical position a longitudinal axis of the first tubular has an angular variation with respect to a predetermined vertical axis of not greater than about 5 degrees, and translating the first tubular in a vertical position along the predetermined vertical axis and maintaining an angular variation with respect to the predetermined vertical axis of not greater than about 5 degrees during translation.
According to another aspect, a method for manipulating tubulars for subterranean operations includes operating a remote-controlled tubular lift system (RCTLS) contained in a work zone from an operator zone spaced away from the work zone, wherein operating the RCTLS includes manipulating a first tubular from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position and limiting the swinging motion of the first tubular by engaging the first tubular at a proximal end region with an engagement head and engaging the first tubular at a distal end region with a stabilizer, and controlling the engagement of the first tubular with the engagement head and stabilizer to substantially eliminate uncontrolled motion of a distal end of the first tubular during the change in position from the substantially horizontal position to the substantially vertical position aligned with an predetermined vertical axis.
In certain embodiments, an operator can be configured to control movement of the engagement head is positioned in an operator zone spaced away from the work zone. The operator can be configured to control movement of the engagement head from the operator zone via an input module. The input module can include at least one device selected from the group consisting of a control column, a joystick, an analog device, a digital device, a potentiometer, a variable resistor, a gyroscope, and a combination thereof, wherein the RCTLS is an automated system.
The proximal end region of the tubular can be spaced away from a center of gravity of the first tubular by at least about 0.2(l), wherein l is a length of the first tubular, at least about 0.25(l), at least about 0.3(l), at least about 0.35(l), at least about 0.4(l), at least about 0.42(l).
The proximal end region can include a proximal engagement region, which can include a tapered surface extending at an angle relative to a joint surface. In one embodiment, engaging the proximal end region of the first tubular with the engagement head comprise grasping the proximal end region at a tapered surface. In another embodiment, the engagement head can have a jaw having a first portion and a second portion. In more particular embodiments, at least one of the first portion and the second portion are moveable with respect to each other and are configured to be define an open position and a closed position, and wherein in the closed position, the jaw is configured to grasp the proximal end region of the first tubular. The engagement head can be part of an engagement head assembly comprising the engagement head coupled to an engagement head tower. The engagement head tower can be contained within the work zone, and the engagement head can be translated vertically along an engagement head axis to raise and lower tubulars.
In another aspect, lifting the first tubular can include translating the engagement head vertically along the engagement head tower and rotating the engagement head to change the position of the first tubular from the substantially horizontal position to the substantially vertical position. During lifting, the engagement head axis can extend vertically in substantially the same direction as the height of the engagement head tower, and the engagement head axis translates in substantially one direction along the engagement head axis.
In yet another aspect, during changing the position of the first tubular from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position the engagement head can be simultaneously translated vertically along an engagement head axis and rotates about a rotational axis. The method can further include engaging the first tubular at a proximal end region with an engagement head and engaging the first tubular at a distal end region with a stabilizer. In one embodiment, during changing the position of the first tubular from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position a rotational motion of the engagement head and a motion of the stabilizer can be coordinated relative to each other to limit uncontrolled motion of the first tubular. In still another embodiment, during changing the position of the first tubular from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position a vertical motion of the engagement head and a motion of the stabilizer can be coordinated relative to each other to limit uncontrolled motion of the first tubular. In yet another embodiment, during changing the position of the first tubular from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position a motion of the engagement head can be measured and used to control movement of the stabilizer.
In certain aspects, the method can include measuring at least one characteristic of the first tubular including a diameter of the first tubular prior to engaging the first tubular with the engagement head For example, measuring at least one characteristic can include using at least one sensor on the engagement head to detect a diameter of the first tubular.
Still further, the process can include engaging the first tubular with at least one alignment element in the substantially vertical position. For example the process can include engaging the first tubular with at least one alignment element while the first tubular is translated along a predetermined vertical axis in the substantially vertical position and maintaining the angular variation of not greater than about 5 degrees during translation of the first tubular along the predetermined vertical axis. In certain embodiments, the alignment element can include at least one roller configured to rotate in response to translation of the first tubular over a surface of the at least one roller. More particularly, the first tubular can be disposed between alignment elements in the form of rollers.
The method can further include translating the first tubular along a predetermined axis in a stabilized state having an angular variation of not greater than about 5 degrees. The method can further include selecting between a first mousehole and a second mousehole of a mousehole assembly. In another embodiment, the method can further include aligning one of a first central axis of the first mousehole and a second central axis of a second mousehole with the predetermined vertical axis. Still, the method may include translating the first tubular vertically along the predetermined vertical axis and delivering the first tubular to one of the first mousehole and the second mousehole aligned with the predetermined vertical axis.
In one particular embodiment, the process can include placing a first tubular in a first mousehole of a mousehole assembly, changing a position of the mousehole assembly relative to the predetermined vertical axis, and placing a second tubular in a second mousehole of the mousehole assembly. In particular instances, changing the position of a mousehole assembly can include translating the mousehole assembly within a cavity. Moreover, in other instances, placing a first tubular in the first mousehole comprises aligning the first mousehole with the predetermined vertical axis, wherein the predetermined vertical axis can be associated with a longitudinal axis of the first tubular. For example, changing a position of the first mousehole assembly can include translating the mousehole assembly from a first position to a second position, wherein in the first position the first mousehole is aligned with the predetermined vertical axis and in the second position the second mousehole is aligned with the predetermined vertical axis.
More particularly, placing a first tubular in the first mousehole further can include containing at least a portion of the first tubular in a first rabbit connected to the first mousehole. Furthermore, in at least one embodiment, the process can include changing an exposure length of the first tubular by changing a length of a first rabbit connected to the first mousehole.
In yet another aspect, the process can include providing a second tubular at an initial position, wherein in the initial position the second tubular can be in a substantially horizontal position and a proximal end region of the first tubular is positioned on the predetermined vertical axis, engaging the second tubular at the proximal end region with an engagement head, and lifting the second tubular at the proximal end region along the predetermined vertical axis and rotating the second tubular to change a position of the second tubular from the substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position. The method can also include selecting one of the first mousehole and the second mousehole and aligning one of a first central axis of the first mousehole and a second central axis of a second mousehole with the predetermined vertical axis. Furthermore, in certain instances, the method can include translating the second tubular vertically along the predetermined vertical axis and delivering the second tubular to one of the first mousehole and the second mousehole aligned with the predetermined vertical axis. The method may also include forming a stand by combining the first tubular, second tubular, and a third tubular to form a stand.
In one particular embodiment, the process includes providing a third tubular at an initial position, wherein in the initial position the third tubular can be in a substantially horizontal position and a proximal end region of the first tubular is position on the predetermined vertical axis, engaging the third tubular at the proximal end region with an engagement head, and lifting the third tubular at the proximal end region along the predetermined vertical axis and rotating the third tubular to change a position of the third tubular from the substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position. The method may include joining the third tubular with one of the first tubular contained in the first mousehole to form a double. Moreover, the method can include joining the third tubular with one of the second tubular contained in the second mousehole to form a double. Still, in another embodiment, the method can include joining one of the first tubular and second tubular with a double including the third tubular to form a stand. The method may also include engaging the stand with a griphead and delivering the stand to one of the well-center and storage center, wherein the well-center can include a borehole extending into the earth, and wherein the storage center can include a fingerboard for storing tubulars.
In yet another aspect, a method for building a stand of tubulars for subterranean operations including combining at least three tubulars together to form stand in an average stand-building time of at least about 10% less than an average stand-building time of conventional equipment.
In yet another aspect, the method can include use of a mousehole assembly including a first mousehole, a second mousehole spaced apart from the first mousehole, and a mechanism configured to change a position of at least one of the first mousehole and second mousehole within the cavity. The method can further include placing a first tubular in a first mousehole of a mousehole assembly, changing a position of the mousehole assembly relative to a predetermined vertical axis, placing a second tubular in a second mousehole of the mousehole assembly, joining a third tubular with the second tubular to form a double, and joining the first tubular with the double to form a stand comprising the first tubular, second tubular, and third tubular.
The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
The following is directed to systems for manipulating tubulars for subterranean operations, including but not limited to drilling operations directed to resources such as natural gas and oil. The present embodiments include description of one or more components of a system that may be employed in various stand-building processes. The present embodiments may be utilized one land or on water. In certain instances, the components, systems, and processes described herein may be utilized in off-shore drilling operations, particularly on jack-up rigs that generally have limited space to conduct operations.
As further illustrated, the system 100 can include a pipe loader 105 that may be a machine configured to grab tubulars 107 from a storage location and place them on a pipe pusher 106. The pipe pusher 106 can be configured to move the tubular 107 from the pipe loader 105 to a tubular lift system 130 located on the drill floor 103. As illustrated, the tubular lift system 130 may be used to organize and combine one or more tubulars, and in particular, can be used in the formation of stands (i.e., a plurality of tubulars connected together). The tubular lift system 130 can be a remote-controlled tubular lift system (RCTLS). The tubular lift system 130 can include a stabilizer 111, which may be utilized to position the tubular 107 into an initial position for engagement with an engagement head 109.
The engagement head 109 may manipulate the tubular 107 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position to facilitate forming a stand of tubulars which may be stored in a rack 115. The tubulars placed in the rack 115 may be later engaged and brought to well center 188 by a griphead 114 that may facilitate their use in the down hole, drilling operation. As further illustrated, the tubular lift system 130 may include an iron roughneck 112, which may be utilized to facilitate joining of the tubulars and formation of stands. Furthermore, the tubular lift system 130 may include an engagement head tower 108 along which an engagement head 109 may be translated to facilitate a change in position of the tubular 107 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position. The tubular lift system 130 may include an operator cab 110 that is configured to house an operator controlling one or more of the components of the tubular lift system 130.
In accordance with one particular embodiment, the tubular lift system 130 can be a remote-controlled operation, configured to allow an operator to be remotely located relative to the work zone 131. For example, any of the components of the tubular lift system 130 of the embodiments herein can be remote-controlled, and in particular, may be controlled by operation of one or more input modules to guide and control movement of the components by an operator in the operator zone 132 spaced apart from the work zone 131. The operator can be contained within an operator zone 132 and spaced away from the work zone 131, thus reducing the likelihood of injury to the operator. Moreover, any of the components or all of the components of the tubular lift system 130 may be fully automated, such that an entire stand-building operation can be controlled by actuation of a single switch.
As further illustrated, the drill pipes can have a particular tool joint that may be utilized for joining two drill pipes together. For example, the tool joint 205 may include an enlarged end portion 208, commonly referred to as a box. The enlarged end portion 208 may be joined to a central portion 207 having a smaller external diameter connected by a tapered surface 206, which can define a portion of the proximal end region of the tubular. As will be further appreciated, joining of the pipes may be facilitated by a threaded engagement. Furthermore, one end of the tubular may have a female connection with a threaded surface extending into the interior of the tubular, while the opposite end of the tubular may have a male joint having a threaded portion extending from the interior of the tool joint.
In accordance with one embodiment, a tubular may include a proximal end region that can be spaced away from a center of gravity of the tubular. In accordance with an embodiment, the proximal end region can be defined as a region that is spaced away from the center of gravity by at least about 0.2(l), wherein l is the length of the tubular. Referring briefly to
As further illustrated in
Referring again to
Other types of tubulars, as provided in
Referring again to
In accordance with another embodiment, any of the tubulars described herein can have a distal end region 262 displaced a distance from the proximal end region 252, and more particularly, may be positioned at or near the opposite end of the tubular from the proximal end region 252. It will be appreciated that the distal end region 262 can include any of the features of the proximal end region 252. For example, the distal end region 262 may include a distal engagement region 267 that may include a feature such as a tapered surface 266 extending at an angle relative to a joint surface 269.
Additionally, or alternatively, the distal engagement region 267 can include a distal engagement surface that is shaped for complementary engagement with a portion of a stabilizer 111. The distal end engagement region 267 can have a diameter that can be smaller than the diameter of the tubular at the distal terminating end. Moreover, as described herein with respect to the proximal engagement region, the distal end region may include a zip groove, a lift nipple, and the like. As illustrated herein, the distal end region 262 of the tubular can include a distal tool joint 270, which may include a threaded surface for engagement with another end of a tubular.
The tubulars of embodiments herein may have a particular aspect ratio, as measured by the minimum outer diameter to the length (minimum outer diameter:length) of the tubular. In accordance with an embodiment, the tubulars herein can have an aspect ratio of at least about 1:2, such as at least about 1:5, at least about 1:8, at least about 1:10, or even at least about 1:15.
The tubulars of the embodiments herein can have various sizes depending upon their intended purpose. For example, the tubulars herein may have a minimum outer diameter of at least about 4 inches, such as at least about 4.5 inches, at least about 5 inches, or even at least about 6 inches. Still, the tubulars of the embodiments herein may have a minimum outer diameter that is not greater than about 25 inches, such as not greater than about 20 inches, not greater than about 15 inches, or even not greater than about 12 inches.
Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the size and weight of tubulars herein is significant. For example, the tubulars may have a weight of at least about 100 kg, such as at least about 200 kg, at least about 300 kg.
It will be appreciated that the engagement head assembly 311 can be contained within the work zone 131 on the drill floor 103. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the engagement head tower 304, which is part of the engagement head assembly 311, can be contained with the work zone 131 on the drill floor 103. In one embodiment, the engagement head assembly 311 can include rails extending vertically from the drill floor 103 providing a pathway for movement of the engagement head 109. The carriage of 303 of the engagement head assembly 311 can be configured to couple the engagement head 109 with the engagement head tower 304 and further facilitate translating of the engagement head 109 along the engagement head tower 304.
The engagement head 109 can include a first portion 301 and a second portion 302, which may be movable with respect to each other. For example, in one embodiment, the first portion 301 may be configured to move relative to the second portion 302. Still in other embodiments, the first portion 301 may be stationary and the second portion 302 may be configured to move relative to the first portion 301. As illustrated, the engagement head 109 may be in the form of a jaw including the first portion 301 and second portion 302, which can move with respect to each other from an open position to a closed position. In the open position, such as illustrated in
In at least one embodiment, the first portion 301 of the engagement head 109 may have a complementary surface having a shape configured to engage at least a portion of the proximal end region 307 of the tubular 308. For example, as illustrated in
The engagement head 109 can be configured to translate vertically along an engagement head axis 310. It will be appreciated that certain directions described herein can be defined with respect to a plane generally defined by the drill floor 103. For example, a vertical axis can be defined by the vertical direction 396 extending perpendicular to the plane of the drill floor 103. A horizontal axis can be defined by the horizontal direction 397 extending in a direction parallel to the drill floor 103. The lateral axis can be defined by a lateral direction 398 can extend perpendicular to the vertical direction 396 and perpendicular to the horizontal direction 397. As further illustrated, the combination of the lateral direction 396 and horizontal direction 397 can define a plane that is substantially parallel with the drill floor 103.
It is noted herein, the engagement head 109 can be configured to translate vertically along an engagement head axis 310 which may be substantially parallel to a predetermined vertical axis. The predetermined vertical axis can extend in the vertical direction 396 and is an identified axis providing suitable alignment between one or more components and facilitating suitable stand-building operations. In particular instances, the engagement head axis 310 can be the same as the predetermined vertical axis. In other embodiments, the engagement head axis 310 can be spaced apart from the predetermined vertical axis. The engagement head 109 can be configured to translate along the engagement head axis 310, which can further be substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of a tubular in the substantially vertical position.
In accordance with an embodiment, the engagement head assembly 311 can include at least one drive device selected from the group of devices consisting of a motor, a hydraulic device, a pneumatic device, a stepper motor, a servo motor, DC motor, AC motor, and a combination thereof. The drive device can be configured to allow for movement of one or more components of the engagement head assembly 311, including for example, but not limited to movement of the engagement head 109 for engagement with a proximal end 307 of the tubular 308. In still other instances, the drive device may be configured to translate the engagement head 109 on the engagement head tower 304, and more particularly, vertically translate the engagement head 109 along the engagement head axis 310 along the engagement head tower 304. Furthermore, at least one drive device may be utilized to facilitate rotation of the engagement head 109 relative around a rotational axis 315. While the rotational axis 315 is shown as extending generally in the lateral direction 398, it will be appreciated that the rotational axis 315 can extend in any direction, including the vertical axis 396, the horizontal axis 397, the lateral axis 396, and any axis in between.
According to one embodiment, the engagement head 109 can include a drive device 312 that facilitates relative movement of the second portion 302 to the first portion 301 of the engagement head 109. In particular instances, the drive device 312 can be a pneumatic device or hydraulic device configured to translate linear motion to a rotational motion of the second portion 302 and facilitate movement of the second portion 302 between an open position and a closed position. It will be appreciated that other drive devices may be utilized to achieve relative motion between the first portion 301 and the second portion 302.
The engagement head assembly 311 can include a carriage 303 including a drive device 313. The drive device 313 can include a hydraulic or pneumatic device configured to translate linearly and convert the linear motion of the drive device to rotary motion of the engagement head 109 around a rotational axis 315. As noted herein, the rotational axis 315 may correspond to a generally lateral direction 398. As shown in
While not illustrated, it will be appreciated that certain designs of the engagement head 109 may allow for translation of the engagement head 109 in a horizontal direction 397 relative to the engagement head tower 304. In other embodiments, while not illustrated, it will be appreciated that the engagement head 109 can be coupled to the engagement head tower 304 and configured to translate in a lateral direction 396 relative to the engagement tower 304. Still, in at least one non-limiting embodiment, the engagement head 109 may be configured to translate in a single direction, and more particularly, in a fixed vertical direction 396 along the engagement head axis 310. Accordingly, in such instances, the engagement head 109 may have limited ability to translate in a horizontal direction 397 or a lateral direction 398.
In accordance with an embodiment, the engagement head 109 can include a sensor 305 that may be configured to detect certain aspects of the tube lifting process. Reference herein to a sensor can include a device such as a transducer, an optical sensor, a mechanical sensor, a magnetic sensor, an encoder, and a combination thereof.
In one aspect, the engagement head 109 can include a sensor configured to detect a force applied to a tubular 308. In particular instances, the engagement head 109 can be configured to have selectable force or pressure settings, wherein the engagement head 109 can have different pressure states based upon at least one characteristic of a tubular 308.For example, the engagement head 109 can be configured to adapt a force applied to a tubular based on the size of the tubular. In one embodiment, the sensor 305 of the engagement head 109 can detect a diameter of the tubular to be engaged with the engagement head 109 and select a force to be applied to the tubular 308 based upon the detected diameter of the tubular 308. In certain other aspects, the sensor 305 may generate a signal representative of the detected diameter of the tubular 308 that can be sent to an operator of the tubular lift system. The operator can then select a force to be applied by the engagement head 109 to the tubular 308 based upon the detected diameter of the tubular 308.
In accordance with one aspect, the engagement head 109 can be configured to adapt to tubulars of different diameters, and more particularly, may have a jaw configured to grasp tubulars of different diameters. For example, in one embodiment, the engagement head 109 can include a sensor 305 that is configured to detect a size, and more particularly, detect an external diameter of a tubular 308. Based upon the size of the tubular 308, the engagement head 109 can be configured to adapt to the size of the tubular. For example, in one embodiment, the size of the opening 316 defined between the first portion 301 and the second portion 302 can change in dimension in response to a detected size of the tubular 308.
In accordance with another embodiment, the engagement head 109 can include a sensor, such as the sensor 305, which can be configured to detect a location of the tubular 308 relative to at least one surface of the engagement head 109. For example, the engagement head 109 can detect a location of a tubular 308 relative to at least one surface, such as a surface of the first portion 301 of the engagement head 109.
It will be appreciated that reference herein to a sensor 305 is non-limiting. For example, a suitable sensor may be placed on any portion of the engagement head assembly 311 or with any component of the engagement head assembly 311 to facilitate detection of any one of the location tubular 308, size of a tubular 308, force applied to a tubular, and relative position of one of the components of the engagement head assembly 311 relative to another component of the tubular lift system 130. For example, in one instance, the engagement head assembly 311 can include at least one sensor configured to detect a position of the engagement head 109 relative to a position on the engagement head tower 304. In another embodiment, the engagement head assembly 311 may include at least one sensor configured to detect at least one of a rotational position of the engagement head 109, a vertical position of the engagement head 109, a horizontal position of the engagement head 109, a position of a tubular with respect to the engagement head 109, an angular variation of the tubular relative to a predetermined vertical axis, and any other combination thereof.
According to one embodiment, the tubular 308 can be configured to be translated along the predetermined vertical axis in a stabilized state having an angular variation of not greater than about 5 degrees. Suitable angular variation can facilitate efficient operations, and particularly, efficient stand-building operations. The angular variation of the tubular can be measured as an angle between the predetermined vertical axis and a longitudinal axis of the tubular 308.
In accordance with an embodiment, other elements may engage the tubular and assist with the change in position from the substantially horizontal position to the substantially vertical position. For example, the tubular lift system 130 can include a stabilizer 111, which is generally illustrated in
The tubular lift system 130 can further include one or more alignment elements. During movement of the tubular 308 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position the tubular 308 may be engaged by at least one alignment element.
As further illustrated in
As illustrated in
The mousehole assembly 113, and more particularly, the mousehole structure 346, can be configured to translate for a particular distance within the cavity 345. As illustrated, the cavity 345 can have a length designated CL. In certain instances, the mousehole structure can be configured to be translated within the cavity for a distance of at least about 0.1(CL). In other embodiments, the mousehole structure 346 can be configured to move at least about 0.2(CL), at least about 0.3(CL), at least about 0.4(CL), or even at least about 0.5(CL). Still, in one non-limiting embodiment, the mousehole structure may be configured to move not greater than about 0.8(CL), such as not greater than about 0.7(CL), or even not greater than about 0.6(CL). In one particular instance, the distance between the first central axis 320 of the first mousehole 340 and the second central axis 330 of the second mousehole 341 can be the same as the distance the mousehole structure 346 is translated within the cavity 345.
In accordance with an embodiment, the mousehole assembly 113 can include at least one actuator configured to move at least a portion of the mousehole assembly relative to the drill floor 103. The actuator can include at least one drive device as described in embodiments herein, such as a motor, a hydraulic device, a pneumatic device, a stepper motor, a servo motor, DC motor, AC motor, and a combination thereof. As noted herein, it will be appreciated that reference to moving at least a portion of the mousehole assembly 113 can include independently moving any one of the components of the mousehole assembly 113, including for example, but not limited to, the first mousehole 340, the second mousehole 341, and the mousehole structure 346. In the design of the mousehole assembly 113 illustrated in
As noted herein, the mousehole assembly 113 can be configured to move relative to a surface in the work zone 131. In particular, the mousehole assembly 113 may be configured to move relative to the drill floor 103, and more particularly, may change position relative to one or more components (e.g., the engagement arm 109) of the tubular lift system 130. It will be appreciated that reference herein to movement of at least a portion of the mousehole assembly 113 can include movement in any of the directions noted herein, including a lateral direction 398, a horizontal direction 397, and a vertical direction 396. For example, in one particular embodiment the relative movement of the mousehole assembly 113 to a surface of the drill floor 103 can include rotation, translation, and a combination thereof. While the embodiments herein generally show translation of the mousehole assembly 113 in a horizontal direction 397, it will be appreciated that other designs may be utilized that allow for distinct movement of a mousehole assembly in other directions.
As noted herein, the mousehole assembly 113 can be disposed within the work zone 131. More particularly, the mousehole assembly 113 can be space away from an operator zone 132. Accordingly, the mousehole assembly 113 may be configured to be operated by an operator contained within the operator zone 132 and spaced away from the work zone 131. In certain instances, the mousehole assembly 113 may be controlled from the operator zone 132 via an input module. Suitable input modules can include those noted herein, including but not limited to, a device such as a control column, a joystick, an analog device, a digital device, a potentiometer, a variable resistor, a gyroscope, and a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the mousehole assembly 113 may be an automated system, such that the controlled movement or controlled sequence of operations of the mousehole assembly 113 can be controlled by actuation of a single switch.
In particular embodiments, the cavity 345 may be configured to have a cover 347. The cover 347 may underlie the drill floor 103. In other embodiments, the cover 347 may overlie the drill floor 103. Furthermore, the cover 347 may be movable relative to the mousehole structure 346, thus limiting any openings below the drill floor 103 and limiting potential hazards within the work zone 131. In at least one embodiment, the cover 347 can be configured to move between a first position and a second position. For example, the cover 347 can be configured to be movable between a first position and a second position relative to the first position and second position of the mousehole structure 346.
As noted in
Referring now to
In accordance with an embodiment, the first mousehole 341 can define a first opening 343 having a first diameter. Moreover, the second mousehole 341 can define a second opening 344 having a second diameter. In accordance with an embodiment, the first diameter of the first opening 343 and the second diameter of the second opening 344 can be substantially similar. More particularly, the size of the openings 343 and 344 can be essentially the same.
The mousehole assembly 113 may be equipped with one or more sensors or transducers to facilitate detection of certain characteristics of the process and adaptation of the mousehole assembly 113 for particular conditions. For example, in one embodiment the mousehole assembly 113 can include at least one sensor such that it is configured to adapt to tubulars of different sizes, and more particularly, tubulars of different diameters. In one embodiment, the first mousehole 340 can have at least one mechanical device facilitating a change in the diameter of the first opening 343 to facilitate reception of tubulars of different diameters. For example, in one embodiment the first mousehole 340 can have a first opening position configured to receive a first tubular of a first diameter and a second opening position configured to accept a second tubular having a second diameter different than the first diameter.
It will be appreciated that the second mousehole 341 can utilize the same features noted above for the first mousehole 340. In one aspect, the second mousehole 341 may include a sensor configured to detect a tubular to be disposed therein, and more particularly, configured to adapt to tubulars of different sizes. In certain instances, the second mousehole 341 may be adaptable, such that is has a first opening position configured for a first tubular having a first diameter, and a second opening position configured to receive a second tubular having a second diameter different than the first diameter. As such, the second mousehole 341 may be capable of changing the size of the second opening 344 to facilitate receiving of tubulars of different diameters.
In one embodiment, the mousehole assembly 113 can include a sensor that can be configured to detect an alignment between a predetermined vertical axis and the first central axis 320 of the first mousehole 340 or between the predetermined vertical axis and the second central axis 330 of the second mousehole 341. It will be appreciated that such a sensor can be placed on any of the components of the mousehole assembly 113, including for example, inside the first mousehole 340 or inside the second mousehole 341. In certain instances, the mousehole assembly 113 can include a sensor that is configured to detect an alignment between the predetermined vertical axis and the first central axis 320 or the second central axis 330, and further configured to change a position of the first mousehole 340 or the second mousehole 341 based on a signal including alignment data. For example, the sensor may detect a misalignment between the first central axis 320 and the predetermined vertical axis and send a signal to facilitate adjustment of the position of one or more of the components of the mousehole assembly 113 (e.g. the mousehole structure 348) to achieve suitable alignment between the first central axis 320 and the predetermined vertical axis or the second central axis 330 and the predetermined vertical axis.
Referring now to
As illustrated, at a first time illustrated in
At a second time as illustrated in
As further illustrated in
The following is reference to a griphead, which is a tool that can be used in the tubular lift system 130 to facilitate further manipulation of one or more tubulars (e.g., a stand). Distinct from other tools described herein, the griphead may be utilized in a racking procedure wherein a string of tubulars may be placed on the rack 115 and made ready for use at the well center 188. Referring briefly to
The griphead 500 can include a housing 501 and a jaw assembly 530 contained within the housing 501. The jaw assembly 530 can include an actuator box 502 contained within the housing 501. Furthermore, the jaw assembly 530 can include a first arm 504 configured to be actuated between an open position and a closed position by controlling a relative position of the first arm 504 with respect to a first bumper 505.
As further illustrated, the first arm 504 can be coupled to the actuator box 502 via a fastener 510. Notably, in one embodiment, the first arm 504 can be coupled to the actuator box 502 at the fastener 510 and configured to rotate around a portion of the actuator box 502 in direction 521 or 531 at the fastener 510. Likewise, the second arm 514 can be coupled to the actuator box 502 at a fastener 520. More particularly, the second arm 514 can be coupled to the actuator box 502 and configured to rotate around a position of the actuator box 502 in direction 522 or 541 at the fastener 520. The fastener 510 can be configured to allow rotational motion of the first arm 504 relative to the housing 501. The fastener 520 can be configured to allow rotational motion of the second arm 514 relative to the housing 501. The fasteners 510 and 520 can include components such as a hinge, a pin, and the like.
As noted herein the jaw assembly 530 can include a first arm 504, wherein in the open position, the first arm 504 can be spaced away from the first bumper 505 and in a closed position the first arm 504 can be configured to be engaged with (i.e., abutting) the first bumper 505. In certain instances, the engagement of the first arm 504 with the first bumper 505 can facilitate movement of the first arm 504 in direction 531 and a change of position of the first arm 504 from an open position, as provided in
The grip head 500 can include a first bumper 505 which can be affixed to the housing 501. As such, the first bumper 505 may be a stationary article securely fixed in place on the housing 501 such that relative motion of the first arm 504 to the bumper 505 is caused by the motion of the first arm 504 towards the stationary first bumper 505. Still in an alternative embodiment, the first bumper 505 may be configured to be moved between a first position and second position. Notably, the first position of the first bumper 505 can correspond to an open position of the first arm 504 and a second position of the first bumper 505 can correspond to a closed position of the first arm 504.
The first arm 504 may include a first pin 509 extending from an upper surface of the first arm and configured to be engaged in a first slot within the housing 502. In accordance with an embodiment, the first pin 509 can extend from an upper surface of the first arm 504 and engaged with a first slot in the housing 501. The first pin 509 can be configured to translate between a first position and a second position within the first slot in the housing 501. In accordance with an embodiment, the first position of the first pin 509 can correspond to an open position of the first arm 504 (see
The griphead 500 can further include a jaw assembly 530 including a second arm 514 configured to be moveable between an open position and a closed position by controlling a position of the second arm 514 relative to a second bumper 515. The second arm 514 that can be configured to be moved between an open position, as generally illustrated in
The second bumper 515 can be affixed to the housing 501, and more particularly, may be a stationary article securely fixed in place on the housing 501 such that relative motion of the second arm 514 relative to the first bumper 515 is caused by the motion of the second arm 514 towards the stationary second bumper 515. Still in an alternative embodiment, the second bumper 515 may be configured to be moved between a first position and second position. Notably, the first position of the second bumper 515 can correspond to an open position of the second arm 514 and a second position of the second bumper 515 can correspond to a closed position of the second arm 514.
Moreover, the second arm 514 may include a second pin 519 configured to be engaged within a second slot within the housing 501. In particular, the second arm 514 can include an upper surface and a second pin 519 extending from the upper surface and configured to engage a second slot in the housing 501. Notably, the second pin may be configured to translate between a first position and second position within the second slot of the housing 501. The first position of the second pin 519 can correspond to an open position of the second arm 514, while the second position of the second pin 519 within the second slot can correspond to a closed position of the second arm 514, such as shown in
Movement of the jaw assembly 530 from an open position, such as shown in
As further illustrated, the jaw assembly 530 can include an actuator box 502 that can be configured to be translated in the linear direction 561. In accordance with an embodiment, the actuator box 502 can be configured to move between a first position and a second position relative to the housing 501. Moreover, the actuator box 502 can be configured to move between a first position corresponding to an open position of the first arm 504 and second arm 514 to a second position corresponding to a closed position of the first arm 504 and second arm 514. Referring more particularly to
Upon abutting the first bumper 505 with the first arm 504 the linear movement of the first arm 504 in the direction 561 may be translated to additional rotational motion in direction 531. Likewise, for the second arm 514 some linear translation of the second arm 514 may occur until the outer surface 753 of the second arm 514 abuts the second bumper 515
Movement of the jaw assembly 530, and more particularly, the actuator box 502 may be facilitated by a drive device. One suitable drive device can include a piston 508. The piston 508 can be coupled to a central arm 503 disposed between the first arm 504 and second arm 514. In one embodiment, the piston 508 can be fixably attached to the housing 501 and intended to be held stationary with respect to the housing 501. According to another embodiment, the central arm 503 can be configured to engage a tubular 550 and the gripping force on the tubular 550 may be controlled by a position of the central arm 503 relative to the jaw assembly 530. The piston 508 can be configured to move between a first position and a second position, which can be configured to facilitate motion of the first arm 504 between the open position and closed position corresponding to the first position and second position of the piston 508. Moreover, movement of the piston 508 between the first position and second position can be configured to facilitate motion of the second arm 514 between the open position and closed position corresponding to the first position and second position of the piston 508.
In at least one embodiment, the piston 508 can be coupled to a sensor configured to measure a force (or pressure) applied by the piston to the actuator box 502. In certain instances, the sensor can include a transducer that is configured to measure a pressure applied by the piston 508 on the actuator box 502 and generate a signal based on the pressure. The signal may be used to modify or adjust the pressure applied by the piston 508 on the actuator box 502. It will be appreciated that the measurement and adjustment of pressure by the piston 508 and the sensor on the actuator box 502 can facilitate adjustment of pressure applied by the jaw assembly 503 on a tubular 550. The adjustment of the pressure applied by the piston 508 can be facilitated by the use of a logic device. The logic device may be configured to adjust the pressure applied by the piston based on the signal generated from the transducer. Alternatively, a signal may be sent to an operator in operator zone 132 and the operator may select a suitable pressure to be applied by the piston 508 based upon the signal.
The griphead 500 may further include a sensor configured to measure at least one aspect of a tubular 550. For example, the griphead 500 can include a sensor configured to measure a diameter of a tubular 550. Measurement of an aspect of a tubular, including for example a diameter of a tubular, may facilitate selection and adjustment of a grip pressure applied by the jaw assembly 530 to the tubular 550. That is, the grip pressure of the jaw assembly 530 applied on a tubular 550 can be adjusted based on the diameter of the tubular 550.
In an alternative embodiment, a grip pressure applied by the jaw assembly 530 on a tubular can be adjusted based upon the pressure applied by the piston 508 to the actuator box 502 of the jaw assembly 530. Moreover, the grip pressure of the jaw assembly 530 may be adjusted based on the pressure applied by the piston 508 to the central arm 503 in contact with the tubular 550. For example, the greater the force applied by the piston 508, the further the movement of the actuator box 502 in the direction 561, and thus the greater the force applied on the first arm 504 and second arm 514 to urge rotation to a closed position, and the greater the force applied on the tubular 560.
The griphead 500 may be formed such that the jaw assembly 530 can be adapted to grasp tubular having various diameters. In particular, the jaw assembly 530 may configured to securely hold tubulars having a diameter of at least about 4 inches, such as at least about 4.5 inches, at least about 5 inches, or even at least about 6 inches. And still other embodiments, the jaw assembly 530 of the grip head 500 may be configured to securely grasp tubulars having a diameter of not greater than about 25 inches, such as not greater than about 20 inches, not greater than about 18 inches, not greater than about 16 inches, not greater than about 14 inches, or even not greater than about 12 inches.
As further illustrated, the first arm 504 can include a first contact pad 507 configured to engage a portion of a tubular 550 in the closed position. The first contact pad can be coupled to an interior surface 571 of the first arm 504. Furthermore, the second arm 514 can have a second contact pad 517 coupled to an interior 572 of the second arm 514. Moreover, the central arm 503 can include a central contact pad 506 coupled to an interior surface 573 of the central arm 503. In accordance with a particular embodiment, the first contact pad 507 can have a convex curvature such that the exterior surface of the first contact pad 507 can be bowed outward away from the interior surface 571 of the first arm 504. The curvature of the first contact pad 507 in an outward manner can facilitate engagement of the tubular 550 on the first contact pad 507 and limit corner or edge contacts with the tubular and stress risers.
The second contact pad 517 can have a similar curvature to the first contact pad 507. For example, the second contact pad 517 can have a convex curvature or an outer surface curving outwards away from the interior surface 572 of the second arm 514, which may limit point contacts between the second contact pad 517 and the tubular 550. Furthermore, the central contact pad 506 can have a similar shape with respect to the first contact pad 507 or the second contact pad 517, including for example a convex curvature to limit point contacts and stress risers when in contact with the tubular 550.
As illustrated in
In accordance with another aspect, the grip head 500 may utilize a maintenance kit for maintenance and replacement of certain portions of the griphead 500. In particular, a kit for maintenance can include replacement contact pads for any of the contact pads of the griphead 500. For example the maintenance kit may include at least one of a first contact pad 507 for a first arm 504, a second contact pad 517 for a second arm 514, and a central contact pad 704 for a central arm 503. It will be appreciated that the maintenance kit may sell each of the contact pads individually or together.
In the initial position, the proximal end region 252 can be placed at an engagement head axis 310, such that the proximal end region 252 of the first tubular 605 is configured to be engaged by the engagement head 109. Notably, the movement of the stabilizer 111 can be facilitated by at least one hinged axis 603 facilitating motion of the stabilizer 111 in the direction 607 and lifting the tubular to the initial position 670. It will be appreciated that in moving the first tubular 605 from the end of the shunter 688 to the initial position 670, wherein the proximal end region 252 is placed on an engagement head axis 310, one or more elements of the pipe pusher 688 may be used to engage and push a distal end of the first tubular 605 over the receiving surface 604 of the stabilizer 111.
As noted herein, the stabilizer 111 can have particular features that may be utilized to properly position the distal end region 262 of the first tubular 605 on the stabilizer 111 and maintain control of the distal end region 262 of the tubular during the change in position of the first tubular 605 from the substantially horizontal position to the substantially vertical position.
In accordance with an embodiment, the stabilizer 111 can be configured to engage at least a portion of the first tubular 605 in the substantially horizontal position and facilitate movement of the first tubular 605 to the initial position 670. Moreover, as noted in
According to one aspect, the stabilizer 111 can include a receiving surface 701 configured to engage at least a portion of a first tubular 605. In particular instances, the receiving surface 701 can include a contour having a complementary shape relative to a shape or a portion of a shape of the first tubular 605. For example, the receiving surface 701 may have an arcuate contour configured to engage at least a portion of an exterior surface of the first tubular 605. In more particular instances, the receiving surface 701 of the stabilizer 111 may have a substantially concave curvature to engage at least a portion of the exterior surface of the first tubular 605 therein.
In another aspect, at least a portion of the stabilizer 111 may include a roller 604 configured to rotate in the direction 705 as the tubular translates in a direction 709 over a surface of the roller. For example, the roller 604 can include the receiving surface 701 configured to engage a portion of the first tubular 605, such that upon translation of the tubular over the receiving surface the roller 604 can be configured to rotate and smoothly translate the first tubular 605 over the receiving surface 701.
In at least one embodiment, the stabilizer 111 can further include a stop bar 702. The stop bar 702 can be configured to engage a portion of the tubular and maintain contact between the first tubular 605 and the receiving surface 701 of the stabilizer 111, and reduce swinging motion of the first tubular 605 away from the receiving surface 701 of the stabilizer 111. In particular instances, the first tubular 605 may be disposed between a stop bar 702 and the receiving surface 701 of the stabilizer 111 to reduce uncontrolled motion of a distal end region 262 of the first tubular 605 during a change of position of the tubular from a substantial horizontal position to a substantial vertical position. In at least one embodiment, the stop bar 702 of the stabilizer 111 can include a latch that may be actuated by a switch. The switch can be actuated by a sensor configured to detect the presence and location of the first tubular 605 on the stabilizer 111. Alternatively, the switch can be remote-controlled by an operator in the operator zone 132.
It will be appreciated that in certain instances the stop bar 702 can be configured to be actuated between an open position and a closed position, generally in the direction 703. In the open position, the stop bar 702 can be spaced away from a surface of the first tubular 605, and in the closed position, such as shown in
As further illustrated, in one embodiment, the stop bar 702 may include a tab 706 extending from a distal end of the stop bar 702 and configured to facilitate engagement of the first tubular 605 with the receiving surface 701. In one embodiment, the tab 706 can be configured for maintaining the position of the first tubular 605 with the receiving surface 701.
In at least one embodiment, during the motion of the stabilizer in direction 621 and/or 622 the stop bar 702 may be utilized to dispose the proximal end region 262 of the first tubular 605 between the stop bar 702 and receiving surface 701 of the stabilizer 111 to facilitate a smooth transition of the first tubular 605 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position and a stabilized state such that the angular variation of the tubular with respect to the predetermined vertical axis is limited.
In accordance with one embodiment, during the change of position of the first tubular 605 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position a rotational motion of the engagement head 109 and a motion of the stabilizer 111 in one or more directions can be coordinated relative to each other to limit the uncontrolled motion (e.g., swinging of the distal end region 262 of the tubular). For example, in one embodiment during the change of position of the first tubular 605 from a substantially horizontal position to a substantially vertical position, a vertical motion of the engagement head 109 and motion of the stabilizer 111 can be coordinated relative to each other to limit uncontrolled motion of the first tubular 605. For example, the rate of vertical lift in the direction 396 of the engagement head 109 may be coordinated with the rate of change in direction of the stabilizer in the direction 621 and/or 622 to limit uncontrolled motion of the distal end region 262 of the first tubular 605. Furthermore, it will be appreciate that in addition, the rotational motion of the engagement head 109 in the direction 811 may be controlled relative to the motion of the stabilizer 111 in direction 621 and/or 622 to limit uncontrolled motion of the distal end region 262 of the first tubular 605. For example, the rate of rotation may be managed with respect to the rate of the change direction of the stabilizer 111 in the direction 621 and/or 622.
In one embodiment, a method of managing and controlling the rate of movement in one or more directions between the engagement head 109 and stabilizer 111 can include one or more sensors configured to measure the rate of movement of the engagement head 109 and/or stabilizer 111. Furthermore, the system may utilize one or more logic circuits to adapt the rate of movement of the engagement head 109 and stabilizer 111 with respect to each other based on the measured rates of movement by the sensors. The system may be configured to change the rate of movement of the engagement head 109 and/or stabilizer 111 relative to each other to facilitate a smooth transition and limit uncontrolled motion of the distal end of the first tubular 605 during the change in position of the first tubular 605 from the substantially horizontal position to the substantially vertical position.
As further illustrated in
The second tubular 655 can be delivered to the second mousehole 341 using the same sequence of processes used to deliver the first tubular 605 to the first mousehole 340 as illustrated in
Notably, during the lifting of the double 669 from the second mousehole 341 a portion of the mousehole assembly 113 may change position to facilitate aligning the longitudinal axis of double 669 with the longitudinal axis of the first tubular 605 and the central axis 320 of the first mousehole 340. Alignment between the double 669 and the first tubular 605 can facilitate joining of the double 869 with the first tubular 605. As such, at least a portion of the mousehole assembly 113 may be returned to an original position as illustrated in
As further illustrated, the system can include one of more alignment elements 671 and 672 configured to engage a portion of the double 669 or one or the tubulars of the double 669 to facilitate maintaining a desired stabilized state and low angular variation with respect to a predetermined vertical axis. The use of the alignment elements 671 and 672 can facilitate maintaining a small angular variation of the tubular with respect to the predetermined vertical axis during translation of the tubular along the predetermined vertical axis.
In at least one embodiment, the alignment element 671 can include a roller configured to rotate in response to translation of the tubular over a surface of the roller. It will be appreciated that the system may utilize more than one alignment element, and particularly more than one alignment element in the form or rollers, such as illustrated in
In certain instances, at least one of the alignment elements 671 and 672 may be movable between a first position and a second position. For example, in the first position the alignment element 671 and/or 672 may be disengaged with the surface of the tubular (i.e., the double 669) such that there is distance between the surface of the alignment element and an exterior surface of the tubular, as shown, for example in
It will be appreciated that the griphead 500 may facilitate direct delivery of the stand to the well center 188 for incorporation into the drilling operation. Any of the components and systems described herein can be remotely operated by an operator positioned outside of the work zone 131 as described herein. Moreover, any of the components, systems, or processes herein can be automated and configured to conduct one or more functions by actuation of a single switch. It will also be appreciated that a fewer or greater number of sequences may be used in the process of stand-building. Alternative sequences and combinations of processes or components may be utilized without deviating from the embodiments herein.
In at least one embodiment, the process of building a stand of tubulars including at least three tubular joined together can be completed in an average stand-building time that is at least about 10% less than an average stand-building time of conventional equipment.
The embodiments of the present application represent a departure from the state of the art. Notably, the embodiments herein demonstrate a new combination of components, systems, and processes facilitating improved manipulation of tubulars in stand-building operations, particularly on jack-up rigs and other platforms having limited space. Unlike prior art methods of manipulating tubulars that rely on heavy, large, and expensive HTV arms, which have known limits with respect to manipulating a tubular with low angular variation the present embodiments have clear advantages in terms of safety, weight, cost, speed, and size. Moreover, in comparison to conventional systems utilizing roughnecks or direct-operated (i.e., manned) tools to secure swinging tubulars, the embodiments herein include a combination of features that facilitate safe and efficient handling of tubulars. The combination of features can include, but is not limited to, the features of the engagement head, the features of the stabilizer, the features of the alignment elements, the features of the mousehole assembly, and the combination of the features working in concert.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes, ” “including, ” “has, ” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
The use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks and other sources within the scintillation and radiation detection arts.
The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with Patent Law and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description of the Drawings, various features may be grouped together or described in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may be directed to less than all features of any of the disclosed embodiments. Thus, the following claims are incorporated into the Detailed Description of the Drawings, with each claim standing on its own as defining separately claimed subject matter.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US14/36655 | 5/2/2014 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61819353 | May 2013 | US |
