Patent Application
20150213971
The present invention relates generally to the field of voltage regulation, and more particularly, to on-load tap changers operating as voltage regulation devices.
Conventionally, electricity is generated in large-scale power plants that are connected to a transmission grid. Electrical power is transmitted over a transmission system over long distances at very high voltages. At distribution substations the voltage is stepped down and power is supplied to different loads within a distribution grid. Voltage regulation in the distribution grid is typically achieved through voltage regulation devices such as on-load tap changing transformers or voltage regulators. Capacitor banks are also widely used in many utilities to support the voltage regulation in distribution grids, where voltage variations are mainly caused by slow variation of loads connected to the distribution system. With the growing penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources connected at distribution level, voltage variations in distribution grids are aggravated and becoming more frequent. This development requires more flexibility in network voltage regulation leading to an increased and more extensive utilization of voltage regulation devices in distribution grids.
Voltage regulation devices, such as on-load tap changing transformers, are used to provide regulated voltage to the output terminals. On-load tap changing transformers typically include at least one primary winding and at least one secondary winding. The primary and secondary windings include a plurality of turns. Input voltage is provided to the primary winding and the electric load is coupled to the secondary windings. Magnetic interaction between primary and secondary windings causes energy to be transferred from the primary winding to the secondary winding. Transformers convert the input voltage (Vin) at the primary windings to an output voltage (Vout) at the secondary windings based on a turns ratio (T2/T1) of the secondary winding turns (T2) versus primary winding turns (T1). The output voltage is computed based on equation 1:
V
out
=V
in
×T
2
/T
1 (1)
An on-load tap changing transformer has several connection points, so called “taps”, along at least one of its windings. With each of these tap positions a certain number of turns is selected. Since the output voltage of the on-load tap changing transformer is determined by the turns ratio of the primary windings versus the secondary windings, the output voltage can be varied by selecting different taps. On-load tap changers (OLTCs) are used to change the tap position of an on-load tap changing transformer while energized, i.e., under load.
Different mechanisms have been developed for OLTCs to change the turns ratio of the primary windings versus the secondary windings of on-load tap changing transformers. Several types of OLTCs, both mechanical and electronic, are available in the market. Mechanical OLTCs allow for in-service operation, but have demanding mechanical requirements. Each tap changing operation of mechanical tap changers leads to a certain amount of arcing between tap contacts and moving finger contacts. Arcing leads to slow deterioration of the transformer oil and accelerated wear-and-tear of mechanical contacts. The lifetime of a mechanical tap changer is hence limited by the number of tap changing operations. Conventional OLTCs have nevertheless a relatively long lifetime of 15-20 years. This is mainly due to the comparably low number of tap changing operations required to regulate the slow voltage variations due to loads. However, more frequent voltage fluctuations in distribution networks can be seen nowadays which are caused by the increasing share of distributed generation by means of renewable energy sources. Therefore, OLTCs are required to operate more frequently than before. This leads to much higher maintenance requirements and limited lifetime. Furthermore, mechanical OLTCs require current limiting inductors or resistors to limit the short-circuit current, which is present during a tap changing operation. Consequently, a need for cooling these current limiting devices may arise due to frequent tap changing occurrences.
The main drawback of mechanical on-load tap changers is unavoidable arcing between the tap contacts and the moving finger contacts when a tap is changed. Purely electronic on-load tap changers on the other hand do not have any moving mechanical contacts. Each tap contact is connected to the load through a solid-state electronic switch. The tap position is selected by switching on the corresponding electronic switch (i.e. conducting), while all other switches are switched off (i.e. not conducting). Changing from one tap position to the other is carried out by commutating the current from one electronic switch to the next. The current commutation is therefore achieved without arcing due to the typically very fast switching capabilities of solid-state switches. Although electronic OLTCs are highly flexible and can operate arc-free and would therefore substantially reduce maintenance requirements as compared to mechanical OLTCs, they also have certain disadvantages. The main drawback is the high cost of electronic switches. Since an electronic switch is required for each tap position, costs are further increased, in particular when the number of taps is higher. The second disadvantage is the higher conduction losses of electronic switches compared to mechanical contacts.
Hence, there is a need for OLTC devices that are economically more viable, require lower maintenance, cause lower conduction losses, and provide for flexibility to meet changing regulation requirements due to the increasing share of intermittent renewable energy resources in the distribution grid.
According to one embodiment, a system for operating an on-load tap changer is provided. The system includes a plurality of legs. At least one of the plurality of legs is triggered to switch from a first tap to a second tap of the on-load tap changer on receipt of a tap change signal. Each leg includes a mechanical switch. When at least one mechanical switch of at least one of the plurality of legs is switched on an electrical connection is established between one of the first and the second tap and a power terminal of the on-load tap changer. Further, the system includes a plurality of semiconductor switches. Each semiconductor switch is placed parallel to the mechanical switches and when activated they provide electrical connection between one of the first and the second tap and a power terminal of the on-load tap changer. Furthermore, the system includes a processing unit configured to selectively activate and deactivate the mechanical switches and the semiconductor switches in such a way that electrical contact is maintained between at least one of the taps and the power terminal during the transition of at least one leg from the first tap to the second tap without causing short circuit between two taps.
According to another embodiment, a method for operating an on-load tap changer is provided. The method includes deactivating one or more mechanical switches coupled to at least one of a plurality of legs on one end and a power terminal on the other end when a condition for tap changing is met. The at least one leg is electrically coupled to a first tap of a plurality of taps of the on-load tap changer. Further, the method includes activating a plurality of semiconductor switches that are placed in parallel to the mechanical switches and are coupled to the at least one of the plurality of legs and the power terminal when the condition for tap changing is met. Furthermore, the method includes moving the at least one of the plurality of legs from the first tap towards a second tap. The method also includes selectively activating and deactivating the plurality of semiconductor switches such that the semiconductor switches that are coupled to a moving leg that is in electrical contact with at least one tap are in an active state and the semiconductor switches that are coupled to a moving leg that is not in electrical contact with any tap are in a deactivated state. Furthermore, the method also includes activating the one or more mechanical switches which are coupled to the at least one of the plurality of legs that is in electrical contact with the second tap.
Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of certain aspects of the disclosure.
a and 5b illustrate a switching sequence of mechanical and semiconductor switches in a linear OLTC, according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
Reference will be made below in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals used throughout the drawings refer to the same or like parts.
Embodiments of the present invention provide for a system and method for operating on-load tap changers, as used for voltage regulation by changing connections from one tap to another in voltage regulation devices such as on-load tap changing transformers or voltage regulators. The following description focuses on the use of on-load tap changers in transformers. However, these on-load tap changers can be utilized in any other voltage regulation device with taps. Generally, tap changing transformers are used in transmission and distribution systems to connect networks with different voltage levels. They include a plurality of primary windings and a plurality of secondary windings and a tap changing mechanism. The tap changing mechanism allows selective connection to different transformer taps and thus allows varying the turns ratio (T2/T1) and thereby regulation of output voltage (Vout). The tap changing mechanism includes a plurality of electrically conducting legs, which establish electrical connection between a selected tap and the load terminal of the on-load tap changing transformer. When there is a change in system load and the system voltage is outside a permissible voltage band, a controller triggers a tap change operation and the electrically conducting legs are moved from one tap to another. The system and method of operating on-load tap changers (OLTCs), according to embodiments of the invention, aids in eliminating arcing during transition of the legs from one tap to another. The present invention provides a system that includes a plurality of mechanical switches and a plurality of semiconductor switches. When the legs are coupled to one tap, the mechanical switches coupled with the legs are activated to establish a current path from the tap to the power terminal. Upon receiving a tap change signal the semiconductor switches are activated. In an activated state, the semiconductor switches establish a current path between the taps and the power terminal of the voltage regulation device. Before the legs begin to move from a first tap to a second tap, the mechanical switches, as well as the semiconductor switches on the branch first breaking connection with the present tap, are deactivated. The semiconductor switches are configured to commutate the current from the first tap to the second tap without arcing. Further, when the legs are coupled to the second tap, the mechanical switches are activated and the semiconductor switches are deactivated. The system and method can be practiced on voltage regulation devices that include taps and legs for transition between taps. Mechanisms for tap transitions may include rotary mechanisms, as well as linear mechanisms. The system for operation of OLTCs, according to embodiments of the present invention, has been described with respect to linear switching mechanism, as well as rotary switching mechanism. However, the system of operation can also be coupled with other known tap switching mechanisms.
The legs 112 may transition from one tap 108 to another tap 110 with the help of manual as well as automatic transition mechanisms. Automatic transition mechanisms may include rotary as well as linear transitioning mechanisms. Rotary transitioning mechanisms involve selecting taps, which are placed in a circular fashion, by moving legs 112 with the help of electric motors and driving gear assembly. Linear transitioning mechanisms include legs 112 that are coupled with sliding contacts that are coupled with the taps 108 and 110. The sliding contacts are moved with the help of electric motors and drive gears to couple the legs with different taps 108 and 110.
Bridging legs A and C contains the current limiting elements and in the steady state negligible or no currents are conducted through them while leg B conducts the main steady state current. During operation, when a tap change signal is received, leg B and the bridging legs A and C are moved in the direction of the next selected tap 110. Before the conducting leg B gets decoupled from the first tap 108, leg A connects to the first tap 108. Then conducting leg B breaks contact with the first tap, which leads to arcing. While leg A is still in contact with tap 108, leg C establishes connection to tap 110. In this instance electrical connection between the two taps 108 and 110 is made. However, the short-circuit current is limited by the bridging elements 114 and 116 coupled with the legs A and C. Eventually, the conducting leg B establishes connection with tap 110 and the legs with the two bridging elements 114 and 116 are open circuited completing the tap change operation. The tap change operation leads to significant energy losses in bridging elements 114 and 116 and heat generation. Arcing leads to deterioration of the electrical contacts and maintenance issues.
The system 200 further includes a plurality of no-load mechanical switches 214 and 216. The no-load mechanical switches 214 and 216 are coupled to legs 208 and 210, respectively. Further, the mechanical switches 214 and 216 also couple the legs 208 and 210 to the power terminal 212. The mechanical switches 214 and 216 are placed such that they are parallel to each other and have a common connection point 218 that is coupled to the power terminal 212. The mechanical switches 214 and 216, in a conducting/activated state, establish a current path between the taps 202, or 204, or 206 and the power terminal 212. When the legs 208 and 210 are coupled with one of the taps 202, or 204, or 206 and the switches 214 and 216 are activated, the current flowing from the connected tap is carried from the legs 208 and 210 through two parallel current paths defined by the switches 214 and 216 and is supplied to the power terminal through the common connection point 218.
The system also includes a plurality of semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226. According to embodiments of the present invention, the semiconductor switch pairs 220, 222 and 224, 226 form bi-directional controllable semiconductor switches. Examples of fully controllable semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 may include, but are not limited to, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), other types of field effect transistors (FETs), gate turn-off thyristors, insulated gate commutated thyristors (IGCTs), or injection enhanced gate transistors (IEGTs), for example, or combinations thereof. The materials of such switches may comprise silicon, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, gallium arsenide or combinations thereof, for example. The semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are placed to define a plurality of branches 236 and 238. Each branch 236 and 238 of semiconductor switches may include an equal number of semiconductor switches and is placed parallel to the remaining branches of semiconductor switches and mechanical switches 214 and 216. When activated with gating signals of appropriate magnitude, the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are configured to be in a conducting state. In the illustrated embodiment, semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are divided in two branches that are placed parallel to each other. Each branch is coupled to one of the legs 208 and 210 on one end and is coupled to the common connection point 218 on another end. The semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are thus placed in parallel to the mechanical switches 214 and 216.
The system also includes a processing unit 228. The processing unit 228 is coupled with the mechanical switches 214 and 216, as well as semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 and is configured to provide activation and deactivation signals to the switches 214, 216, 220, 222, 224, and 226. The processing unit 228 may also be configured to generate a tap change signal when the regulated voltage at 212 is outside a permissible bandwidth. The processing unit 228 is configured to communicate the tap change signal to a leg driving system 232 coupled with the plurality of legs 208 and 210. The leg driving system 232, according to other embodiments, may include switches that are coupled to electric motors and gear assemblies. The tap change signal generated by the processing unit 228 is provided to the leg driving system 232. Then electric energy is provided to the electric motors that begin operating the gear assembly. The gear assembly may be coupled with the plurality of legs 208 and 210. Due to the movement of the gear assembly, the plurality of legs 208 and 210 begin moving in a predefined direction to couple with another tap of the voltage regulation device.
During transition of the legs 208 and 210 from one tap to another, for example, the first tap 202 to the second tap 204, the processing unit 228 is configured to selectively activate and deactivate the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226. The processing unit 228 activates at least one semiconductor switch 220, 222, 224, and 226 from the branch 236 or branch 238 that is coupled with any of the taps 202, or 204. The processing unit 228 is further configured to keep the remaining semiconductor switches deactivated. The switching pattern of the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 is decided by the processing unit 228 to avoid arc formation during transition of the legs 208 and 210. When the transition of the legs 208 and 210 from one tap to another is completed and the plurality of legs 208 and 210 are coupled with only one of the taps 202, or 204, or 206 the processing unit 228 is configured to discontinue the tap change signal and the mechanical switches 214 and 216 are activated to establish the defined current paths.
In the illustrated embodiment, the legs 208 and 210 are coupled to the first tap 202. In steady-state operations of the OLTC, according to an embodiment, the mechanical switches 214 and 216 are in an activated state and the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are in a deactivated state. In another embodiment of steady-state operations, the switches 214, and 216 and the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 may be in an active state. The mechanical switches provide a current path from the first tap 202 to the power terminal 212. The voltage on power terminal 212 is proportional to the ratio of primary winding turns and the number of secondary winding turns selected by the first tap 202. According to certain embodiments, the power delivered by the voltage regulation device may be used to energize an electric load which is coupled to the power terminal 212. When voltage requirement of the electric load changes or the required voltage is outside a permissible bandwidth, the processing unit 228 is configured to generate a tap change signal. On receipt of the tap change signal, the mechanical switches 214 and 216 are deactivated and the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are activated. After the branch 238 with semiconductor switches 224 and 226 is deactivated, the legs 208 and 210 begin moving towards the second tap, for example the tap 204. During transition of legs 208 and 210 from the first tap 202 to the second tap 204, the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are selectively activated and deactivated such that at least one of the first tap 202 and the second tap 204 is electrically coupled to the power terminal 212 and arcing is avoided. The selective activation and deactivation of semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 will be explained in greater detail in conjunction with
The processing unit 228 may further be configured to detect when both legs 208 and 210 have reached the second tap 204. Further, when legs 208 and 210 get coupled to the second tap 204, the processing unit 228 may also be configured to activate mechanical switches 214 and 216 and deactivate semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226. Thus, mechanical switches 214 and 216 provide the current path from the tap 204 to the power terminal 212.
In the illustrated embodiment, the system for operation also includes a snubbing device 230. The snubbing device 230 is configured to protect the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 and the mechanical switches 214 and 216 from overvoltage due to interruption of current through the tap leakage inductance during a tap change. In the illustrated embodiment, the snubbing device 230 is a capacitive element. Other examples of the snubbing device 230 include, but are not limited to, RC snubbers and metal oxide varistors. The capacitive element is configured to store surges of energy flowing from the tap to the power terminal 212 during transition of the legs and release the stored energy when the legs 208 and 210 have transitioned from the first tap 202 to the second tap 204. In the illustrated embodiment, the snubbing device 230 is coupled in parallel with the branches 236 and 238. In other embodiments, a plurality of snubbing devices may be utilized for protection of the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226. For example, one snubbing device may be coupled in parallel with each of the branches 236 and 238. Further, in other embodiments, one or more snubbing devices may be coupled in parallel with each semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226.
Further, in response to the condition for tap changing, the processing unit is configured to generate a tap changing signal. The tap changing signal is provided to the leg driving system of the legs 208 and 210. The tap changing signal causes the legs 208 and 210 to start transitioning from the first tap 202 to the second tap as shown at 308 where the legs 208 and 210 begin their transition in the direction represented by arrow 336. In the illustrated embodiment, legs 208 and 210 begin moving from the first tap 202 to the second tap 204. In the embodiment, the resulting voltage at power terminal 212 is higher when the legs are coupled to the second tap 204 than when the legs are connected to the first tap 202. At 310, leg 210 gets decoupled from the first tap 202. The current flowing from the first tap 202 is provided to the power terminal through the current path 332 defined by leg 208 and activated semiconductor switches 220 and 222. At 312, leg 210 makes contact with the second tap 204. At 314, after leg 210 is coupled with the second tap 204, the processing unit activates at least one semiconductor switch that is coupled with leg 210. In one embodiment, the processing unit activates at least one of the semiconductor switches 224 or 226 immediately after leg 210 makes contact with tap 204. In other embodiments, the processing unit activates one of the semiconductor switches 224 and 226 after a time interval after leg 210 and tap 204 make contact. In the illustrated embodiment, the processing unit activates the semiconductor switch 226 that is coupled with the leg 210. At 316, when the leg 208 is still coupled with the first tap 202 at least one semiconductor switch coupled to the leg 208 is deactivated. As shown in
At 318, the processing unit activates the second semiconductor switch 224. At 320, the processing unit deactivates the semiconductor switch 220 such that current path through leg 208 is broken. Both the semiconductor switches 220 and 222 coupled to leg 208 are deactivated when leg 208 is decoupled from the first tap 202. At the same time both semiconductor switches 224 and 226 are activated and load current is diverted to flow through current path 334. At 322, leg 208 makes contact with the second tap 204 and mechanical switch 216 is activated. At 324, when both legs 208 and 210 are coupled with the second tap 204, the processing unit stops the tap change signal. The discontinuation of the tap change signal deactivates the leg driving system, which in turn stops the legs 208 and 210 from moving. At this instant, the semiconductor switches 220 and 222, and the mechanical switch 214 are activated. At this point the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 as well as the mechanical switches 214 and 216 are in an active state and load current is split between current paths 328, 330, 332 and 334. At 326, the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are deactivated, and the second tap 204 and the power terminal 212 are coupled through the current paths 328 and 330 defined by the mechanical switches 214 and 216.
The illustrated switching sequence to commutate current from current path 332 to 334 is called four-step current commutation. The four-step current commutation process includes sequence steps 312-320 in which the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 are selectively activated and deactivated to change the current path from the first tap 202 to the second tap 204. Four-step current commutation can be sequenced based on comparison of voltage magnitude between voltages at the two taps or based on the direction of the current through power terminal 212. The illustrated sequence is based on a comparison between voltage magnitude at the first tap 202 and voltage magnitude at the second tap 204.
According to other embodiments, the switching sequence for the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 may include a two-step current commutation process to commutate current from the first tap 202 to the second tap 204. The two-step current commutation process is based on the knowledge of both voltage differences between the first tap 202 and the second tap 204 as well as current direction at power terminal 212. As may be obvious to one skilled in the art, that while two methods are described in the foregoing paragraphs other variations of the switching sequence may also be implemented to selectively activate and deactivate the semiconductor switches 220, 222, 224, and 226 to achieve arc-less, short circuit free and uninterrupted current commutation from the leg 208 to the leg 210.
When the regulated voltage is outside a permissible voltage band, a tap change signal is generated by the processing unit 426 that is configured to move the legs 406 and 408 to couple an appropriate tap to the power terminal 414. The processing unit 426 is configured to communicate the tap change signal to a leg driving system 430. The leg driving system 430 is mechanically coupled with the legs 406 and 408. When the leg driving system 430 receives the tap change signal, electric devices cause a gear assembly of the driving system 430 to move. The gear assembly, in turn, causes the legs 406 and 408 to move in a particular direction. For example, the tap change signal may be indicative of coupling the second tap 404 to the power terminal 414. In such an embodiment, leg 408 slides to the second tap 404 while mechanical switch 412 is still deactivated and current is flowing through mechanical switch 410. Upon establishing connection between leg 408 and tap 404 the mechanical switch 412 that is coupled to leg 408 is activated. Further, the switch 410 coupled to leg 406 is deactivated. During the transition of the legs from tap 402 to tap 404, the processing unit 426 is configured to selectively activate and deactivate the semiconductor switches 416, 418, 420, and 422 to commutate the current from one tap to another without arcing and without interruption of load current.
a and 5b illustrate a switching sequence of the mechanical switches 410 and 412 and semiconductor switches 416, 418, 420, and 422 in the system of
At 602, the method includes activating a plurality of semiconductor switches that are that are coupled to at least one of the plurality of legs on one end and the power terminal on the other end when a condition for tap changing is met. At 604, the method includes deactivating one or more mechanical switches that are placed in parallel to the semiconductor switches and are coupled to the at least one of the plurality of legs on one end and the power terminal on the other end when a condition for tap changing is met. Mechanical switches that are coupled to a first leg that is coupled to a first tap of the voltage regulation device are deactivated. At 606, after the current path through the first leg has been broken by deactivating the semiconductor switches coupled to the first leg, at least one of the plurality of legs is moved towards a second tap of the voltage regulation device as a reaction to a tap change signal. The tap change signal is generated in response to a condition for tap changing being met. An exemplary condition for tap changing includes a change in generation or load in the network connected to the power terminal causing the regulated voltage to leave a permissible voltage bandwidth. The tap change signal, according to one embodiment, is generated by a processing unit. The processing unit communicates the tap change signal to a leg driving system that initiates the movement of the legs.
During the movement of the legs from one tap to another, at 608, the method includes selectively activating and deactivating the plurality of semiconductor switches. The semiconductor switches are activated and deactivated such that at least one of the semiconductor switches coupled with any leg that is in electrical contact with any tap of the voltage regulation device are kept active and the semiconductor switches that are coupled with any leg that is not in contact with any tap are deactivated. This activation and deactivation of switches ensures that load current is not interrupted. Further the semiconductor switches are activated and deactivated such that no arcing occurs. At 610, when at least one of the legs is in contact with the second tap the mechanical switches that are coupled to the legs that are in contact with the second tap are activated to create a steady-state current path for the current flowing from the voltage regulation device to the power terminal.
In one embodiment, before the legs begin moving from the first tap to the second tap, the mechanical switch that is coupled to the first leg is deactivated before the leg movement. Further, when the first leg reaches the second tap, semiconductor switches in the second leg are activated. After the activation of semiconductor switches, the mechanical switch connected to the second leg is deactivated. Once the semiconductor switches in the second leg completely take over the load current, the four-step current commutation can be performed between the semiconductor switches in both legs, in order to have a smooth current commutation from the first tap to the second tap. Thereafter, mechanical switch in the first leg can be activated and the parallel semiconductor switches can be deactivated.
In another embodiment, before the legs begin moving from the first tap to the second tap, the semiconductor switches are activated before the mechanical switches that are coupled to each leg are deactivated. Furthermore, the method includes deactivating the semiconductor switches that are coupled to the first leg that is moving away from the first tap towards the second tap. That way, when the first leg is decoupled from the first tap, the semiconductor switches connected to the first leg are turned off and no active current path is interrupted. The method also includes a commutation method, such as four-step commutation as illustrated in
The method and system for operation of OLTCs described in the foregoing paragraphs eliminates arcing between the tap contacts and the legs when a tap is changed. This reduces wear-and-tear of the mechanical contacts and deterioration of regulation device oil. Thus, the cost of maintenance of the system is reduced and the lifetime of the load tap changer device is increased. Further, smaller mechanical switches can be utilized, thereby reducing the size of the system of operation. Moreover, since there is no need for current limiting devices, the need for cooling these elements is avoided.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. While the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the invention, they are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical or positional requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format and are not intended to be interpreted based on 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void of further structure.
This written description uses examples to disclose several embodiments of the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art to practice the embodiments of invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
As used herein, the term “processing unit” refers to software, hardware, or firmware, or any combination of these, or any system, process, or functionality that performs or facilitates the processes described herein.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural of said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly stated. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising,” “including,” or “having” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular property may include additional such elements not having that property.
Since certain changes may be made in the above-described system and method for operation of load tap changers, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all of the subject matter of the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted merely as examples illustrating the inventive concept herein and shall not be construed as limiting the invention.
