Patent Application
20140364678
1. Field of Invention
The present invention is generally directed to a system for providing neuro-stimulation, and more particularly, to a system that employs electrical current and/or mechanical vibration to deliver subthreshold and/or aperiodic stimulation to enhance detection and communication of sensory information.
2. Description of the Related Art
The nervous system of mammals is a complex set of interrelated and interacting sub-systems. The sub-systems are categorized and named both by their anatomic positions and by their function. At the highest level, the nervous system is divided into central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of the brain and spinal cord; the peripheral nervous system (PNS) subsumes all the remaining neural structures found outside the CNS. The PNS is further divided functionally into the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems. The PNS can also be described structurally as being comprised of afferent (sensory) nerves, which carry information toward the CNS, and efferent (motor) nerves, which carry commands away from the CNS.
Interconnections between afferent and efferent nerves are found in the spinal cord and brain. Taken together, certain groupings of afferent and efferent nerves constitute sensorimotor “loops” that are required to achieve coordinated movements in the face of perturbations from the environment and changes in volitional intent. In the periphery (trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities), afferent nerves carry sensory information arising from special neurons that are sensitive to pain, temperature, and mechanical stimuli such as touch and vibration at the skin surface, and position, force, and stretch of deeper structures such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule. The term “proprioception” generally applies to sensory information directly relevant to limb position sense and muscle contraction. Combined with tactile (touch) sensation, mechanical sensory information is collectively known as “somatosensation.”
Specialized “mechanoreceptor” neurons transduce mechanical stimuli from the body's interaction with the environment into electrical signals that can be transmitted and interpreted by the nervous system. Pacinian corpuscles in the skin fire in response to touch pressure. Muscle spindles, found interspersed in skeletal muscle tissue, report on the state of stretch of the surrounding muscle. Golgi tendon organs sense the level of force in the tendon. Free nerve endings in structures surrounding joints (ligaments, meniscus, etc.) provide additional information about joint position. Some of these mechanoreceptor systems are thought to interact directly via excitatory and inhibitory synapses and descending pathways to modulate the performance or interpretation of signals from other mechanoreceptor systems.
Sensory cells of all types are typically threshold-based units. That is, if the stimulus to a sensory cell is of insufficient magnitude, the cell will not activate and begin signaling. Such a stimulus is called “subthreshold.” A stimulus that is above the threshold is called “suprathreshold.”
Connections within the nervous system-brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves are highly changeable in the face of demands placed on the body. New forms of activity, pathologies, and injuries all can lead to durable changes, both beneficial and deleterious, in the nervous system. In healthy individuals, these neurological changes allow for the acquisition of new physical skills, a process termed “motor learning.” Following certain types of soft tissue injury (e.g. rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee, a structure known to be rich in mechanoreceptors), and subsequent medical efforts such as surgery used to repair the damage, the nervous system can undergo compensatory changes to accommodate for loss of the natural sensory neurons. Similar PNS and CNS nervous system changes account for some individuals' ability to regain lost motor function following spinal or brain injuries. Taken together, these structural changes in the nervous systems—the creation of new useful interconnections or the pruning away of unused pathways—are termed “neuroplasticity” or “neuroplastic changes.”
Recent research has established that afferent (sensory) activity from the periphery is one of the key drivers of neuroplastic changes in the nervous system, both in the PNS and CNS.
Stimulation below perception levels (i.e. subthreshold stimulation) used to enhance the function of sensory cells is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,782,873 and 6,032,074 to Collins, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference. Collins discloses a method and apparatus for improving the function of sensory cells by effectively lowering their threshold of firing. Briefly, a subthreshold stimulation, or subsensory stimulation or “bias signal,” is input to the sensory neuron thereby predisposing the neuron to firing, without actually causing it to fire. In some embodiments, the stimulation may have an aperiodic waveform. In one particular embodiment, the bias signal is a broadband signal containing many frequencies, often termed “white noise.” Since sensory cells are typically threshold-based units, lowering the sensory cell threshold decreases the level of outside stimulus needed to cause the sensory cell to respond (i.e. fire). Thus, the sensory cell, in the presence of the bias signal, is expected to respond to stimulus intensities that would normally be considered subthreshold to the neuron in the absence of noise. Both electrical and mechanical modalities of bias signal, used individually or in combination, may be used to effect the lowering of sensory neuron detection threshold. In other words, the stimulation essentially energizes sensory neurons based on a principle termed “stochastic resonance” (SR), so that they are predisposed to fire in response to stimuli from the environment. By increasing the sensitivity of mechanoreceptors, it is possible effectively to boost the flow of sensory information traveling from muscles, joints, and skin to the body's control centers in a fashion that is concordant with normal function.
One exemplary clinical use of increased sensory information is in the rehabilitation of individuals who suffer loss of sensorimotor function following stroke. According to the American Stroke Association, stroke is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the U.S., with the annual cost of stroke-related care expected to exceed $58 billion in 2006. Approximately 700,000 cases of stroke occur each year in the U.S. As a result, over 460,000 patients a year are left with motor impairments, the most common of which is hemiparesis, a weakness or partial paralysis of the body. In addition, a majority of the 5.5 million stroke survivors in the U.S. have some degree of impairment. While many patients improve with current physical rehabilitation therapy, most are left with significant motor deficits. Full recovery from stroke is uncommon. Thus, additional techniques for reversing the motor deficits caused by stroke are necessary. Boosting sensory traffic using the present invention is one such technique. A similar exemplary clinical use is physical rehabilitation for individuals who have suffered traumatic brain injury. Further exemplary clinical uses arise in treatment of individuals who have a temporary or permanent loss of sensory function resulting from aging, disease, or physical injury. For such individuals, the therapy is directed less toward driving neuroplastic changes and more toward providing an ongoing sensory boost as a palliative treatment for a chronic sensory condition.
Embodiments of the present invention provide neuro-stimulation systems that deliver stimulation to enhance the function of sensory cells. In view of the foregoing, an exemplary application applies a neuro-stimulation system to reverse the sensorimotor deficits caused by stroke. Focusing on mechanical sensory neurons in the periphery, embodiments of the present invention take advantage of the interplay between mechanoreceptors and neuromuscular performance. These sensory neurons provide touch, motion, and force feedback that is contributes to coordinated movement, acquisition of motor skills, and reestablishing sensorimotor function following injury. As such, embodiments of the present invention apply stimulation to mechanoreceptors to increase their ability to transmit sensory information. The mechanoreceptors receiving stimulation may include, for instance, subcutaneous mechanoreceptors as well as receptors in deeper structures. This stimulation enhances mechanical sensory information provided to the spinal cord and brain.
A neuro-stimulation system according to an exemplary embodiment may employ a controller which includes a user interface, a power supply, at least one electrical connector, and a processor with software. According to values entered into the user interface, the controller determines an electrical signal directed from the power supply to the electrical connector. The neuro-stimulation system also includes a stimulator detachably coupled to the controller via the electrical connector. The stimulator has a plurality of stimulating elements, including, optionally, at least one electrode device and/or at least one vibration element. The stimulator also includes an attachment element to attach the stimulator to a body part. The controller is operable, via the user interface, to drive at least one of the stimulating elements with an electrical signal, which in turn deliver electrical and/or mechanical stimulation to the body part. The vibration elements and/or electrodes may be driven to deliver stimulation that is subthreshold and/or stimulation that has an aperiodic waveform. In one particular embodiment, the stimulator is disposable and the processor determines usage of the stimulator and ensures that the stimulator is limited to a certain amount of use.
In an exemplary application, the neuro-stimulation system above is employed adjunctive to movement of a body part. For example, such movement may be employed as a part of post-stroke rehabilitative therapy. By applying stimulation from the neuro-stimulation system in proximity to the region of the body affected by stroke, the neuroplastic process (the creation of new sensorimotor pathways that allow healthy areas of the brain to assume the functions of the damaged portion) is enhanced. This therapy is particularly effective when used in conjunction with physical rehabilitation procedures. As such, preferred embodiments of the neuro-stimulation system may have small, lightweight components which facilitate the application of stimulation during physical therapy and do not interfere with the therapy with wires, connection cables, etc.
Other embodiments of the present invention may have other configurations and shapes for delivering controlled stimulation to any sensory cells of any body part according to a variety of therapeutic applications. Some embodiments may include only electrodes while others include only vibrating elements for delivering stimulation. For some applications, it may be preferable to include all components of a neuro-stimulation system in a single housing that is applied to the targeted body part. On the other hand, for other applications, it may be preferable to include the stimulator in an application body, i.e., a housing applied to the body part, while the controller has a separate housing which may be placed at a distance from the application body. Moreover, in other embodiments, a neuro-stimulation system may be incorporated within the structure of another distinct device, e.g., a wearable garment, where the application of stimulation improves an operator's ability to use the device or to enhance the effectiveness of the device. In yet other embodiments, stimulator elements (whether strictly electrical, mechanical, or both) may be implanted under the skin of the subject. The controller that is attached to the implanted stimulator elements may itself also be implanted, with connecting means traversing under the skin to the stimulator elements. In addition, the controller may remain extracorporeal with connecting means passing through the skin to the implanted stimulator elements.
Still other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description, by illustrating a number of exemplary embodiments and implementations, including the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention. The present invention is also capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details can be modified in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
Throughout this specification and the drawing figures associated with this specification, numerical labels of previously shown or discussed features may be reused in another drawing figure to indicate similar features.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a method and system for improving sensorimotor performance of humans, non-human mammals, and non-mammalian animals, hereinafter termed “subjects.” Improvements in sensorimotor performance are meant to include immediate, i.e., acute, effects, such as improved dynamic joint stability, and more durable effects as would result from neuroplastic changes in the PNS or CNS. The method comprises inputting a bias signal to sensory cells of the subject, so as to improve the function of those sensory cells by effectively lowering their threshold of firing, while the subject engages in physical activity. Such physical activity may or may not be specifically pre-defined depending upon the desired outcome. Acting in conjunction with this preferred method is a preferred apparatus that comprises a wearable device and other electromechanical components that provide a convenient and secure means of delivering the bias signal to the subject. As used herein, the term “bias signal” will be taken to mean a subthreshold form of stimulation to a sensory neuron, whether electrical or mechanical in nature, whose waveform may be periodic, aperiodic, deterministic, or non-deterministic and may contain one or many frequencies.
The method and system according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention are useful, for example, to enhance sensorimotor function in healthy individuals as well as in individuals with disorders, diseases and/or injuries. For example, the method and system could be used by healthy individuals striving to learn a new motor skill, such as might be required for athletic activity. In another example, the method and system could be applied to individuals with elevated sensory thresholds or other neurological dysfunction, such as might arise from aging, peripheral neuropathies, or strokes.
In an alternative embodiment, the sensory system to be enhanced is one that functions normally. In step 204, the most appropriate way of inputting a bias signal to the target sensory system is determined. The most appropriate input means depends on a number of factors including, the target sensory system, the nature of the transduction system for the target sensory system, the present state of the target sensory system (i.e., whether it is impaired or in any way dysfunctional), and the nature of the signal which is to be determined (e.g., the amplitude and frequency content of the signal). Input means that are appropriate in certain circumstances include, but are by no means limited to, nerve cuffs, implanted electrodes, surface electrodes, muscle stimulators, tendon stimulators and magnetic field stimulators.
Once the most appropriate input means is determined in step 204, the input area is determined in step 206. The location of an input area depends on the same factors as the determination of the most appropriate input means. The location of the input area, however, varies for a particular input means depending on, among other factors, whether the target sensory system is in any way dysfunctional, the cause and location of any such dysfunctionality, and the nature of the stimulator to be used. More specifically, if a dysfunctionality caused by some physical damage to sensory cells is present in the sensory system, it may be necessary to locate the input area such that the bias signal will bypass the physical damage causing the dysfunctionality. Further, the fact that some stimulators, e.g. implanted electrodes or vibratory elements, may require invasive procedures while others, e.g., surface electrodes or vibratory elements, require only noninvasive procedures is also a factor to consider.
Once the input area is determined and the input means installed, the bias signal to be input is generated.
In one embodiment, the calibration is accomplished by inputting an input signal of interest to a sensory cell coupled with a bias signal produced by the enhancement system. The response of the sensory cell to the combined input is recorded as a function of a parameter of interest in the bias signal. That is, the response of the sensory cell is recorded as a parameter of interest in the bias signal is modulated. Using the recorded results, the coherence between the combined input and the response of the sensory cell is then characterized by computing some measure such as the cross-correlation coefficient described below. The response of the sensory cell is maximally enhanced when the coherence measure is maximized. This maximally enhanced response corresponds to some value or range of values of the bias signal parameter of interest that can be determined by, for example, examining a record of the bias signal. Thus, an optimal value or range of values for the parameter of interest of the bias signal is determined. The process can be repeated using other input signals and parameters of interest thereby determining a bias signal with optimal parameters for input signals with varying parameters.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the bias signal is optimized by examining the cross-correlation coefficient, C1:
where S(t) is the input signal, R(t) is the output of the sensory neuron or sensory system (e.g., the neural mean firing rate signal or the neural spike train), and the overbar denotes an average over time. S(t) and R(t) can be measured with any appropriate transducers, for example, a needle electrode may be used to measure the output of a neuron. Maximizing C1 corresponds to maximizing the coherence between the input signal S(t) and the neuron's output R(t). The value of C1 for a given input signal will depend upon the parameter of interest of the bias signal. Thus, a bias signal having parameters which will produce the desired output R(t) may be determined.
The results of the calibration process may be utilized, for example, by modulating the bias signal in response to an input signal or by determining a set of parameter values which, on average, will achieve optimal enhancement for any input signal. In the first instance, parameter values for the bias signal are, for example, tabulated against parameters of the input signal. Upon occurrence of an input signal, certain parameters of the input signal are measured, and a bias signal having corresponding parameter values is generated by, for example, referencing the tabulated results. In this way, the bias signal is modulated or optimized for each particular input signal. In the second instance, a single set of parameter values which will achieve optimal enhancement for most signals is calculated and used to generate a bias signal which is for use in response to every input.
After the input device has been calibrated and installed, in one embodiment, an input signal to the neuron is detected. As will be explained in conjunction with
Once an input signal is detected in step 304, a bias signal is generated in step 306. As explained above with respect to the calibration process, the bias signal has either parameters which are modulated depending on certain parameters of each input signal or a constant, non-modulated, set of parameters which are designed to optimally enhance the function of a sensory cell in response to most input signals. If a bias signal having a non-modulated set of parameters is used, then a somewhat simpler input system is used. In general, the nature of the bias signal to be used, that is, modulated or non-modulated, depends on the nature of the sensory system to be enhanced. Once the bias signal is generated, it is input to the neuron in step 106.
In the embodiments described above, a bias signal is produced only in response to the detection of an input signal to the neuron. In an alternative embodiment, after the input device has been calibrated and installed, a bias signal is continuously generated and input to the neuron. That is, an input signal does not need to be detected. In a method according to this embodiment, the bias signal is either modulated or non-modulated. If the bias signal is modulated, then the continuously generated bias signal is modulated as described above, when an input signal is detected. If a non-modulated bias signal is used in this embodiment, then a simplified input system may be used. As discussed above, whether a modulated or non-modulated bias signal is used depends upon, inter alia, the nature of the system to be enhanced.
In another embodiment, a distributed enhancement process is used. In this embodiment, the enhancement process described above is modified such that a bias signal is generated and input to neurons at a plurality of locations to stimulate an array of sensory cells and thereby provide a distributed enhancement effect. In this distributed enhancement system, as above, either a continuous or non-continuous, and modulated or non-modulated bias signals may be used. As one example, if the sensory function of the urinary tract is to be enhanced, a bias signal may be input to a number of distributed points around the bladder so that improved fullness sensation is obtained.
One embodiment of an enhancement system 400 for implementing the method for enhancing the function of a sensory neuron is shown in
Signal processor 404 produces a bias signal to be input to the sensory system targeted for enhancement through input device 408. Signal processor 404 is electrically connected to transducer 402, input device 408 and controller 410. As discussed above, a bias signal may be either continuous or non-continuous and modulated or non-modulated. The form of signal processor 404 depends upon the desired form of the bias signal to be produced. In one embodiment, where a non-continuous, modulated bias signal is desired, signal processor 404 preferably includes both signal detection capabilities and look-up table capabilities to store parameter values for the bias signal. In another embodiment, where a constant, non-modulated bias signal is desired, signal processor 404 does not necessarily require signal detection capabilities and look-up table capabilities. In one embodiment, signal processor 404 is either a special function IC or a general micro-processor and is preferably small, lightweight and portable. Further, signal processor 404 preferably includes signal conditioning and data acquisition abilities. In one embodiment, a PCMCIA chip or card is used as signal processor 404.
Signal processor 404 also includes calibration module 406. Calibration module 406 enables adjustment of the bias signal produced by signal processor 404. For example, for optimal enhancement, signal processor 404 produces a bias signal having predetermined parameters (for example, a predetermined amplitude and frequency) in response to a particular signal received from transducer 402. If these predetermined parameters of bias signal are not properly adjusted, the bias signal will not optimally enhance the function of the targeted sensory system. Calibration module 406 enables these predetermined parameters to be adjusted so that an optimal bias signal is produced. Calibration is typically accomplished prior to installation of enhancement system 400 and may be accomplished intermittently while enhancement system 400 is installed. If calibration is to take place while enhancement system 400 is installed, then it is desirable to install signal processor 404 so it is accessible from the outside of the body so that calibration may be accomplished noninvasively. In an alternative embodiment, signal processor 404 is provided with remote access capability enabling calibration to take place noninvasively whether or not signal processor is accessible from outside of the body.
Input device 408 conveys the bias signal produced by signal processor 404 to the targeted sensory system. Depending on what the targeted sensory system is, input device 408 might take a number of different forms as discussed above. Input devices that are appropriate in certain circumstances include, nerve cuffs, implanted electrodes, surface electrodes, muscle stimulators, tendon stimulators, and magnetic field stimulators. The manner in which input device 408 conveys the bias signal to the targeted sensory system depends on the form of input device 408 and the targeted sensory system. For example, a nerve cuff or implanted electrode is suitable for use when the urinary tract is the targeted sensory system and is typically implanted surgically and conveys the bias signal to the sensory components of the system. A muscle or tendon stimulator, on the other hand, is more suited to mechanically stimulate the proprioceptive system. Such a stimulator mechanically stimulates the proprioceptive system by vibrating a muscle or tendon associated with that system, for example a muscle in the vicinity of a joint. Muscle or tendon stimulators can be applied noninvasively using, for example, an elastic band. In one embodiment, where the targeted sensory system is the vibration or touch-pressure sensation system, a surface electrode-based system is used as input device 408. Specifically, the glove electrode, the sock electrode, and the sleeve electrode, sold under the name ELECTRO-MESH™ may be used as input device 408. The surface electrode system is placed over the body part of interest, e.g., the hand or foot. Still further, input device 408 may be a magnetic field stimulator used either noninvasively or invasively. For example, a magnetic field stimulator may be used to stimulate cutaneous sensory neurons by positioning the stimulator on the exterior of the body in the vicinity of the sensory cells to be stimulated using elastic bands. A magnetic field stimulator may be used invasively, for example, by surgically implanting the stimulator to stimulate sensory neurons in the area of the bladder.
Controller 410 controls interaction between transducer 402, signal processor 404 and input device 408. The implementation for controller 410 depends upon, among other things, the form of bias signal desired. That is, where a non-continuous, modulated bias signal is desired, controller 410 may be implemented using a microprocessor. In a simpler embodiment, where a continuous, non-modulated bias signal is desired, controller 410 may be implemented using a switch that simply activates the enhancement signal. Alternatively, signal processor 404 may be adequate, so that controller 410 is unnecessary for such an embodiment. By way of example only, controller 410 comprises a microprocessor with suitable programming, or any digital controller. In one embodiment, controller 410 is implemented with the aforementioned PCMCIA chip or card.
The nature and amplitude of the bias signal is controlled in accordance with the type of sensory cell to which the bias signals are applied. Repetitive waveform, pulse or DC signals of the type typically used for other types of injury treatment (e.g. pain suppression, bone healing) are often be avoided in the practice of the present invention, as sensory cells can adapt to simple deterministic signals thereby reducing or eliminating over time the effect of such signals on the sensory cells. Instead, in accordance with the invention, non-deterministic noise signals, such as random, aperiodic noise signals, or recorded repetitions of noise signals are preferably used, so that the sensory cells do not adapt to the noise signals over the extended period of noise signal application that occurs during a physical training regimen. These signals can be continuously generated signals such as those created by known instruments, including a computer random number generator, a noise diode, or thermal noise from a resistor or other electrical component. Sampled signals, such as signals stored in a storage device (RAM, ROM, etc.), or periodically recorded noisy signals, may also be employed.
The sensory cell areas containing neurons to be affected by bias signals may be found at different depths in the human body, causing different signal transmission filtering characteristics to exist between certain of the sensory cells and the signal input device. In a preferred embodiment, the bias signal can be combined with other signal types to overcome this problem. For example, a chirped signal can be formed by overlaying a noise signal with a swept frequency signal that regularly sweeps through a signal frequency range. This combined signal may be tailored to permit the amplification of frequency ranges that are normally attenuated by transmission in the body. Thus, the signal is compensated at the skin-surface level for expected attenuations that would occur prior to it reaching the target sensory cell. This technique might also be used to reduce the effort required to determine an efficacious signal since it might contain all desired frequency ranges.
Another method of the present invention involves enhancing various neurophysiologic functions by applying an externally produced bias signal to a sensory cell area, as described above, while the subject is performing a pre-defined physical activity. Neurophysiologic functions enhanced by this method of the present invention include, for example, limb position sense enhancement, increase release of growth hormones, enhanced peripheral neuroplastic changes, and enhanced central, including cortical, neuroplastic changes.
Most physical training regimens are undertaken to induce, among other things, motor learning, i.e. the acquisition of new motor skills or the regaining of motor skills that have been lost due to injury or disease. To achieve the aforementioned sensorimotor performance enhancements, while a subject performs a specified physical activity bias signals are applied to sensory cells involved in the specific physical activity to lower the threshold at which such cells are triggered by the external stimuli resulting from the activity. By making the sensory cells more responsive, the number of action potentials produced for any given amount of external stimuli is increased, thereby improving the rate and/or quality of motor learning resulting from the activity.
Coordinated motion of the extremities, for example, requires precise interplay between descending volitional signals from the brain, muscle contraction, limb movement, and interaction with the environment. This tight control is reliant, in part, on sensory feedback of a mechanical nature from the extremities involved in the motion. Somatosensory information, e.g. tactile information from foot sole and proprioceptive information from knee joint, is clearly important both to normal gait and to more vigorous activities such as jumping and landing. The method of the present invention is effective to boost coordinated sensory information from the mechanoreceptors involved in limb position sense during movement of the extremities. This added information content during movement provides a means for improved sensorimotor control. Such improvements result in enhanced balance, corrected gait patterns, and prevention of injuries by avoiding, for example, hyperextension of joints.
In one embodiment of the invention, a bias signal is provided during a training regimen to a plurality of structures that participate in stability of a joint in a subject, to thereby promote joint sensation and feedback to enhance stability in the subject. For example, at least one input device, e.g. an electrode, can be placed at or near the articular space such that sensory cells in or adjacent to the ligaments, the joint capsule and meniscus, are stimulated. The bias signal is provided at a level below the perception threshold of the sensory cells associated with the structures as well as below the cutaneous pain threshold.
In another preferred embodiment, the bias signal can be provided to at least two structures that maintain joint stability and are on opposite sides of the joint such that the performance of the sensory cells contained in these structures are enhanced. Preferably, a bias signal is provided at or adjacent to the joint and at least two different antagonist muscles on opposite sides of a joint where the action of these muscles determines the relative flexion and extension of the joint.
The bias signal can be provided simultaneously to each of the structures or it can occur sporadically at each of the structures. Preferably, the bias signal is repeatedly provided to each of the structures, e.g., the bias signal is repeated such that the bias signal is simultaneously provided to each of the structures or the bias signal is repeated such that the bias signal is sporadically provided to each of the structures a plurality of times.
Specific bias signal ranges are applicable to specific types of bias signals used in accordance with this invention. For example, electrical signals are preferably applied within a current density range of about 1 μA/in2 to about 1000 μA/in2 and a frequency range of about 0 Hz to about 10,000 Hz the skin surface of a recipient. Mechanical signals preferably have a displacement at the skin surface within the range of about 1 μm to about 10 mm and frequencies within the range of about 0 Hz to about 1000 Hz. Mechanical signals can be remotely controlled by providing mechanical actuators on the skin surface that receive remotely generated waveform signals from a remote transmitter and convert these signals to mechanical signals. In wireless systems, electrical signals can also be transmitted from a remote transmitter to electrodes that apply electrical signals to a subject. All bias signals are preferably designed to allow for complex constructive and/or destructive patterns.
Naturally-occurring growth hormones, as another example, are released in humans by the pituitary gland. These hormones are part of the body's system of changing the architecture of muscle and bone in response to changes in activity. For example, increases in muscle bulk in response to exercise are partly caused by increased amounts of circulating growth hormone in the body. Recent research has established that afferent signals from the periphery, specifically those arising from muscle, spur release of specific types of growth hormone from the pituitary (McCall, et al., 2000). In accordance with the present invention, sensory feedback neurons are made more active by applying bias signals to lower the sensory cell threshold during a physical training regimen. For example, sensory information from muscle spindles that boost release of growth hormone in response to activity is increased. This is especially beneficial to individuals, e.g. strength trainers, working to regain muscle bulk and bone integrity following trauma or prolonged periods of inactivity. In some cases, the increase in growth hormone release may be sufficient to eliminate the need for growth hormone replacement therapies and the need for growth hormone supplements.
Interconnections and efficiency of sensorimotor pathways in the periphery are a manifestation of the acquisition of new motor skills. That is, a key result of training and practice is the creation of these new pathways. Indeed, even increases in strength are due as much to neurologic changes as to increases in muscle mass, especially early in strength building regimens. Recent research has shown that afferent activity spurs the creation of new synapses (“synaptogenesis”), one of the underlying neurophysiologic processes of peripheral neuroplasticity (Wong, et al., 2000). Applying bias signals to an input area in accordance with the method of the present invention increases information-rich sensory traffic from the periphery drives neuroplastic changes in the periphery. A common perception of strength training is that it involves only muscularity, and that neurology is not a consideration. In actuality, neurological factors are central to the development and maintenance of muscular strength. In the initial stages of a strength training regimen, muscle mass does not increase significantly but strength does as a result of the neuromuscular learning process. By applying bias signals to an input area in accordance with the method of the present invention, the time for completing this process is significantly reduced by lowering the threshold for the sensory cells involved during this stage of the strength training. As a result, information-rich traffic from the periphery drives neuroplastic changes in the periphery that, among other things, increases the rate by which muscle mass formed.
Strength training performed in accordance with the present invention is also effective in enhancing crossover strength changes in human appendages such as the arms or the legs. Strength training research has shown that when only one appendage is subjected to a strength training regimen, the strength of the untrained appendage increases to some degree. Thus, if one appendage is immobilized by a cast or brace, the strength of the immobilized appendage can be enhanced by using the method of the present invention to lower the sensory cell thresholds in the opposite appendage during a strength training regimen for the opposite appendage.
Many athletic training programs are directed to the improvement of balance that is required when weight is rapidly transferred from side to side. Balance enhancement training regimens have included prolonged repetitive side-to-side motion to promote motor learning that results in enhanced balance. Again, in combination with this side-to-side training regimen, the present invention involves lowering affected sensory cell thresholds during the training to achieve with greater rapidity enhanced balance.
Moreover, both normal acquisition of new motor skills, and the process of regaining motor skills following injuries such as stroke, rely on the elimination and creation of new connections throughout the sensory and motor cortices. Recent research has established that sensory activity from the periphery is one of the underlying drivers of these beneficial neuroplastic changes in the brain (McKay, et al., 2002). Applying a bias signal to an input area in accordance with the method of the present invention also increases afferent traffic thereby accelerating the improvement of motor skills.
Garment 500 is designed for the application of input signals at and below the knee. Consequently, the legs of the garment have closures 508 that permit input device 510 to be positioned at selected positions relative to the knee, calf and/or lower leg muscles while also being maintained in place to garment 500. External caps 511 clip through the garment and onto input device 510, so as to securely hold input device 510 in place. Signal input devices 510, therefore, can be placed at virtually any position on the garment as necessary for various applications and to accommodate the anatomy of the subject. To fit garment 500 to a user, input devices 510 are first placed on the skin of a user relative to specific muscles, joints, etc. Garment 500 is then carefully donned over input devices 510 and external caps 511 are clipped through garment 500 to hold input devices 510 in place. Garment 500 is preferably formed of neoprene or any known stretchable material that enables the garment to closely conform to the subject and securely hold the input devices 510 securely against the subject's skin to prevent displacement of the input devices 510 during the prolonged motion involved in an exercise regimen.
Cables 512 electrically connect the input devices 510 to a signal generator 514. Signal generator 514 provides power to input device 510 on the inner surface of the garment so that changes in the position of the electrodes can be adjusted within the area of input devices 510. Cables 512 are preferably secured to garment 500 such that there are no loose cables to impede body movement. In a preferred embodiment, cables 512 extending from signal generator 514 are secured within side pockets 516 of garment 500. Cables 512 extend through pockets 516 into a conduit 520 that extends downward along the leg portions of garment 500. Conduit 520 branches into multiple conduits at knee level, so as to accommodate input devices 510 positioned at various positions on and about the lower leg. Input devices 510 can be attached at any position along the length of cables 512. A cable guide 522 made of plastic or similar material surround conduit 520 so as to maintain the opening of conduit 520 into pocket 516. The conduit opening maintained by cable guide 522 allows cable 512 to be fed into and out of the length of conduit 520 with considerable ease.
Cable 512 is preferably of sufficient length to permit controller 514 to slide from the side of belt 502 to the back of the belt 502. Thus, signal generator 514 can be repositioned at various positions along belt 502, so as not to restrict movement required by specific exercises. Signal generator 514 can also be worn at other locations or hand held. Generally, the placement of signal generator 514 is determined based upon location of the joint to be stabilized, the comfort of the subject and/or the ease of motion by the subject. To eliminate cables 512, signal generator 514 may include one or more wireless transmitters operative to transmit signals to signal generator 514 and/or input devices 510.
Signal generator 514, as shown in
Input devices 510 can apply, through the skin, input signals to the structure associated with joint orientation. As earlier noted, the input devices 510 in the garment can be surface electrodes, muscle stimulators, tendon stimulators, and magnetic field stimulators, vibratory stimulators, e.g. small electromagnetic rotary motors or flat motors (i.e. pancake motors), piezoelectric actuators, ferrofluid magnetic actuators, or electrorheologic actuators, or other known signal input device The signal input devices are appropriately sized and arranged to localize stimulation to a desired structure. For example, knee electrodes and actuators are sized as to not impede or restrict motion and to limit (target) the stimulation to the sensory neurons of interest. Signal generator 514 can be programmed to vary the intensity and timing of the signals. For example, when more than one input device 510 is used, the location and polarity of the signals can be varied. Similarly, the stimulation can simultaneously occur at each of input devices 510, or the stimulation can occur sporadically between each of input devices 510. The power and frequency of stimulation can also be controlled. The signal is at a level below the perception threshold of sensory cells associated with the various structures that play a role in the joint's stability. Thus, the signal is at a level below that required to trigger the sensory cells in those structures.
The level of the signal supplied by signal generator 514 may also be enough to stimulate other cells that are located in structures not directly involved in joint stability. For example, sensory cells within the skin may perceive a signal supplied through an input device 510 placed upon the skin, but the level is still below the threshold required to stimulate the sensory cells of the structure, e.g., such as the hamstring below the skin, which is associated with the stability of the knee joint. Such low level signals are described in Collins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,873.
In another preferred embodiment, provided is a structure 700 for placing signal input devices 510 in contact with the subject's skin, as shown in
At least one of the arms 704 includes a cable outlet 706 that is electrically wired to each of input devices 510. Outlet 706 accommodates electrical connector 702 of cable 512 such that when the other end of cable 512 is connected to signal generator 514, an electrical connection is established between signal generator 514 and input devices 510. Cable 512 is preferably composed of a stretchable and strain resistant material to reduce the likelihood of cable 512 becoming detached from outlet 706 or signal generator 514 during use.
In another aspect of the invention, provided is a joint covering structure 800, as shown in
In another aspect of the invention, provided is an electrode applicator 900, as shown in
The apparatus used for performing the method of the present invention is unique relative to known units used for improving sensorimotor performance (e.g. motor learning) or the treatment of injuries and rehabilitation from the effect of an injury. In such known units, electrodes are mounted on braces or wraps and include free, untethered electrical conductors, all of which will inhibit the motion required for the performance of an effective physical training regimen.
While the above illustrated embodiments are directed to pants, a joint stabilizer, and a brace, the term wearable device as used herein, refers to any structure capable of holding input devices 510 in place at a desired location.
The embodiments described herein have been shown as a lower body wearable device for illustrative purposes only. Similar embodiments capable of holding signal input devices in place that are designed to the upper body including the arms and torso of an individual, are within the spirit and scope of present invention. The upper body wearable device may be combined with the lower body wearable device to permit input devices to be positioned and operated simultaneously along both the upper and lower body in accordance with the method of the invention.
Referring now to
Advantageously, embodiments, such as the neuro-stimulation system 2000, enable the simultaneous use of electrical current and mechanical vibration to provide neuro-stimulation. In particular, the application of both electrical and mechanical stimulation provides broader targeting of mechanoreceptors. Electrical stimulation and mechanical stimulation reach different mechanoreceptors. For example, electrical stimulation may reach structures that lie deeper below a body part surface, while mechanical stimulation may reach structures that lie closer to the surface. A further unexpected benefit of applying both types of stimulation over the exclusive application of either electrical stimulation or mechanical stimulation is that all receptors are consistently activated during stimulation, and the body does not become confused by the activation of some receptors over other receptors in a particular sensory cell area.
Scientists and clinicians working in the field of stroke rehabilitation have established the critical link between mechanical sensory information (touch, pressure, and joint angle sense) produced during rehabilitation activities and the restoration of brain function. As such, in a preferred application, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 may be applied to rehabilitate stroke patients. Demonstrating the utility of such an application, a study in stroke rehabilitation was performed in an established animal model (developed by Dr. Jeffrey Kleim at the University of Florida).
The animal model used in the study reliably reproduces strokes in the motor cortex, so that post-stroke recovery of function may be quantified during a rehabilitation period. This model generally provides an excellent test-bed for comparing putative therapeutic interventions, which may include techniques, devices, or drugs. In this animal model, during a pre-stroke period which typically spans about 10 days, rats are trained to perform a task and they are graded according to their ability to perform the task. For example, the task may require the rats to reach around an obstacle to obtain food, and the rats are graded according to their proficiency, or accuracy, in reaching for food. At the end of the specified pre-stroke period, the rats are given a stroke in the motor cortex, and their task proficiency is measured over a period of several days after the stroke. According to clinicians, this animal model produces behaviors that are similar to those that the clinicians typically observe in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation.
In this study, sensory enhancement stimulation was employed during rehabilitation to demonstrate that sensory enhancement stimulation improves neuroplasticity, or the formation of lasting functional changes in the brain. Using sixty animals in six treatment groups (including controls), the study tested whether sensory stimulation used in conjunction with physical rehabilitation would improve the reacquisition of skill versus rehabilitation without such stimulation. Stimulation below the sensory or motor threshold was delivered during rehabilitation sessions through implanted electrodes. Furthermore, three different stimulation amplitudes (RMS) were tested.
The charts of
Accordingly, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 provides a tool for delivering sensory enhancement stimulation for improved stroke rehabilitation. For example,
In the particular embodiment shown in
Preferably, the stimulator 2100 employs at least one electrode device 2110 and at least one vibration element 2120 for delivering electrical and mechanical stimulation, respectively. As such, in the embodiment of
The electrodes 2110 may be screen-printed carbon and may be electrically connected to the stimulation site via a medical grade conductive hydrogel, such as a polyarylacetylene (PAA) hydrogel or similar material with biocompatibility data for skin contact. Preferably, electrical signals from the electrodes 2110 are only conducted through the contact areas 2102A and 2102B in contact with the stimulation areas. In the embodiment of
Additionally, adhesive may be employed on portions of the stimulator 2100 to secure the stimulator 2100 to the subject's body and position the contact areas 2102 at the selected stimulation sites. For example, a thin adhesive ring surrounding the gel at the contact areas 2102 may be employed to aid in securing the contact areas 2102 to the stimulation sites. A medical grade double sided adhesive with biocompatibility data for skin contact may be employed. In general, the adhesive properties of the stimulator 2100 as well as the supporting connection to the controller 2200 is adequate to support the stimulator 2100. Advantageously, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 also stays attached to the patient during therapy. In some cases, medical tape may be employed to aid in support. However, it is noted that the use of adhesive required to support the controller 2200 entirely may be too aggressive especially for the fragile skin of elderly patients. Thus, the use of an attachment element 2500, such as an arm band, may be preferred. A release liner (not shown) may be employed on the contact side of the stimulator 2100 to cover the hydrogel and adhesive and to ensure clean contact surfaces before application of the stimulator 2100 to the subject.
The vibration elements 2120 may be piezoelectric elements and may be mechanically coupled to the subject via the gel and surrounding adhesive. In the embodiment of
Operation of the electrodes 2110 and the vibration elements 2120 is achieved through a circuit 2130. As shown in
Additionally, the stimulator 2100 may employ an internal electrically-erasable read-write memory device 2140, such as an EEPROM, which is connected to the flex circuit 2130. The flex circuit 2130 provides power, ground, and signals to the memory device 2140. The memory device 2140 records and stores data on the operation of the stimulator 2100. As described further below, the controller 2200 may write data to the memory device 2140 when the stimulator 2100 is coupled to the controller 2200.
In some cases, to ensure the proper functioning of each stimulator 2100, the stimulator 2100 may have a specified shelf life, e.g. one year. In addition, the stimulator 2100 may be limited to a single use, after which it must be discarded. Furthermore, to prevent overuse during a single application, each stimulator 2100 may have a specified stimulator life, e.g. three hours, which sets the maximum amount of time the stimulator 2100 may be used during the single use. In one embodiment, the controller 2200 may be employed to prevent repeated use of the stimulator 2100 and to track the stimulator's total amount of use against the specified stimulator life. In particular, as described further below, the controller 2200 may store usage data regarding the use of a stimulator in the memory device 2140.
While the stimulator 2100 may be limited to a single use and a maximum usage time on the order of a few hours, the controller 2200 may have a significantly longer life. For example, the design life for the controller 2200 may be approximately four years, with annual battery replacement. As such, the controller 2200 is generally reusable. On the other hand, due to the limits on its use, a single stimulator 2100 is disposable and not reusable. Therefore, a single controller 2200 is typically used with a plurality of stimulators 2100.
The stimulator 2100 has a connector 2150 that enables the stimulator 2100 to be detachably coupled to the controller 2200. Electrical signals may be sent and/or received via the connector 2150. As such, the connector 2150 connects the flex circuit 2130 to the controller 2200. In the embodiment of
As shown in
In particular, the graphic display 2212 may provide the user with information regarding the status of the stimulator life, battery life, stimulation time, and the electrical and stimulation output levels. For example, in the embodiment of
Meanwhile, as shown in
The diagram of
As shown in
The power supply 2220 generates the required voltage and current for operating the processor 2230 as well as the electrodes 2110, the vibration elements 2120, and the graphic display 2212. For example, the power supply may be a lightweight rechargeable lithium ion battery pack. However, in other embodiments, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 may employ disposable non-rechargeable batteries or other types of power sources. Generally, a lightweight portable power supply 2220 is preferred over sources such as an electrical outlet to make the controller 2200 also lightweight and portable. In the embodiment of
The display, keypad, mechanical stimulation, and electrical stimulation are controlled by the processor 2230. The processor 2230 may, for example, be a central printed circuit board (PCB) formed from G-10 which serves as the central point of connectivity and contains all the hardware and software required to generate and control the stimulation applied through the stimulator 2100. In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
When the power key 2215 on the keypad 2214 is pressed, the FET switch 2231 is correspondingly turned on and power from the power supply 2220 is provided via the FET switch 2231 to the rest of the controller 2200. Once the microcontroller 2232 receives power and is activated, it holds the FET switch 2231 on. When the microcontroller 2232 determines a shut down, it turns the FET switch 2231 off. In the embodiment of
The microcontroller 2232 with the non-volatile memory 2233 hosts the firmware and provides overall control for the neuro-stimulation system 2000. The microcontroller 2232 may be a single chip microcontroller, which has a speed that is sufficient to support the input/output and the random signal generation described herein. The features of the microcontroller 2232 may include: integrated power on reset circuitry, integrated clock oscillator, integrated RAM and program memory, internal RTC with external xtl, integrated 12-bit analog-to-digital converter, two integrated 12-bit digital-to-analog converters, integrated voltage reference, and sufficient digital signal processing (DSP) capability to support white noise generation and filtering (10 Hz-100 Hz).
In addition, the microcontroller 2132 has sufficient input/output (I/O) capacity to support: input from a battery voltage monitor, input from power key 2115, input from up and down adjustment keys 2116 and 2117, input from the stimulator 2100 for StimEnable and SatDetect signals described herein, input and output from the non-volatile RAM 2233, input and output from the EEPROM 2140 of the stimulator 2100, input and output from the graphic display 2112, ISP input, output for the sound device 2239, output for the mechanical stimulation drive 2237, and output for the electrical stimulation drive 2238.
In the embodiment of
The processor 2230 includes the DC supply 2234, which receives input voltage (Vbat) from the power supply 2220 and produces regulated and filtered voltage for the control circuitry. In the embodiment of
The processor 2230 may also employ a sound device 2139, such as a signal level audio transducer, that sounds or beeps when the keypad is pressed or during an alert or alarm condition. In the embodiment of
In addition, the processor 2230 also includes the DC-to-DC converter 2235, which receives input voltage from the power supply 2220 and generates the higher voltage rails required to drive the electrical and mechanical stimulation circuitry, described further below. In the embodiment of
Furthermore, the processor 2230 also includes the DC-to-DC converter 2236, which receives input voltage from the power supply 2220 and generates the voltage for operation of the graphic display 2112. In the embodiment of
Receiving the voltage from the DC-to-DC converter 2235, the mechanical stimulation drive 2237 and the electrical stimulation drive 2238 provide the output to drive the vibration elements 2120 and the electrodes 2110 of the stimulator 2100. In particular, the microcontroller 2232 generates, sets amplitude, filters, and delivers the aperiodic signal that drives the vibration elements 2120 and the electrodes 2110.
In the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
The graphs in
In the embodiment of
The output from the mechanical stimulation drive 2237 and/or the electrical stimulation drive 2238 of the processor 2230 is transmitted to the stimulator 2100 via the detachable coupling of the connection port 2250 and the connector 2150. As described previously, this coupling may employ a 9-pin connection. The mechanical stimulation drive 2237 drives the vibration elements 2120 of the stimulator 2100, while the electrical stimulation drive 2238 drives the electrodes 2110 of the stimulator 2100.
With further reference to the embodiment of
In the embodiment of
When the stimulator 2100 is connected to the controller 2200, the EEPROM 2140 may be serially connected to the processor 2130, so that the processor 2230 may read and write to the EEPROM 2140. In particular, as described previously, the controller 2200 may employ the EEPROM 2140 to track usage data, such as the total amount of use against a specified stimulator life for the stimulator 2100.
Additionally, as further illustrated by
Operation of the controller 2200 is governed by the embedded software of processor 2230. In step 6002, the power key 2215 is operated, or pressed, to power up the controller 2200. As described previously, the processor 2230 is able to detect whether a stimulator 2100 is coupled to the controller 2200. If the controller 2200 is not connected to a stimulator 2100, the graphic display 2112 displays the life of battery 2220 in step 6004 and the controller 2200 shuts down automatically after 2 minutes, as described further below. Otherwise, when the controller 2200 powers up, the graphic display (OLED) 2112 displays the life of battery 2220 and life of the stimulator 2100.
In step 6006, the power key 2115 is pressed again to allow the electrical stimulation with the stimulator 2100 to be set, in step 6008. In step 6008A, the up adjustment key 2116 may be pressed to increase the electrical stimulation up to any value below a predetermined maximum, e.g. 100%. For example, pressing the up adjustment key 2116 once increases the electrical stimulation by 5% of its entire range. On the other hand, in step 6008B, the down adjustment key 2117 may be pressed to decrease the electrical stimulation down to any value above a predetermined minimum, e g 0%. For example, pressing the down adjustment key 2117 once decreases the electrical stimulation by 5% of its entire range. In response to step 6008, the processor 2230, with the electrical stimulation drive 2238, drives the electrodes 2110 of the stimulator 2100 with a current that corresponds with the given setting. When the electrical stimulation level is changed, with the up and down adjustment keys 2116 and 2117 and even shutdown with the power key 2115, the change is preferably executed in a ramped manner. A sudden change may be perceived as uncomfortable to the patient. As such, a slew rate of approximately 0.2 μA/ms (or 1 μA every 5 ms) may be employed.
In step 6010, the power key 2115 is pressed again to allow the mechanical stimulation with the stimulator 2100 to be set, in step 6012. In step 6012A, the up adjustment key 2116 may be pressed to increase the mechanical stimulation up to any value below a predetermined maximum, e.g. 100%. For example, pressing the adjustment key 2116 once increases the mechanical stimulation by 5% of its entire range. In step 6012B, the down adjustment key 2117 may be pressed to decrease the mechanical stimulation down to any value above a predetermined minimum, e.g. 0%. For example, pressing the adjustment key 2117 once decreases the mechanical stimulation by 5% of its entire range. In response to step 6012, the processor 2230, with the mechanical stimulation drive 2237, drives the vibration elements 2120 of the stimulator 2100 with a voltage that corresponds with the given setting.
In step 6014, the power key 2115 is pressed again to lock the stimulation levels set in steps 6008 and 6012. Electrical and/or mechanical stimulation continues in run mode 6015 with the set values.
Step 6016 evaluates conditions for shut down and causes automatic shut down of the controller 2200 when the conditions are met. These conditions are indicated by “Cond 1” and “Cond 2” in
Thus, during the run mode 6015, the power key 2115 may be pressed and held for a specified duration, e.g. two seconds, to cause the controller to be turned off in step 6016. The controller 2200 does not exit run mode 6015 until the power key 2115 is pressed for the specified duration.
In addition, the voltage of the battery 2220 is also measured during operation. If the remaining charge in battery 2220 falls below 3.2 V, for example, the controller 2200 automatically shuts down in step 6016.
As described previously, the processor 2230 holds the FET switch 2231 on. However, in step 6016, the FET switch 2231, and thus the controller 2200, may be turned off automatically in the following time-out situations:
As discussed previously, the processor 2230 determines and tracks the stimulator life by reading and writing to usage data on the EEPROM 2140 of the stimulator 2100.
As shown in
As discussed previously, the graphic display 2112 may display symbols, text information, and other graphic elements which provide the operator information regarding the operation of the neuro-stimulation system 2000. During the operation of the embodiment of
During operation, the sound device 2239 may be sounded when any key on the keypad 2114 is pressed. For example, the sound device 2239 may issue a single short beep of approximately 200 ms. As discussed previously, the sound device 2239 may also be sounded when an alert condition occurs. For example, the sound device 2239 may issue a short beep every 2 seconds. An issued alert may be acknowledged and ended by pressing any key on the keypad 2114.
As discussed previously, in the embodiment of
As shown in
The two charging circuits 2330 are illustrated in
Meanwhile, the charge current in the charging circuits 2330 may be approximately 1.2 Amps with a charge voltage of approximately 4.2 VDC. As indicated previously, in the embodiment of
In sum, embodiments of the neuro-stimulation system 2000 may provide a stimulator 2100 detachably coupled to a wearable controller 2200, which has a user interface 2210 including a graphic display 2212 and a keypad 2214. Preferred embodiments of the neuro-stimulation system 2000 have small, lightweight components which facilitate the application of stimulation during therapy and do not interfere with the therapy with wires, connection cables, etc. Furthermore, through the user interface 2210, embodiments may permit an operator to manually set the mechanical stimulation level and/or the electrical stimulation level. Accordingly, the vibration elements 2120 and/or electrodes 2110 may be driven to deliver stimulation that has an aperiodic waveform and/or stimulation that is subthreshold. Through the graphic display 2212, embodiments may display data, such as information on the stimulator life and battery life as well as the electrical and mechanical stimulation settings. Other embodiments may also have the ability to detect when the controller 2200 is attached to the stimulator 2100. Further embodiments have the ability to track the remaining life in the stimulator 2100.
While the controller 2200 has been described previously with respect to the stimulator 2100 as shown for example in
As described previously, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 may be applied to provide sensory enhancement stimulation during stroke rehabilitation and improve neuroplasticity, i.e. the formation of lasting functional changes in the brain. For instance, the neuro-stimulation system 2000 may be applied to a subject's arm, as illustrated in
Research in clinical neuroscience has established that recovery of CNS or PNS function following injury (e.g. stroke) in many circumstances depends very strongly on the level of personal involvement and commitment to progress on the part of the sufferer. That is, if the subject is not closely involved and directly participating in the rehabilitation initiative, progress will be slowed or perhaps blocked. This need for personal motivation and participation is often cited as explanatory for the failure of “passive rehabilitation” to generate demonstrable functional outcomes.
On this basis, modern rehabilitation regimens rely increasingly on methods that directly engage the subject in the process. One example is constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) to address hemiparesis. The subject's functioning extremity, e.g. right arm, is mechanically blocked from use for long periods of time thereby forcing the subject to use their affected extremity. Another example is customized physical therapy in which the regiment is designed specifically around tasks and abilities that are important to an individual subject. Common to these and other forms of participatory rehabilitation is that the subject's own brain is volitionally striving toward movements and capabilities of personal importance to them.
More recently, the use of virtual reality (VR) systems has gained clinical momentum as another form of participatory rehabilitation. As part of a rehabilitation regimen, subjects interact with a VR system that reacts in real time to their attempts to use affected extremities. Often the VR system is essentially a computer video game system that displays real-time images on a monitor that react to or are controlled by the subject. Such a system can be adjusted to the subject's particular circumstance to motivate certain types of attempted movements. As such, a further embodiment of the present invention combines subthreshold neuro-stimulation with VR systems. An example VR system which may be employed is the Nintendo® Wii gaming system. In this embodiment, stimulation devices, such as the devices described herein, would be placed on the skin, or implanted under the skin, and would deliver subthreshold neuro-stimulation during VR-guided activities. As is the case with other forms of rehabilitation, boosting sensory traffic during VR rehabilitation sessions improves neuroplastic remodeling outcomes. Like other embodiments described herein, this embodiment takes advantage of the interplay between subthreshold stimulation and physical rehabilitation. The individual receives the heretofore unanticipated benefit of receiving subthreshold stimulation while moving the target body segments. Since by definition susbsensory stimulation does not by itself evoke nerve activity, the embodiment employs physical activity to ultimately cause the nerve activity. The subthreshold stimulation effectively and uniquely boosts the natural sensory signaling in a fashion that is directly useful to the central nervous system.
However, it is understood that the application of subthreshold neuro-stimulation for stroke rehabilitation is merely exemplary.
The processor 3230A receives electrical power from the power supply 3220A and sends an electrical driving signal to the stimulator 3100, which is operably coupled to the processor 3230A. The stimulator 3100A includes a stimulating element 3105A. The stimulating element 3105A may include one or more electrode devices for delivering electrical stimulation, one or more vibration elements for delivering mechanical stimulation, or any combination thereof. Unlike the stimulator 2100 above, the stimulator 3100A in some embodiments may be configured to include only electrodes or only vibrating elements, rather than both forms of stimulating elements. The processor 3230 is operable to drive either electrode devices and/or a vibration elements with the electrical driving signal. The stimulator 3100A has a contact surface 3102A which is positioned to deliver stimulation from simulating element 3105A to the targeted body part 1. Accordingly, in response to the electrical driving signal, the stimulator 3100A provides stimulation to the body part 1. Preferably, the stimulation is aperiodic stimulation and/or subthreshold stimulation, providing the advantages described previously.
Although a stimulator may be detachably coupled to a controller as with the neuro-stimulator 2000 above, a stimulator and a controller may also be integrally or fixedly coupled to each other. As illustrated with the embodiment of
Of course, different components of a neuro-stimulation system may be organized and coupled in any number of combinations and housed in any number of devices or bodies. Thus, referring to
Meanwhile,
Attachment elements, such as an elastic strap or, a strap with snaps, hook-and-loop fasteners, or other fasteners may be employed to secure the stimulator and/or the controller into desired positions. In the embodiment of
Various applications of the neuro-stimulation systems, as shown in
In one embodiment, the body part 1 includes aspects of the body that aid in swallowing, including the tongue, pharynx, and esophagus, and a neuro-stimulation system is applied to improve swallowing function, especially for patients suffering from dysphagia. As such, an application body housing a stimulator may be applied externally across the neck to deliver electrical or mechanical stimulation to the tongue, pharynx, and/or esophagus. Alternatively, a small application body may be applied in the throat, especially for patients with severe or chronic disorders. The application of stimulation enhances the sensory information required by the swallowing function and improves control of this swallowing function. In some embodiments, the swallowing function to be improved is the sensation of the presence of a solid or liquid bolus in the throat. In other embodiments, the swallowing function to be improved is timing of swallowing muscle contraction relative to movement of solid or liquid bolus in the throat. In further embodiments, the swallowing function to be improved is the timing of the closure of the trachea relative to the movement of solid or liquid bolus in the throat.
In another embodiment, the body part 1 is the heart and a neuro-stimulation system is applied to improve cardiac function for patients who suffer from congestive heart failure. A key function of healthy heart muscle is the regulation of contractions based on its internal stretch (from filling), which uses mechanoreceptors similar to muscle spindles found in striated muscle. Poor cardiac function results when this mechanism is compromised. As such, an application body housing a stimulator may be applied outside or inside the chest cavity to deliver stochastic resonance stimulation to the heart muscle, making the heart more resistant to overfilling, which may improve cardiac function in patients suffering from congestive heart failure.
In an additional embodiment, the body part 1 includes the lungs, and a neuro-stimulation system may be applied to improve lung sensation/function in asthmatic patients. An application body is noninvasively applied to the surface of the chest where sub-threshold stimulation may be most effectively transferred to the intercostals muscle. A stimulator in the application body may provide electrical and/or mechanical stimulation from any number of electrodes and/or vibrating elements, which are driven by a controller. In a particular embodiment, the configuration of
In yet another embodiment, a neuro-stimulation system may be applied as a therapy for patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. For example, an application body housing a stimulator may be applied to an affected muscle to deliver a noninvasive, sub-threshold electrical and/or mechanical stimulation to improve the patient's ability to sense muscle position and offer better control of muscle flexion. Thus, unwanted motions or movements in affected muscles or muscle groups associated with Parkinson's disease are minimized.
In a further embodiment, a neuro-stimulation system may be applied to manage pain. Contrary to Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) which manages pain by overloading a sensory channel, the neuro-stimulation system in this embodiment applies subthreshold stimulation in a less invasive technique to ground the sensory channel instead of overloading it. In some cases, the pain is caused by musculoskeletal hyperextension or excursion resulting from proprioceptive deficit in the body part. For example, back pain may be caused by a proprioceptive deficit in a person's trunk and in one embodiment, neuro-stimulation may be applied to increase stability and strength to manage this back pain.
In yet a further embodiment, the body part 1 is the forehead and, a neuro-stimulation system may be applied to reduce chronic/tension headaches. For instance, an application body housing a stimulator may be applied noninvasively to affected muscles or muscle groups in the forehead area where sub-threshold stimulation may be applied to control tension and relieve chronic pain due to uncontrollable muscle spasms. The stimulator in the application body may provide electrical and/or mechanical stimulation from any number of electrodes and/or vibrating elements, which are driven by a controller.
In another embodiment, the body part 1 employs a prosthetic device, and a neuro-stimulation system may be applied to improve function with the prosthetic device. Generally, sensors on prostheses (proprioception, pressure, etc.) are introduced to pectoral sensory pathways and successfully decoded by the brain. The brain forms new neural connections to process and use the information from the sensors on the prosthesis. This embodiment applies stochastic resonance stimulation in conjunction with the signals from the sensors to promote neural development and to increase the sensitivity of the pectoral nerves to these signals. For example, a stimulator may be incorporated with the prosthetic device to deliver electrical and/or mechanical stimulation during use of the prosthetic device.
In yet another embodiment, a neuro-stimulation system may be applied to reduce phantom limb sensations by those who have lost a limb. In particular, an application body housing a stimulator may be applied to deliver stochastic resonance stimulation to severed nerves associated with the missing limb or to surrounding intact nerves. Such stimulation encourages the brain to dissociate the neural connections causing phantom limb or phantom pain sensations. Applying the stimulation to severed nerves provides the brain with greater information about the current state of the body, alerting the brain of the loss of the limb. Applying the stimulation to surrounding intact nerves encourages the brain to focus on the neural connections that are not associated with the damage.
In a further embodiment, a neuro-stimulation system may be employed for strength training in patients with a sensory deficit. Recent studies have shown that people who actually did certain physical exercises, e.g. finger exercises, gained no more strength than people who did no physical exercise but simply thought about doing the exercise for the same amount of time. Thus, a stimulator may deliver stochastic resonance stimulation to the joints of a patient with a sensory deficit. Such stimulation may result in a faster increase strength by making the brain more aware of body movement.
In yet a further embodiment, a neuro-stimulation system may be employed as a therapy for arousal dysfunction. An application body housing a stimulator may be applied to appropriate areas to deliver stimulation and improve sexual sensory function in these areas.
In another embodiment, the body part 1 may be a finger tip that is used to read Braille, and a neuro-stimulation system may be employed to improve sensory function corresponding to Braille reading ability. The contact surface for delivery of stimulation is a surface with Braille which is then coupled to a stimulator. Stochastic resonance stimulation applied to finger tips has been shown to improve detection of small stimuli. The use of the Braille system for vision impaired reading of text requires precision on the part of the reader to identify small raised dots on paper. This effort can be difficult when the reader is new to Braille, the print is small, or the pages are worn. Therefore, the stimulator 3100 of the neuro-stimulator system 3000 may provide stochastic resonance stimulation to the finger tip to improve a person's ability to detect the raised dots of Braille text. This embodiment is an example of an external device, e.g. the Braille surface, that is provided with a stimulation source and when a body part, e.g. the finger tip, contacts or interacts with the external device, the stimulation source applies the stimulation to sensory cells of the body part to enhance sensory function associated with the body part. Other examples of such external devices are provided herein.
In yet another embodiment, the body part 1 may be the nasal septum while the contact surface may be sized and configured to accommodate stable positioning on the nasal septum. As such, the neuro-stimulation system may be applied to improve the olfactory function of a human. The application of a sub-threshold electrical and/or mechanical signal to the nasal septum increases sensation and provides an improvement in the sense of smell. Therefore, one or more stimulators are positioned to apply a sub-threshold signal to the nasal septum. Preferably, to promote comfort and ease of use, only a small stimulator is positioned on the nasal septum while the controller is positioned elsewhere. Thus, referring to
Similarly, yet another embodiment of the neuro-stimulator may be employed to improve the olfactory function of a canine Canines are often used in tasks requiring the use of smell as a way of locating an object or person. These tasks include searching for missing persons, detecting explosives, and locating contraband such as drugs. Thus, in this application, referring to
Further embodiments of the neuro-stimulator system may be employed to improve auditory sensory function and detection of audio signals. In some embodiments, the neuro-stimulation system provides an electrical or audio noise signal with hearing assistive devices, e.g. hearing aids, cochlear implants, etc., to improve the auditory function of their users and the effectiveness of these devices. With such embodiments, the hearing assistive device may act as the application body 3001A which houses the complete neuro-stimulation system 3000A, as depicted in
Another embodiment of the neuro-stimulation system is employed to improve visual function, where the body part 1 is the eye. In this embodiment, the neuro-stimulation system may add noise to the visual signal, or light, from the object being viewed. For example, vision is used extensively in the scrutiny of images (x-ray, etc.) for medical diagnosis or in the screening of packages and contents for security purposes. The neuro-stimulation system may generate noise in a band of visual wavelengths, and the noise may be transmitted along with the images, such as those from a security screening monitor. The stimulation from the transmitted noise may improve the ability to detect weak information being received by the eye. Similar to the improvement of auditory function described previously, stimulation in the form of visual signals may be delivered across a space between the stimulator and the body part 1.
Yet another embodiment of the neuro-stimulation system is employed to improve tasting function, where the body part 1 is a tongue. A discriminating palate is key to the process of taste testing used in the culinary arts, brewing, etc. As such, the contact surface of a stimulator may be placed into contact with areas of the tongue surface to deliver electrical or mechanical stimulation from the simulating element 3105 to the gustatory (taste nerve) cells. Such stimulation improves the ability of the subject to taste. Due to relatively limited access to the tongue inside the mouth, referring to
While
Although an application body in a neuro-stimulation system may be specially shaped or configured to accommodate a particular body part to deliver stimulation, other neuro-stimulation systems may incorporate a stimulator into the structure of another device, such as a consumer product, which is initially intended to provide other functions outside of stimulation delivery. As such, the device, or a part thereof, becomes an application body for stimulation delivery. Combining a neuro-stimulation system with another device may improve an operator's ability to use the device or may enhance the effectiveness of the device. The prosthetic device combined one or more simulators or the hearing assistive device combined with one or more stimulators, described previously, provide examples of neuro-stimulation systems that incorporate a stimulator within another device.
In another example, a stimulator may be incorporated into a gun or rifle to deliver stimulation that improves a person's ability to shoot a gun. Accurate gun shooting is required especially in long range targeting, such as sniping. One aspect of accurate gun shooting is the ability of the shooter to control the precise action of a hair trigger and maintain gun stock position relative to the shooter's body as the projectile is fired from the gun. An embodiment of a neuro-stimulation system may incorporate a stimulator with a vibrating stimulating element into the trigger and/or the gun stock. As such, the gun may provide stochastic resonance stimulation to a trigger finger through the gun trigger and/or to a region of the body between the arm and torso through the gun stock. In this example, parts of the gun act as application bodies for the delivery of sensory enhancement stimulation.
In yet another example, an embodiment of a neuro-stimulation system may incorporate stimulators into a waterproof shower mat to deliver stochastic resonance stimulation to a person's feet and reduce the likelihood that the person will fall in the shower. In a particular embodiment, the shower mat may be battery powered and may employ force sensors in the mat to determine where the foot is making contact and allow focused delivery of stimulation to areas of the mat where the person is standing. As discussed previously, the delivery of such stimulation to the feet enhances human balance, reducing the likelihood of falling.
In a further example, an embodiment of a neuro-stimulation system may incorporate a stimulator into a sock, which delivers stochastic resonance stimulation to a foot. The stimulating element may be formed from a flexible polymer which vibrates from an electrical signal received from a controller coupled to the stimulator. The sock conforms to the shape of the foot and remains in contact with areas of the bottom of the foot without requiring any load on the bottom of the sock. Advantageously, the sock may be used by diabetics and other similar individuals who are not physically active and do not spend a significant amount of time on their feet to place a load on the sock. Even while seated or lying down, the sock maintains contact with the soles of the foot, so that the foot receives the effect of stimulation delivered by the stimulator. The benefits of applying such a stimulation to the bottom of the foot were described previously. In a particular embodiment, the controller may deliver different driving signals to the stimulating element depending on the load on the sock, i.e. load differences between standing and sitting. As such, a sensor may be employed to indicate the loading state of the sock to the controller, so that the driving signal may be correspondingly adjusted.
Therefore, embodiments of the present invention provide a variety of configurations and shapes for delivering controlled stimulation to any sensory cells of any body part according to a variety of therapeutic applications. In some preferred embodiments, subthreshold and/or aperiodic stimulation is applied to enhance transmission and detection of sensory information. In some applications, this results in improved neuromuscular performance.
It is understood that while the embodiments described herein may provide subthreshold and/or a periodic stimulation, the embodiments may also be capable of providing supra-threshold stimulation. In particular, supra-threshold stimulation may be applied as technique to determine, e.g. iteratively, a person's sensory threshold during initial system setup and before the subthreshold and/or a periodic stimulation is applied.
However, the foregoing specific embodiments of the present invention as set forth in the specification herein are for illustrative purposes only. Various deviations and modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of this invention, without departing from the main theme thereof. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described herein above. While the present invention has been described in connection with a number of exemplary embodiments, and implementations, the present inventions are not so limited, but rather cover various modifications, and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview of prospective claims. All dimensions, and the like, provided herein are exemplary.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/429,252 filed May 5, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S. application Ser. No. 10/429,252 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/377,202 filed May 3, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/880,026 filed Jan. 12, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60377202 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60880026 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11927597 | Oct 2007 | US |
| Child | 14249856 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10429252 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11927597 | US |
