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1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of seismic sensing devices. More particularly, the invention relates to systems and methods for correcting a response of seismic sensors for changes in the sensor response over time.
2. Background Art
Seismic sensors known in the art include various devices that generate electrical or optical signals in response to physical attributes such as motion, acceleration, pressure, time gradient of pressure and velocity. Seismic sensors are typically disposed on the Earth's surface in a selected pattern or array in land-based surveys, are towed behind a seismic vessel in an array of sensor “streamers” in marine seismic surveys, or are disposed on the bottom of a body of water in “ocean bottom cables.” All of the foregoing arrangements of sensors are to detect seismic energy that is reflected from subsurface Earth formation boundaries. The seismic energy is typically imparted by a seismic energy source disposed on or near the Earth's surface, or near the water surface, in the vicinity of the seismic sensors. Inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth's subsurface are made from recordings of the signals generated by the various seismic sensors.
In order to make the best possible inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth's subsurface from the signal recordings, it is desirable that the signals correspond as closely as possible to the actual value of the physical parameter being measured. To achieve this result, it is desirable to be able to evaluate the response of the various seismic sensors in order to determine whether a particular sensor should be removed from service and replaced. Methods and apparatus are known in the art for testing seismic sensors, such as geophones and hydrophones, in order to make such determination.
Generally, such methods and apparatus known in the art include actuating the seismic sensor by applying a test signal, such as an electrical pulse, to the seismic sensor. The test signal causes the sensor to undergo an electromechanical response. After the test signal is removed the sensor can return to its rest state. In returning to its rest state, the sensor will generate an electrical signal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,754,438 issued to Erich, Jr. discloses an apparatus for obtaining a step function response signal from a seismic sensor known as a “geophone.” A geophone in its most general sense is a coil of electrical wire suspended in a magnetic field. Movement of the coil in the magnetic field induces a voltage in the coil related to the velocity at which the coil moves in the magnetic field. The apparatus disclosed in the Erich, Jr. '438 patent includes a controllable source of current, a means for producing a switching pulse, an electronic connecting means for applying current from the source to the geophone while the pulse is being produced, and an electronic connecting means for conducting the response signal from the geophone to a data acquisition system after the pulse has been produced. A time delay means is disclosed to delay the connecting of the signal to the data acquisition system for a time after the pulse is produced. The particular issue addressed by the Erich, Jr. '438 patent is that the geophone upon termination of the electrical test pulse initially generates a very large voltage, which may be difficult to characterize properly. The apparatus disclosed in the '438 patent provides electronic means to delay testing of the geophone response until such time as the response signal has decayed to a more useful amplitude.
Other seismic sensor test methods and apparatus are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,213 issued to Kung et al., which describes a system and method for using a step voltage or current signal for exciting geophones for testing purposes. A current signal is preferred because of the voltage drop in the long cables used to connect the geophones to the recording device, and the difficulty of providing the proper amplitude voltage signal to each individual geophone in an array of such geophones. The voltage or current pulse has a sufficient duration to move all of the geophone coils to an adjustable position short of their stop position. The current pulse is also sufficiently long to move all the geophones to their desired position to provide a “step” response. A step response is the response obtained when the current is effectively switched off (or on) substantially instantaneously. Such current switching provides more low frequency response information and is useful as a field quality check of the geophones and associated circuits. The voltage or current pulse is terminated and after a delay period the geophone step response is recorded. The delay period is sufficiently long to allow the back EMF induced in the geophone coil by the termination of the pulse to decay before the geophone response is recorded. In addition, steps are taken to ensure that the input to the recording system is shunted to ground during the switching operations so that no switch noise will be induced in the step response recording.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,175 issued to Fredricksson et al. discloses a geophone impulse-testing apparatus and method for detecting and digitally indicating selected amplitude indications of the damped motion of coils of one or more geophones undergoing testing after the coils, having been displaced and released from their displaced positions, undergo damped vibration. From the above-indicated value indications, geophone performance characteristics of interest, namely damping factor (b) and relative sensitivity (G), can be calculated.
In using the seismic sensor testing techniques known in the art, threshold criteria for the test response are typically established for the particular type of sensor being tested. If the response to the test signal indicates that the threshold criteria are not met for any one or more particular sensors, the particular sensors are removed from service and replaced in the array. It has been observed, however that seismic sensor response can undergo a gradual deterioration over time, during which the actual response of the seismic sensor to the signal being measured may be degraded, but to an insufficient degree to justify removing the particular seismic sensor from service. Such deterioration in response may provide signal recordings of less quality than that provided by more faithfully responsive sensors, which may lead to poorer quality inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth's subsurface. Moreover, such deterioration is to a great extent unpredictable, and therefore may affect the quality of some signal recordings while remaining undetected.
Even absent degradation of the sensor response over time, because seismic sensors have manufacturing tolerances, the actual response of any individual sensor may be different than the response of another sensor of the same type to exactly the same seismic energy input. To further the goal of making the best possible inferences concerning the Earth's subsurface, it is desirable that responses of seismic sensors to the physical parameter they measure is as close as practical to the response of an ideal sensor. An ideal sensor in the present context may be a sensor made within very precise tolerances to its optimum design specification, and not merely within manufacturing tolerances.
What is needed is a system for correcting the response of seismic sensors for minor changes, or variances from ideal, in response characteristics so that more faithful recordings of physical attributes of seismic energy can be made even with less than ideally responsive seismic sensors.
One aspect of the invention is a method for correcting response of a seismic sensor. A method according to this aspect of the invention includes determining a response of the seismic sensor to a test signal. A response of a reference sensor to the test signal is also determined. The response of the seismic sensor to the test signal is adjusted to substantially match the response of the reference sensor to the test signal.
Another aspect of the invention is a seismic acquisition system. A seismic acquisition system according to this aspect of the invention includes at least one seismic sensor. A test signal generator is selectively coupled to the at least one seismic sensor. The system includes means for analyzing response of the at least one seismic sensor to a test signal conducted thereto by the test signal generator. The system includes means for comparing a response of the seismic sensor to the test signal to response of a reference sensor to a corresponding test signal.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
A typical seismic data acquisition system in which various embodiments of the invention may be used is shown schematically in
During a seismic survey, the source control equipment in the recording unit 10 causes the seismic energy source 11 to actuate at selected times. The seismic sensors G detect seismic energy from the seismic energy source 11 that is reflected by various layer boundaries in the Earth's subsurface, and the sensors G generate electrical signals in response to the detected seismic energy. The electrical signals can be digitized in the signal processing and telemetry unit 12 associated with each sensor G, and can be stored therein until required to be included in a telemetry scheme for transmission along a signal bus 14 to the recording unit 10 for ultimate recording.
One embodiment of the signal processing and telemetry unit 12 is shown schematically in
The digitized output of the ADC 16, which represents amplitude of the seismic sensor signal at discrete times, can be conducted to a controller/digital signal processor (“DSP”) shown at 20. The controller/DSP 20 may include a microprocessor based controller that can decode commands sent by the recording unit (10 in
During seismic signal acquisition, the recording unit (10 in
The present embodiment of the telemetry and signal processing unit 12 may also include a test signal generator 26 that can be selectively operated by the controller/DSP 20. The controller/DSP 20 may operate the test signal generator 26 periodically according to preset and/or programmable instructions in a resident program in the controller/DSP 20, upon command from the recording unit (10 in
In the present embodiment, the controller/DSP 20 may store a reference sensor response. The reference sensor response is the response to essentially the identical electrical test signal that would be produced, or actually was produced, by an “ideal” sensor. In one embodiment, the reference sensor response can be a numerically modeled response of a sensor. In other embodiments, the reference sensor response may be the actual, measured response of a physically embodied sensor made to very precise tolerances and examined for compliance with such tolerances. The controller/DSP 20 may include a signal processing routine to generate a matching function such as an inverse filter operator or a convolution operator, which when applied to the test signal response of the seismic sensor G will cause such response to substantially match the reference sensor response to an essentially identical test signal.
In some embodiments, the response of the reference sensor to the test signal may be the response of a type of sensor that is different from the seismic sensors in the acquisition system, and the matching function may be calculated to cause the response of the sensors in the acquisition system to substantially match such different type of reference sensor. For example, a reference sensor response of a hydrophone to the test signal may be measured for an “ideal” hydrophone, or may be modeled, just as in the previous embodiment. The sensors in the acquisition system may be geophones or accelerometers Thus, some embodiments may provide a process for causing the responses of sensors in the acquisition system (such as geophones, for example) to be matched to the response of a different type of sensor (such as a hydrophone, for example) to a test signal.
During seismic survey operations, each measured sample of seismic sensor response to the seismic energy generated by seismic energy source 11 and reflected from subsurface Earth formation boundaries can be digitized and transferred to the controller/DSP 20. The controller/DSP 20 can then apply a matching function, such as an inverse filter operator or a convolution operator, to the seismic sensor signals generated in response to the seismic energy. The signals that have been adjusted by the matching function as well as the unprocessed (although digitized) seismic sensor signals may be transferred to the buffer 22 for ultimate communication to the recording unit (10 in
During use and handling of the acquisition system shown in
One embodiment of a method of using the system of
The foregoing system and method have been explained primarily in terms of a land-based seismic acquisition system, however the principles of the system and method are equally applicable to marine seismic acquisition systems. Further, while the foregoing embodiments are digital in architecture, it should be understood that analog implementations of a method and system are also possible and are within the scope of this invention. It should also be understood that association of a controller/DSP with each seismic sensor to perform the calculation of the matching function and subsequent seismic sensor signal adjustment is a matter of convenience for the system designer and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. An embodiment in which the matching function is calculated at a single central location such as the recording unit (10 in
A system and method according to the invention may provide more faithful recordings of seismic signals reflected from the Earth's subsurface and may provide more timely indication of malfunctioning seismic sensors.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.