SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT IN AN AUXILIARY POWER UNIT MODE

Abstract

A first and second engine are connected to a drive train for driving an aircraft accessory. A gearbox is connected to a primer mover propulsor and an actuator operatively associated with a selected engine is moveable between a position in which the selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a position in which the selected engine disengages from the gearbox. A position signal, a status signal, and a request signal respectively indicative of a present position of the actuator, a governing state and present speed of each engine, and a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other position are received. If the selected engine's speed differs from a predetermined threshold, a control signal is output for causing the engine's speed to be adjusted towards the threshold. A control signal indicating that movement of the actuator is permitted is then output.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The application relates generally to the control of a multi-engine aircraft, and in particular to operating an engine on the aircraft in an auxiliary power unit mode.

BACKGROUND OF THE ART

An auxiliary power unit (APU) is typically used in aircraft to provide various functionalities, such as an independent power drive as an adjunct to a primary engine. For example an APU may be used to provide back-up power to the electrical power system of an aircraft, while the aircraft is grounded or during an in-flight emergency. A dedicated APU may further be used to drive aircraft-mounted accessories without driving the aircraft's main rotor. However, having such a dedicated APU causes an increase in the weight and complexity of the aircraft systems.

There is therefore a need for an improved system and method for operating an engine on the aircraft in an auxiliary power unit mode.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, there is provided a system for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a prime mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox. The system comprises a memory having stored therein a predetermined speed threshold for engaging/disengaging the at least one selected engine; and a processing unit coupled to the memory and configured to receive a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position, receive a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine, receive a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position, compare the present speed of the at least one selected engine to the threshold, if the present speed differs from the threshold, output a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold, and output a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a primer mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox. The method comprises receiving a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position; receiving a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine; receiving a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position; comparing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to a predetermined speed threshold; if the present speed differs from the threshold, outputting a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold; and outputting a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.

In a further aspect, there is provided a system for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a primer mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox. The system comprises means for receiving a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position; means for receiving a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine; means for receiving a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position; means for comparing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to a predetermined speed threshold; if the present speed differs from the threshold, means for outputting a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold; and means for outputting a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is now made to the accompanying figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a typical gas turbine engine with a free power turbine spool;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a system for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of input signals received at and output signals output by the Electronic Engine Control Unit (EECU) of FIG. 2 for providing an auxiliary power unit (APU) mode of operation, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of state transitioning logic implemented by the EECU of FIG. 2 for transitioning between a normal mode of operation and the APU mode of operation, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of speed setting and indication scheduling implemented by the EECU of FIG. 2 in transitioning between a normal mode of operation and the APU mode of operation, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a gas turbine engine with a free power turbine spool 10 of a type preferably provided for use in subsonic flight, generally comprising in serial flow communication, a compressor section 12 for pressurizing the air, a combustor 14 in which the compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited for generating an annular stream of hot combustion gases, and a turbine section 16 for extracting energy from the combustion gases. The combustion gases flowing out of the combustor 14 circulate through the turbine section 16 and are expelled through an exhaust duct 18. The turbine section 16 includes a compressor turbine 20 in driving engagement with the compressor section 12 through a high pressure shaft 22, and a power turbine 24 in driving engagement with a power shaft 26. The power shaft 26 is in driving engagement with an output shaft 28 through a reduction gearbox (not shown). Although illustrated as a turboshaft engine, the gas turbine engine 10 may alternatively be another type of engine, for example a turboprop engine, also generally comprising in serial flow communication a compressor section, a combustor, and a turbine section, and a propeller through which ambient air is propelled.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a system 100 for controlling a multi-engine aircraft comprising at least a first and a second one of the engine of FIG. 1 will now be described. In particular, the system 100 is illustratively used for activating a ground only mode of operation, e.g. an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) mode, in a twin engine helicopter having at least a first (e.g. APU) engine 10₁ and a second (e.g. Non-APU) engine 10₂ installed thereon. It should be understood that, although the system 100 is shown is illustrated and described as being used for a twin engine helicopter, other aircraft than helicopters and aircraft comprising more than two (2) engines as in 10₁ and 10₂ may also apply.

A main rotor gearbox (MGB) or transmission 106 is illustratively used to connect the first engine 10₁ and the second engine 10₂ to a main rotor 102 and a tail rotor 104 of the aircraft, which constitute the aircraft prime mover propulsor. It should be understood that, in some embodiments, the MGB 106 may be used to connect the engines 10₁, 10₂ to a propeller. An APU and/or APU accessories 108 are also illustratively provided on the aircraft for various purposes, such as the provision of electrical power and/or pneumatic air to the aircraft in certain stages of engine operation. The APU/APU accessories 108 may therefore comprise, but are not limited to, power sources, hydraulic pumps, environmental control systems, and the like. It should be understood that various other APU/APU accessories 108 used for a variety of purposes may apply. The APU/APU accessories 108 are illustratively driven by a first and a second dedicated accessory drive train 110₁, 110₂, e.g. the output shaft (reference 28 in FIG. 1). Each one of the engines 10₁ and 10₂ is illustratively normally connected to a respective one of the accessory drive trains 110₁, 110₂, respectively via a first clutch (not shown) comprised in a clutch and APU actuator system 112 operatively connected to the engine 10₁ and a second clutch (not shown) comprised in a clutch system 114 operatively connected to the engine 10₂. In this manner, the engines 10₁ and 10₂ are each adapted to transmit drive (e.g. their rotational output) to the APU/APU accessories 108. One type of clutch used is commonly known as a Sprag clutch.

The clutch and APU actuator system 112 is in turn operatively connected to the MGB 106, the engine 10₁, and the accessory drive train 110₁ while the clutch system 114 is operatively connected to the MGB 106, the engine 10₂, and the accessory drive train 110₂. Connection via the clutch system 114 then enables the engine 10₂ to drive the main and tail rotors 102, 104 as well as the APU/APU accessories 108. In one embodiment, the clutch and APU actuator system 112 comprises an APU actuator (e.g. an airframe actuator, not shown) moveable between a first (or Main Gearbox, MGB) position and a second (or APU Only) position for selectively controlling driving of the main and tail rotors 102, 104 and the APU/APU accessories 108 by the engine 10₁. Although reference is made herein to the APU actuator being used to control driving of the main and tail rotors 102, 104 and the APU/APU accessories 108 by the engine 10₁, it should be understood however that such an APU actuator may alternatively be provided in the clutch system 114 for controlling driving of the main and tail rotors 102, 104 and the APU/APU accessories 108 by the engine 10₂.

The clutch and APU actuator system 112 is illustratively configured such that, when the APU actuator is in the first position, the engine 10₁ is engaged to the MGB 106 and drives the main and tail rotors 102, 104 as well as the APU/APU accessories 108. When the APU actuator of the APU actuator system 112 is in the second position, the engine 10₁ is disengaged from the MGB 106 so as to drive the APU/APU accessories 108 without driving the main and tail rotors 102, 104. In this case, a single engine, e.g. the non-APU engine 10₂, drives the main and tail rotors 102, 104. This eliminates the need for a dedicated APU and related systems on the aircraft, thereby simplifying and reducing the weight of the aircraft. When the APU actuator is in the first position, the control system 100 accordingly operates in a first (or normal) mode of operation while it operates in a second (or APU) mode of operation, which is illustratively a ground only mode of operation, when the APU actuator is in the second position.

The system 100 further comprises an APU actuator controller 116 that is in electrical communication with the APU actuator provided in the clutch and APU actuator system 112 for controlling an operation of the APU actuator. In particular, and as will be discussed further below, in response to receiving from the aircraft (e.g. from the pilot) a request signal indicative of a request to move the APU actuator from one position to the next, the APU actuator controller 116 outputs a control signal to cause movement (e.g. start/stop/control of direction) of the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112. In response, the APU actuator will be moved from a present position to a requested (i.e. desired) position, which is one of the first position and the second position. The controller 116 is illustratively a programmable logic controller, and as such, may include a general purpose programmable processor, computer storage memory, and a plurality of input and output ports (not shown). In one embodiment, the APU actuator controller 116 is connected to an Auxiliary Power Unit Aircraft Controller (APUAC) 118 of an aircraft avionics system 119. The APU actuator controller 116 then communicates to the APUAC 118 feedback signals indicative of a current position (i.e. first or second position) of the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112. The APU actuator controller 116 may further communicate electrical power feedback to the APUAC 118.

The APUAC 118 then sends via a communication channel 120 the data received from the APU actuator controller 116 to an Electronic Engine Control Unit (EECU) 122₁ connected to engine 10₁. The communication channel 120 illustratively comprises a digital and/or hardwired interface and uses any suitable communication standard, such as the ARINC 429 data transfer standard or the like, and may therefore be an ARINC 429 digital data bus. As discussed above, in an alternate embodiment, the clutch system 114 may comprise an APU actuator that is controlled by the APU actuator controller 116 rather than the APU actuator being provided in the clutch and APU actuator system 112 and it should therefore be understood that the APUAC 118 may alternatively communicate with a second EECU 122₂ connected to the engine 10₂.

Each EECU 122₁ or 122₂ illustratively comprises one or more computing devices (not shown) in communication with the hardware of the corresponding engine 10₁, 10₂ for controlling an operation thereof. The computing devices may include, but are not limited to, a digital computer, a processing unit (e.g. a microprocessor, general purpose programmable processor, or the like), a memory, and a plurality of input and output ports (not shown). In particular, the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ may be a multi-channel controller comprising a number of independent control channels, e.g. two (2) control channels as in 122_1A (e.g. channel A) and 122_2A (e.g. channel B) (and accordingly two (2) control channels 122_2A, 122_2B for EECU 122₂), as illustrated. Each channel 122_1A, 122_2A (and similarly channels 122_2A, 122_2B) may then be connected to a corresponding one of a first APUAC module 118₁ and a second APUAC module 118₂ of the APUAC 118 and receive data therefrom. In particular and as will be discussed further below, the APUAC modules 118₁, 118₂ may communicate to the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ signals indicative of the present position of the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112. It should be understood that the EECUs 122₁, 122₂ and the APUAC 118 may be single-channel devices.

The APUAC 118 and EECU 122₁ or 122₂ may also exchange a plurality of input and output signals (or flags) that may be used to ensure synchronization between the aircraft avionics systems 119 and the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ for providing the APU mode of operation. As will be discussed further below, the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ may then process the received data to determine when it is acceptable to move the APU actuator from the present position to the requested position. The EECU 122₁ or 122₂ may also output a control signal to the APU actuator controller 116 (via the APUAC 118) for providing to the APU actuator controller 116 an indication that movement of the APU actuator is permitted. Upon receiving control signals from the EECU 122₁ or 122₂, the APU actuator controller 116 may cause the desired movement of the APU actuator to occur. As will be discussed further below, the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ may also receive an indication of the governing state and present speed of the engines 10₁ and 10₂ and, upon processing the received data, output to the engines 10₁ and 10₂ a control signal for causing adjustment of a speed thereof (e.g. achieving a speed split) in order to prevent possible mechanical damage to the MGB 106.

The system 100 may further comprise an aircraft cockpit display (ACD) 124 configured to communicate with the APUAC 118 and receive therefrom data to be rendered on the ACD 124 for cockpit display. For instance, the APUAC 118 may send to the ACD 124 data received from the APU actuator controller 116, the data indicative of a present position of the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112. The APUAC 118 may also transmit to the ACD 124 data received from the EECU 122₁ or 122₂, for instance data indicative of a feedback response to the APU request (i.e. the request to move the actuator), of a status of the APU mode of operation, as well as of a failure and/or inhibition of the normal mode or APU mode. It should be understood that any other suitable data may be exchanged with the ACD 124. Also, any data received at the ACD 124 may be rendered thereon in a manner known to those skilled in the art.

Referring now to FIG. 3 in addition to FIG. 2, there is illustrated information (e.g. input/output data signals or flags) that flows between the aircraft systems (e.g. the APU Actuator controller 116, the engines 10₁, 10₂, and the airframe) and the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ for achieving synchronization between the aircraft systems and the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ while implementing the APU mode functionality for a given one of the engines 10₁, 10₂, e.g. the engine 10₁. Such synchronization ensures that movement of the APU actuator is performed at a suitable point in time in accordance with the state of the engines 10₁, 10₂, and the status of the APU actuator, thereby reducing engine instability. It should be understood that, depending on the embodiments, input/output signals or flags other than the ones described herein may be received at/output by the EECU 122₁ or 122₂ for achieving the desired synchronization. Also, although the description below will refer to the EECU 122₁ for sake of simplicity and clarity, it should be understood that reference may similarly be made to EECU 122₂.

In one embodiment, the EECU 122₁ receives an “APU Mode Request” signal, the signal indicating that a request for transitioning from the normal mode where the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112 is in the first position to the APU mode where the APU actuator will be moved to the second position (i.e. a request for disengaging the engine 10₁ from the MGB 106) has been made (e.g. upon selection by the pilot of a suitable input means). When the APU actuator has reached the first or MGB position, as determined by the APU actuator controller 116, the EECU 122₁ further receives from the APU actuator controller 116 (via the APUAC 118) an “APU Actuator Coupled to MGB Position” signal indicative of the event (e.g. of the status of the engine decoupling process). When the APU actuator 114 has reached the second or APU only position, the EECU 122₁ accordingly receives an “APU Actuator Coupled to APU only Position” signal. The EECU 122₁ may further receive an air/ground signal indicative of whether the aircraft is airborne or on the ground. For instance, a “Weight On Wheels” (WOW) signal, which is indicative of whether the aircraft has weight on its wheels may be received. An “Engine Governing Mode (OFF/IDLE/FLIGHT)” signal indicative of a governing state of the engine (e.g. idle, flight, shutdown) may also be received at the EECU 122₁. An “Engine Position” signal indicative of which engine 10₁, 10₂ is left or right (LHE, RHE) and a “Power Turbine Speed” signal indicative of the engine's power turbine speed are also illustratively received at the EECU 122₁.

The EECU 122₁ then extracts data from the received input signals, processes the extracted data, and in turn generates a plurality of output signals, which may be transmitted to the engine 10₁, to the ACD 124 (via the APUAC 118), and/or to the APU actuator controller 116 (via the APUAC 118) for permitting/causing the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112 to transition from one position (e.g. first or MGB position) to the other (e.g. second or APU Only position). For instance, upon receiving the “APU Mode Request” signal, the EECU 122₁ may output an “APU Mode Request Confirmed” signal, which provides a confirmation that the APU mode request has indeed been received. The EECU 122₁ may also output an “APU Mode Transition Available” signal that indicates to the airframe that movement of the APU actuator is now available, i.e. permission to move the APU actuator may be requested. After a request for transitioning the APU actuator from one position to the other has been received, the EECU 122₁ may output an “APU Mode Actuator Movement In Progress” signal. This signal may indicate that the APU actuator is authorized to transition from the present (e.g. first or MGB position) towards the desired (e.g. second or APU Only) position and that the APU actuator controller 116 may now accordingly control the APU actuator to move to the requested position. Upon receiving the “APU Actuator Coupled to APU only Position” signal, the EECU 122₁ may output an “APU Mode In Use” signal, which indicates that the APU actuator has reached the requested (e.g. second or APU only) position and that the engine 10₁ is now fully disengaged from the main rotor 102 and tail rotor 104, i.e. that the engine 10₁ drives the APU/APU accessories 108 only. A “Single Engine Driving Main Rotor Indication” signal may also be output to indicate that only one of the engines 10₁, 10₂ is driving the main rotor 102.

Still referring to FIG. 3 in addition to FIG. 2, the EECU 122₁ may detect from the received input signals that a given one of the control channels 122_1A, 122_2B (or 122_2A, 122₂₈) from which the data is received is not functioning properly. The EECU 122₁ may accordingly output an “APU Mode Request Fault” signal indicative of a channel or input fault. Feedback may then be provided to the airframe (e.g. via the ACD 124) that the channel inputs are faulted. When in the APU mode of operation, the EECU 122₁ may determine that the APU actuator 114 may transition back to the MGB position and accordingly outputs an “APU Mode Exit Transition Available” signal. Such a signal provides an indication that the engine 10₁ may now be reconnected to the MGB 106 and accordingly drive the main and tail rotors 102, 104. Further to receiving the “Engine Position” signal, the EECU 122₁ may also output an “Engine Position Feedback” signal that provides an indication of the engine 10₁ or 10₂ which can run in APU mode only and the engine 10₁ or 10₂ for which it is desirable to maintain a speed split during transitions to or from the APU mode configuration. When the EECU 122₁ determines from the governing state of the engines 10₁ and 10₂ that the engine speeds are to be adjusted to unload the MGB 106 prior to disengaging the engine 10₁, the EECU 122₁ may output a signal that provides an indication thereof. A “Fuel Flow Command” signal may be output accordingly (e.g. further to receiving the “Power Turbine Speed” signal) to the engine(s) 10₁ and/or 10₂ to cause the speed adjustment. Further to receiving the air/ground signal, e.g. the “Weight On Wheels” signal, the EECU 122₁ may also output an air/ground status signal, e.g. a “Weight On Wheels Status” signal, to provide an indication of the status of the aircraft (e.g. airborne or on the ground). Referring now to FIG. 4 in addition to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, there is shown an illustrative state transitioning schematic 200 that describes the logic implemented by the EECU 122₁ for transitioning between the normal mode of operation 202 and the APU mode of operation 204. The transition is illustratively performed by going through one or more of an APU Mode Entry state 206, an APU Mode Exit state 208, and an APU Accommodation state 210. The EECU 122₁ transitions through the states in accordance to various entry and exit conditions and having knowledge of the status (e.g. governing state, speed) of each engine 10₁, 10₂. In particular, when in the Normal Mode 202, the EECU 122₁ may determine from the engine status whether the APU entry conditions 212 have been achieved, thereby determining whether to allow entry into APU Mode 204. In particular, the APU Mode 204 being a ground only mode, the EECU 122₁ may enter the APU Mode 204 only when the aircraft is on the ground, as indicated from the received air/ground signal. In one embodiment, a “Weight On Wheels” (WOW) signal is used to determine if the aircraft is in a ground mode. It should however be understood that other suitable signals, such as airspeed, altitude, rotor speed, and/or other suitable indicators may be used either with or in place of WOW. In one embodiment, the logic implemented by the EECU 122₁ allows to detect conflicting states and may send a fault indication accordingly. In addition transition to/from APU is illustratively inhibited until the conflicting conditions or faults are cleared.

If the APU entry conditions 212 are lost (e.g. the aircraft is airborne), the EECU 122₁ remains in the Normal Mode 202 and no transition to the APU Mode 204 may occur. Otherwise, if the APU entry conditions 212 are present, the EECU 122₁ determines that the APU mode 204 may be entered and provides an indication transition to APU mode is available or permitted. For this purpose, the “APU Mode Transition Available” signal may be output. Once it is determined that the APU mode is available, the EECU 122₁ then moves to the APU Mode Entry state 206, which illustratively comprises an APU Mode Initialization State 302 and a Transition to APU Mode State 304. When the transition condition “APU Request=TRUE” 306 is satisfied, i.e. upon receiving a request to move the APU actuator and enter the APU Mode 204 (e.g. in response to pilot selection), the EECU 122₁ may then output the “APU Mode Request Confirmed” signal and enter the APU Mode Initialization State 302.

The APU Mode Initialization State 302 may be implemented to ensure that the engine 10₁ is decoupled (i.e. applying no torque to the MGB 106) from the main and tail rotors 102,104, therefore taking no load therefrom. This may already be achieved based on the current governing state of the engine 10₁, for example if the engine 10₁ is shutdown. However, if the engine 10₁ is not already decoupled, the EECU 122₁ may, in the APU Mode Initialization State 302, adjust the governing speeds of the engines 10₁ and/or 10₂ to attain and maintain a speed split desirable for successful decoupling of the engine 10₁ and preventing possible mechanical damage to the MGB 106. In particular, it is desirable for the engine (e.g. APU mode engine 10₁) transitioning to or from APU mode 204 to be decoupled or unloaded with a minimum speed split for the transition to occur, the speed split being illustratively engine specific. Indeed, it is desirable for the speed split to be maintained during transition by at least one of reducing the speed of one engine and increasing the speed of the other engine. In one embodiment, the speed of the APU mode engine 10₁ is adjusted while the speed of the Non-APU engine 10₂ (i.e. the engine engaged to the MGB) is held to a given level until the transition to/from APU mode is successfully completed. In one embodiment, it may be desirable for a speed split or difference of 5% to be achieved between the engines 10₁, 10₂. Other suitable speed splits may apply.

In particular, if both engines 10₁ and 10₂ are governing at flight, as indicated in the “Engine Governing Mode” signal received at the EECU 122₁, the EECU 122₁ outputs a control signal to cause the engine 10₁ to decrease its propeller or shaft (Np) speed towards a predetermined speed threshold, e.g. an APU transition speed, that may be stored in memory and retrieved therefrom. The APU transition speed setting is illustratively determined so as to set the lowest available torque output when engaging/disengaging the engine 10₁. If the engine 10₁ is governing at idle and the engine 10₂ is governing at flight, the speed split may already be achieved. The EECU 122₁ may output a control signal to cause the engine 10₁ to hold or increase its shaft speed towards the threshold. The threshold may be determined such that the engine 10₁ operating at this threshold applies no torque on the MGB 106, thereby being and remaining decoupled with a desired speed split (may be stored in memory) between the engines 10₁, 10₂.

Once engine 10₁ is decoupled from the main and tail rotors 102, 104, e.g. the transition conditions “APU Transition Conditions Achieved” 308 is satisfied, the EECU 122₁ may then enter the APU Mode Transition state 304. The EECU 122₁ may further send an indication (“APU Mode Actuator Movement In Progress” signal) to the aircraft (i.e. to the APU Actuator Controller 116 via the APUAC 118) that actuator movement is now permitted (e.g. because the engine 10₁ is stabilized at the speed threshold). In response to receiving the signal from the EECU 122₁, the APU actuator controller 116 then sends a control signal to the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112 to cause the APU actuator to move to the second position, thereby disengaging the engine 10₁ from the MGB 106, and thus from the main and tail rotors 102, 104. During the transition, the EECU 122₁ will then transition an MGB mode indication (indicates whether APU actuator is in first position, e.g. APU actuator coupled to MGB position, or not) to ‘false’ (“Coupled=FALSE” 310). The APU actuator controller 116 illustratively sends to the EECU 122₁ (via the APUAC 118 and communication link 120) a position signal indicative of the present position of the APU actuator. Once the EECU 122₁ determines from the data received from the APU actuator controller 116 that the movement of the APU actuator is complete, i.e. the APU actuator has been moved from the first or APU Actuator Coupled to MGB position to the second or APU Actuator Coupled to APU only position, the EECU 122₁ may then transition an APU Mode indication (indicates whether APU actuator is in second position, e.g. APU actuator coupled to APU only position, or not) to ‘true’ (“De-coupled=TRUE”).

When the transition condition “De-coupled=TRUE” 311 is satisfied, i.e. the EECU 122₁ has confirmed that the APU actuator is in the second position and the engine 10₁ is disengaged from main and tail rotors 102, 104, the EECU 122₁ may then enter the APU mode 204 and output an indication thereof (“APU Mode In Use” signal) to the aircraft systems. It should be understood that the “APU Mode In Use” signal may alternatively be output by the EECU 122₁ as soon as the latter enters the APU Mode Initialization State 302. Upon entering the APU Mode 204, the EECU 122₁ further outputs a control signal to the engine 10₁ to cause the latter to adjust its governing speed, as discussed above. In particular, the EECU 122₁ may cause the engine 10₁ to increase its speed from the speed threshold towards a predetermined governing speed reference associated with the APU mode of operation, thereby returning the engine 10₁ to the governing state. In one embodiment, when the EECU 122₁ is in the APU mode 204, the engine 10₁ has a speed set above that of the engine 10₂ with a given speed difference or speed split between the engine speeds. This may then ensure that the engine 10₂ does not drive the APU/APU accessories 108 through the clutch system 114 and that only the engine 10₁ drives the APU/APU accessories 108 while both engines 10₁, 10₂ are at FLIGHT.

Still referring to FIG. 4, exit from the APU Mode 204 towards the Normal Mode 202 may be performed in a manner similar to entry into APU mode 204 (discussed above). In particular, when in the APU Mode 204, the EECU 122₁ determines whether the APU Exit conditions 214, e.g. the aircraft is not airborne, Non-APU engine 10₂ is in the same state or higher than APU engine 10₁ (e.g. “Engine Governing Mode” signal indicates a selection of either FLIGHT vs. FLIGHT, FLIGHT vs. IDLE or FLIGHT vs. OFF), are present. If this is not the case and the APU exit conditions 214 are lost, the EECU 122₁ remains in APU Mode 204. Otherwise, the EECU determines that the Normal Mode is available (i.e. may be entered) and outputs an indication thereof (“APU Mode Exit Transition Available” signal) to the aircraft systems. It should be understood that the EECU 122₁ may also output the “APU Mode Exit Transition Available” signal as soon as the engine 10₁ has been returned to its governing state. The EECU 122₁ may then enter the APU Mode Exit state 208, which illustratively comprises a Normal Mode Initialization State 312 and a Normal Mode Transition State 314.

When the transition condition “APU Request=FALSE” 316 is satisfied, e.g. when an update signal indicative that the APU request is deselected by the pilot or otherwise withdrawn is received, the EECU 122₁ enters the Normal Mode Initialization State 312. In the Normal Mode Initialization State 312, the EECU 122₁ illustratively outputs a control signal to the engine 10₁ to cause the latter to reduce its speed back to the speed threshold, thereby ensuring that the engine 10₁ is decoupled for satisfying the transition condition “APU Transition Conditions Achieved” 317. Once the transition conditions “APU Transition Conditions Achieved” 317 is satisfied, the EECU 122₁ enters the Normal Mode Transition state 314 and may send an indication (“APU Actuator Movement In Progress” signal) to the aircraft (i.e. to the APU Actuator Controller 116 via the APUAC 118) that actuator movement is again permitted. In response to receiving the signal from the EECU 122₁, the APU actuator controller 116 may then send a control signal to the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112 to cause the movement of the APU actuator from the second or APU only position towards the first or MGB position for engaging the engine 10₁ to the main and tail rotors 102, 104. The APU actuator controller 116 then sends the present APU actuator position to the EECU 122₁ (via the APUAC 118 and communication link 120). Once the EECU 122₁ determines from the received data that movement of the APU actuator is complete, i.e. the APU actuator is now in the first or APU Actuator Coupled to MGB position, the EECU 122₁ transitions the APU Actuator Coupled to MGB (“Coupled”) indication to ‘true’ and the APU Actuator Coupled to APU only (“De-coupled”) indication to ‘false’.

When the transition conditions “De-coupled=FALSE” 318 and “Coupled=TRUE” 320 are satisfied, i.e. the EECU 122₁ has confirmed that the engine 10₁ is engaged to the main and tail rotors 102, 104, the EECU 122₁ may then enter the Normal mode 204. The EECU 122₁ further outputs a control signal to the engine 10₁ to cause the latter to adjust (e.g. increase) its speed from the speed threshold (i.e. the APU transition speed) towards a governing speed reference associated with the normal mode of operation.

FIG. 4 also illustrates the APU Accommodation state 210 implemented by the EECU 122₁ during the APU mode 204 or the interim states (e.g. the APU Mode Initialization State 302, the Transition to APU Mode State 304, the Normal Mode Initialization State 312, and the Transition to Normal Mode State 314) to and from the APU mode 204. In the APU Accommodation state 210, if one or more of the input signals received at the EECU 122₁ are not in their expected state or if specific faults are detected, the EECU 122₁ may latch and/or abort the current state and return to the Normal mode 202. When the state is latched, the transition (to/from APU mode 204) is stopped and the engine (e.g. engine 10₁) remains in neither Normal nor APU mode. This is usually due to a timeout, fault or speed split no longer being present. A new request is illustratively required with no faults present and required engine states to re-initialize the transition to/from APU mode 204. In some embodiments, APU request changing states does not set a State Latched condition 326 but changes the APU actuator direction to remain or return to the previous state if required conditions are met.

In one embodiment, the conditions for transitioning from the APU Mode Entry state 206 (e.g. from the APU Mode Initialization State 302 or the Transition to APU Mode State 304) to the APU Accommodation state 210 are that major faults 322 occur or that the APU Request transitions to false 324 (“APU Request=FALSE”). Examples of major faults include, but are not limited to, engine shutdown, loss of speed signal, and conflicting APU mode request or actuator feedback (e.g. Normal and APU mode set at the same time). When the EECU 122₁ detects major faults or that the APU request transitions to false (e.g. is withdrawn), the current state (e.g. state 302 or 304) is then latched by the EECU 122₁, which then enters the “State Latched” state 326. If the transition state is latched, the EECU 122₁ may reset the “Actuator Movement Transition Available” flag to provide an indication that movement of the actuator may no longer be requested. Once a state is latched, the EECU 122₁ may further enter an Abort state 328 to abort to the Normal Mode 202 once the conditions “APU Request=FALSE” 324, “Engine Shutdown” 330 (indicative that the engine 10₁ is shutdown), “Coupled=FALSE”, “De-coupled=FALSE” 331 are satisfied, as indicated by the status and position signals received at the EECU 122₁.

If, during the APU Mode Initialization State 302, the APU mode request transitions to false (“APU Request=FALSE” 324), e.g. is withdrawn before the APU actuator has started to move, and the state is not latched (not needed as the EECU configuration has not changed), the EECU 122₁ illustratively aborts 328 and returns to the Normal Mode 202. This may occur since the pilot has the ability to cancel the APU mode request before the “Actuator Movement Available” flag is set. Also, the APU mode request may transition to false due to ARINC input word fault at the communication channel 120.

The EECU 122₁ may further transition from the APU Mode Exit state 208 (e.g. from the Normal Mode Initialization State 312 or the Transition to Normal Mode State 314) to the APU Accommodation state 210 (e.g. to State Latched 326 and Abort state 328) if major faults are detected (“Major Faults” 322). The EECU 122₁ may also transition from the Normal Mode Initialization State 312 to the Abort state 328 when no major faults are detected and “APU Request=FALSE” 324, “Coupled=FALSE, De-coupled=FALSE” 331, “Engine Shutdown” 330 are satisfied. In addition, the EECU 122₁ may transition directly from the Transition to Normal Mode State 314 to the APU Mode 204 if the condition “APU Request=TRUE” 306 is satisfied.

In the transition states (e.g. APU Mode Initialization State 302, APU Mode Transition State 304, Normal Mode Initialization State 312, Normal Mode Transition State 314), the EECU 122₁ may further reset the “APU Mode Transition Available” flag to avoid movement of the APU actuator of the clutch and APU actuator system 112 when the engine 10₁ is no longer decoupled. This may occur when the difference between the speeds of the engines 10₁ and 10₂ is less than a predetermined tolerance that may be stored in memory (e.g. 4%), unless both engines 10₁, 10₂ are shutdown). This may also occur when an engine shutdown is commanded on either engine 10₁, 10₂ during the transition, resulting in the APU mode transition conditions to no longer be valid. Also, the EECU 122₁ may reset the “APU Mode Transition Available” flag during a timeout condition, i.e. an expected transition time is exceeded.

The EECU 122₁ may also enter the APU Accommodation state 210 from the APU Mode 204. In particular, the EECU 122₁ may enter the Abort state 328 directly from the APU Mode if the “APU Request=FALSE” 324, “Coupled=FALSE, De-coupled=FALSE” 331, “Engine Shutdown” 330 conditions are satisfied. The EECU 122₁ may further inhibit a start of the APU engine (e.g. engine 10₁) in the event of a total loss of the Aircraft to EECU Interface, in the illustrated embodiment ARINC input bus 120, (“Dual ARINC Input Word Fault” condition 332) being detected while the engine 10₁ is shutdown (“Engine Shutdown” condition 330 satisfied). The start inhibit may indeed be performed to prevent possible damage to the gearbox if the gearbox's configuration is undetermined, i.e. not Normal mode and not APU mode. Otherwise, the APU Mode 204 is confirmed and the EECU 122₁ remains therein. Starts may then only be allowed once the fault is reset and all inputs are confirmed valid.

FIG. 5 shows an example of an APU speed setting and indication scheduling diagram 400 when APU mode is implemented by the EECU (reference 122₁ or 122₂ in FIG. 2) with both engines operating. The diagram 400 illustrates APU mode entry with both APU and non APU aircraft engines (e.g. engines 10₁ and 10₂ of FIG. 2) governing at flight speed reference (NRREF). As can be seen in plot 402 of FIG. 5, during the APU Mode Initialization state (reference 302 in FIG. 4), the engine 10₁ is caused to gradually reduce its speed from the Normal Mode (reference 202 in FIG. 4) speed NRREF to an APU transition speed of NRREF−Y % N1, N1 being the engine's power turbine shaft speed. The APU transition speed NRREF−Y % N1 is illustratively determined as the speed setting to set the lowest available torque output and the value of Y (and that of NRREF) may be predetermined and stored in memory. Concurrently, the engine 10₂ is caused to change speed, in the illustrated embodiment gradually increase its speed to a predetermined N1 (N1 Eng 2) with this speed being illustratively maintained in all states other than the Normal Mode 202 (see plot 404).

Upon the EECU 122₁ entering the APU Mode (reference 204 in FIG. 4), the engine 10₁ is caused to gradually increase its speed to N1 Eng 2+X % N1, i.e. to have a N1 above that of the engine 10₂ (as discussed above) with a X % speed split. The value of X (difference between the engine speeds) may be predetermined and stored in memory. Upon the EECU 122₁ entering the Normal Mode Initialization state (reference 302 in FIG. 4), the engine 10₁ is then caused to gradually reduce its speed from N1 Eng 2+X % N1 back to the APU transition speed of NRREF−Y % N1. When the Normal Mode 202 is re-entered, the engine 10₁ then gradually increases its speed back to NRREF (plot 402) while (plot 404) the engine 10₂ gradually changes its speed from N1 Eng 2 to NRREF.

As also seen in FIG. 5, in the illustrated embodiment, the EECU 122₁ illustratively receives the “APU Actuator in Coupled to MGB Position” signal during the Normal Mode 202 and the APU Mode Initialization State 302 and the “APU Actuator Coupled to APU only Position” signal during the APU Mode 204 and the Normal Mode Initialization state 302. The “APU Mode Request” signal is input and the “APU Mode Request Confirmed” (not shown in FIG. 5) signal output during the APU Mode Initialization State 302, the Transition to APU Mode State (reference 304 in FIG. 4), and the APU Mode 204. The “APU Mode Transition Available” signal is output by the EECU 122₁ during the Normal Mode 202, the “APU Mode Exit Transition Available” signal during the APU Mode 204 (once the engine 10₁ reaches the N1 Eng 2+X % N1 speed), and the “APU Mode In Use” signal during the APU Mode Initialization State 302, the Transition to APU Mode State 302, the APU Mode 204, the Normal Mode Initialization state 302, and the Transition to Normal Mode State (reference 312 in FIG. 4). Also, the “APU Actuator Movement Available” signal is output by the EECU 122₁ during the Transition to APU Mode State 302 and the Transition State to Normal Mode 312. As discussed above, synchronization between the signals prevents engine instability and ensures proper and timely actuator movement.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a method 500 for controlling a multi-engine aircraft will now be described. The method 500 illustratively comprises receiving at step 502 a position signal indicative of a status (i.e. present position) of the APU actuator position, receiving at step 504 a status signal indicative of a governing state (e.g. a speed) of the engines (references 10₁, 10₂ in FIG. 2), and receiving at step 506 a request signal indicative of a request for transitioning between the normal mode and the APU mode, i.e. of moving the APU actuator between the first (MGB) position and the second (APU only) position. The next step 508 may then be to determine (e.g. from an air/ground signal, such as a weight-on-wheels signal) whether the aircraft is on the ground. If this is not the case, the method 500 may end. Otherwise, the speed of the engine that is to be disengaged from or engaged to the main and tail rotors through the APU actuator is compared at step 510 to a predetermined threshold (e.g. an APU transition speed, as discussed above). It is then determined at step 512 whether the engine speed is within (e.g. below) the threshold. If the engine speed is not within the threshold, a control signal is output at step 514 to cause the engine speed to be adjusted towards the threshold. When the engine speed is within the threshold, a confirmation that the requested transition is permitted is output at step 516.

The above description is meant to be exemplary only, and one skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed. For example, the engine system may be any suitable system driving an output propulsor(s) on an aircraft, such as helicopter turboshaft engines driving a main rotor, fixed wing turboprop engines driving propellers, or other configurations or combinations thereof. Any suitable number of prime mover engines may be provided on the aircraft, and any suitable number of them may be configured to operate as APU engines. The main gearbox as described herein need not be a reduction or other gearbox, per se, but may be any suitable driving connection between engine(s) and the prime-mover propulsor. Any suitable clutching or engagement/disengagement approach may be employed, and any suitable actuating means for effecting such engagement/disengagement may be employed, as will be appreciated by the skilled reader. Modifications which fall within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, in light of a review of this disclosure, and such modifications are intended to fall within the appended claims.

Claims

1. A system for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a prime mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox, the system comprising: a memory having stored therein a predetermined speed threshold for engaging/disengaging the at least one selected engine; anda processing unit coupled to the memory and configured to receive a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position,receive a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine,receive a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position,compare the present speed of the at least one selected engine to the threshold,if the present speed differs from the threshold, output a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold, andoutput a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the actuator interposed between the gearbox and the accessory drive train.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the memory has stored therein the threshold determined such that, in response to the first control signal being output, the at least one selected engine is caused to apply substantially zero torque on the gearbox and a speed split between the present speed of the at least one selected engine and the present speed of the other one of the first and the second engine is achieved.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processing unit is configured to operate in one of a first mode of operation in which the actuator is in the first position and the at least one selected engine drives the accessory and the propulsor, and a second mode of operation in which the actuator is in the second position and the at least one selected engine only drives the accessory and further wherein the processing unit is configured to compare the present speed to the threshold, output the first control signal, and output the second control signal during a transition from the one of the first and second mode of operation to the other one of the first and second mode of operation.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the processing unit is configured to receive an air/ground signal indicating that the aircraft is on the ground and to output, in response to receiving the air/ground signal, a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator between the first and the second position is available, the request signal being received subsequent to the third control signal being output.

6. The system of claim 4, wherein, prior to outputting the first control signal, the processing unit is configured to receive an update signal indicating that one of the request is withdrawn and at least one fault has occurred and, in response, to at least one of stop the transition between the first and the second mode of operation and return to the first mode of operation.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein the memory has stored therein a first reference speed for the at least one selected engine for the first mode of operation and a second reference speed for the at least one selected engine for the second mode of operation, and further wherein, subsequent to the second control signal being output, the processing unit is configured to receive the position signal indicating that the actuator has moved to the other one of the first position and the second position and, in response, to enter the other one of the first and second mode of operation and output a fourth control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted from the threshold towards a corresponding one of the first and the second reference speed.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the memory has stored therein a third reference speed for the other one of the first and second engine for the second mode of operation, the second reference speed above the third reference speed, and further wherein, upon entering the second mode of operation, the processing unit is configured to output a fifth control signal for causing the other one of the first and second engine to adjust the present speed thereof towards the third reference speed.

9. The system of claim 3, wherein the memory has stored therein a predetermined tolerance for a difference between the present speed of the first engine and the present speed of the second engine and further wherein the processing unit is configured to determine from the status signal that the at least one selected engine and the other one of the first and the second engine are in an operating state and that the difference between the present speed of the at least one selected engine and the present speed of the other one of the first and the second engine is below the tolerance and, in response, to output a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator between the first position and the second position is not available.

10. The system of claim 4, wherein, during the transition from the one of the first and second mode of operation to the other one of the first and second mode of operation, the processing unit is configured to determine from the status signal that at least one of the at least one selected engine and the other one of the first second engine is commanded to shutdown and, in response, to output a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator between the first position and the second position is not available.

11. A method for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a primer mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox, the method comprising: receiving a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position;receiving a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine;receiving a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position;comparing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to a predetermined speed threshold;if the present speed differs from the threshold, outputting a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold; andoutputting a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the method comprises comparing the present speed to the threshold determined such that, in response to the first control signal being output, the at least one selected engine is caused to apply substantially zero torque on the gearbox and a speed split between the present speed of the at least one selected engine and the present speed of the other one of the first and the second engine is achieved.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein comparing the present speed to the threshold, outputting the first control signal, and outputting the second control signal is performed during a transition from one of a first mode of operation and a second mode of operation to the other one of the first and second mode of operation, the actuator being in the first position with the at least one selected engine driving the accessory in the first mode of operation and the actuator being in the second position with the at least one selected engine only driving the accessory in the second mode of operation.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising receiving an air/ground signal indicating that the aircraft is on the ground and outputting, in response to receiving the air/ground signal, a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator from the first position to the second position is available, the request signal being received subsequent to the third control signal being output.

15. The method of claim 13, further comprising, prior to outputting the first control signal, receiving an update signal indicating that one of the request is withdrawn and at least one fault has occurred and, in response, at least one of stopping the transition between the first and the second mode of operation and returning to the first mode of operation.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein, subsequent to the second control signal being output, receiving the position signal indicating that the actuator has moved to the other one of the first position and the second position, and, in response, entering the other one of the first and second mode of operation and outputting a fourth control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted from the threshold towards a corresponding one of a first reference speed for the at least one selected engine for the first mode of operation and a second reference speed for the at least one selected engine for the second mode of operation.

17. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining form the status signal that the at least one selected engine and the other one of the first and the second engine are in an operating state and that a difference between the present speed of the at least one selected engine and the present speed of the other one of the first and second engine is below a predetermined tolerance and, in response, outputting a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator between the first position and the second position is not available.

18. The method of claim 13, further comprising, during the transition from the one of the first and second mode of operation to the other one of the first and second mode of operation, determining from the status signal that at least one of the at least one selected engine and the other one of the first second engine is commanded to shutdown and, in response, outputting a third control signal indicating that movement of the actuator between the first position and the second position is not available.

19. A system for controlling a multi-engine aircraft, the aircraft comprising at least a first engine and a second engine, at least a selected one of which is operatively connected to an accessory drive train for driving an aircraft accessory, a gearbox operatively connecting the first and second engines to a primer mover propulsor of the aircraft, and an actuator operatively associated with the at least one selected engine and moveable between a first position, in which the at least one selected engine drivingly engages the gearbox for driving the propulsor and a second position in which the at least one selected engine disengages from the gearbox, the system comprising: means for receiving a position signal indicative of a present position of the actuator, the present position being one of the first position and the second position;means for receiving a status signal indicative of a present governing state and a present speed of each of the at least first and second engine;means for receiving a request signal indicative of a request for movement of the actuator from the present position to the other one of the first position and the second position;means for comparing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to a predetermined speed threshold;if the present speed differs from the threshold, means for outputting a first control signal for causing the present speed of the at least one selected engine to be adjusted towards the threshold; andmeans for outputting a second control signal indicating that the requested movement of the actuator is permitted.