Patent Grant
6900714
The invention relates generally to superconductors, and in particular to system and method for quench and over-current protection of a superconductive coil of an electric machine.
A superconductor is a material that will conduct electricity with no electrical resistance. Superconductivity occurs in certain materials when the material is cooled below a critical temperature. In conventional commercial power generation and transmission systems, such as generators, motors, and transformers, the amount of electrical current that flows through the systems may be significant. Because these conventional systems have electrical resistance, a significant amount of power that flows through the system is consumed as resistive heating. The power lost to resistive heating reduces the efficiency of the power generation system. Consequently, superconductors have been introduced for use in commercial power generation and transmission systems. For example, superconductive rotor coils have been developed for use in the rotors of electric machines. Electricity flowing through the superconductive rotor coil is used to produce a magnetic field. Because the superconductive rotor coil has no electrical resistance, the superconductive rotor coil is able to produce the magnetic field with no loss of power due to resistive heating.
However, there is a limit on the current a superconductor can carry and remain superconducting, known as the critical current. The critical current is a strong function of the temperature of the superconductor and the magnetic field. As the current flowing through the superconductor and the temperature changes during operation of the superconductor, the critical current also changes over time. If the current flowing through the superconductor exceeds the lowest critical current of the coil, a portion of the superconductor loses its superconductivity and enters a normal resistive state. The portion of the coil that is in the normal resistive state will cause resistive heating to occur in the superconductor. If the resistive heating of the superconductor is allowed to continue, the superconductor may enter a state of irreversible thermal runaway, known as a quench.
The quench condition may lead to damage of the superconductor. For example, in a superconductive rotor coil, a sufficient temperature gradient may be generated in the coil that will cause differential expansion to occur. The differential expansion may, in turn, lead to strain related damage in the coil. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the critical current of the superconductor during operation and to remove or reduce the current flowing through the superconductor during an over-current or a quench condition.
Quenching in the superconductive coil may be detected by measuring a voltage developed across the coil. However, this method of detecting quenching is problematic in electric machines that generate electrical noise because the noise causes large inductive voltages to be generated across the coil during normal operation, thus making it difficult to determine when quenching is actually occurring in the coil.
Similarly, temperature sensors may be used to monitor the coil temperatures. The magnetic energy is dumped from the coil when the detected coil temperature exceeds a predetermined limit. But it is difficult to locate the temperature sensors at the hot spot during a quench. Therefore this technique requires multiple temperature sensors to be placed at many locations to be effective.
Accordingly, a technique that enables an over-current condition or a quench condition to be detected in a superconductor is desirable. In addition, a technique that enables the superconductor to be protected from damage caused by an over-current or a quench condition is also desirable.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a superconductive device is provided. The superconductive device comprises a superconductor operable to be cooled by a cryogenic coolant. The superconductive device also comprises a superconductor protection system. The superconductor protection system may further comprise a cryogenic coolant temperature sensor and a superconductor current sensor coupled to a processor-based device. The processor-based device is operable to estimate superconductor temperature based on cryogenic coolant temperature and current flow through superconductor.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a rotating electric machine is provided. The rotating electric machine comprises a rotor and a superconductor protection system. The rotor comprises a superconductive rotor coil electrically coupled to an exciter and cooled by a cryogenic coolant. The superconductor protection system comprises a current sensor operable to provide a signal representative of current flow through the superconductive rotor coil. The system also comprises a temperature sensor operable to provide a signal representative of cryogenic coolant temperature. The system may, in addition, comprise a processor-based device that is coupled to the current sensor and the temperature sensor to enable the device to receive the signal representative of current flow through the superconductive rotor coil and the signal representative of cryogenic coolant temperature. The device is operable to estimate the superconductive rotor coil temperature based on the signal representative of cryogenic coolant temperature and the signal representative of current flow through the superconductive rotor coil.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a protection system for a superconductor is provided. The processor-based device is a control circuit operable to initiate a corrective action to at least one of reducing and stopping the current flow to the superconductor when the estimated superconductor temperature exceeds a first defined temperature.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of protecting a superconductor from a quench condition is provided. The method comprises cooling a superconductor via a cryogenic coolant and detecting cryogenic coolant temperature. The method also comprises estimating superconductor temperature based on the current flow through the superconductor and the cryogenic coolant temperature. The method may also further comprise comparing an estimated superconductor temperature to a threshold temperature and initiating a corrective action to protect the superconductor when the estimated superconductor temperature exceeds the threshold temperature.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of detecting a quench condition in a superconductor is provided. The method comprises operating a processor-based device to estimate superconductor temperature based on a thermal model that utilizes the current flow through the superconductor and the cryogenic coolant temperature to estimate the superconductor temperature.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a computer program for enabling a processor-based device to estimate superconductor temperature based on the current flow through the superconductor and the cryogenic coolant temperature is provided.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Referring now to
A quench and over-current protection system 20 is provided to protect the superconductive coil 12 from damage due to a quench or over-current fault condition. The quench and over-current protection system 20 is operable to detect an increase in the resistance of the superconductive coil 12 as a result of resistive heating before a quench condition exists in the coil 12. The conventional technique is not suitable for protection of a high temperature superconductive machine because the heat generation and the thermal condition of the HTS coil during a quench is complex and highly nonlinear. However the present system is operable to provide on-line results of complex and non-linear thermal or quench condition.
In the illustrated embodiment, the quench and over-current protection system 20 comprises a current sensor 22, a coolant temperature sensor 24, a control circuit 26, and a dump circuit 28. Some of the disadvantages of prior techniques used to protect superconductive rotor coils from a quench condition are that it is difficult to monitor the voltage or the temperature of the superconductive coil 12. There are a number of reasons for this. For example, in electrical machines operated in a noisy environment, large inductive voltages are generated across the coil during normal operation, thus making it difficult to distinguish the small resistive voltage due to a quench from the induced voltages. If, on the other hand, the temperature is monitored instead of the voltage, then it is difficult to locate the temperature sensors at the hot spot during a quench. This technique requires temperature sensors to be placed at many locations on the superconductive rotor coil to be effective. Additionally, in previous rotating machines, such as motors and generators, the voltage or temperature signals have to be transmitted from the rotating coil to a stationary control circuit using either multiple slip rings or a telemetry system.
The control circuit 26 is a processor-based device that comprises a processor and memory operable to store programming instructions to direct the operation of the processor. The control circuit 26 is operable to continuously monitor coil current and cooling conditions of the superconductive coil 12 and use this information to protect the coil 12 from an over-current and/or a quench condition. The programming instructions stored in memory enable the processor to use the coil current data and cooling condition data to build a thermal model of the superconductor. The current and cooling conditions of the coil are used with predetermined coil material properties, the superconductor critical current as a function of temperature and magnetic field, the heat capacity, electric resistivity, coil thermal conductivity, electric resistivity, etc., to build the model to predict the operating conditions in the HTS coil 12. The model may also update the coil material properties based on a number of thermal and mechanical operation cycles and also coil wire degradation data. This enables the present system to protect the coil from damage due to quenching under transient operating conditions by monitoring easily accessible operating parameters of the coil.
The current sensor 22 is operable to transmit a signal representative of the current flowing through the superconductive coil 12 to the control circuit 26. The control circuit will typically include hardware circuitry and software for performing computations indicative of over-current and quench condition as described below. As appreciated by those skilled in the art, the control circuit may include a range of circuitry types, such as a microprocessor module, a computer, a programmable logic controller, and the like. The control circuit 26 is operable to calculate a peak perpendicular magnetic field based on the signal representative of the current flowing through the superconductive coil 12. The temperature coolant sensor 24 is operable to transmit a signal representative of the coolant temperature to the control circuit 26. The control circuit 26 is operable to estimate a maximum superconductive coil temperature based on the signal representative of the coolant temperature.
The control circuit 26 is further operable to estimate the critical current in the superconductive coil 12 based on the peak perpendicular magnetic field and the maximum superconductive coil temperature. In this embodiment, the control circuit 26 determines that an over-current fault or a quench condition exists when the maximum superconductive coil temperature exceeds at least one predetermined threshold temperature. The predetermined threshold temperatures are set based on the coil material properties and the machine configuration. If an over-current fault exists, the control circuit 26 may activate the exciter circuit 16 to reduce power to the coil 12. If the quench condition is detected, the control circuit 26 may additionally activate the dump circuit 28 to discharge the magnetic energy stored in the coil 12.
In the illustrated embodiment, an electromagnetic induction shield 30 is provided around the superconductive coil 12. A coolant flow path 32 is routed through the electromagnetic induction shield 30 to enable coolant to flow from the cooling unit 18 to the superconductive coil 12. As mentioned above the superconductive coil 12 receives electric current from the exciter circuit 16. In a rotating machine such as generators and motors, the exciter circuit 16 comprises an exciter 34, a switch 36, and slip rings 38, 40. An electric current generated in the exciter 34 is coupled to the rotor 14 via the slip rings 38, 40. The switch 36 of the exciter circuit 16 is controlled by the control circuit 26 and may be opened to remove power to the superconductive rotor coil 12.
The dump circuit 28 comprises a dump resistor 42 and a switch 44. The switch 44 is controlled by the control circuit 26 and may be closed by the control circuit when a quench condition of the coil 12 is detected. This enables the superconductive coil 12 to discharge the magnetic energy stored in the coil 12 through the dump resistor 42 to prevent further resistive heating of the coil 12 when the quench condition of the coil is detected.
Referring generally to
The method also comprises comparing the current flowing through the coil with the estimated critical current, as represented by block 56. If the current flowing through the coil is less than the critical current (i.e., I<Ic), a change in the maximum coil temperature due to cooling is estimated via the control circuit 26, as represented by block 58. The method further comprises updating the maximum superconductive coil temperature as represented by block 60. If the current flowing through the coil is greater than the critical current (i.e., I>Ic), power density in a resistive zone of the coil is estimated via the control circuit 26, as represented by block 62. The method further comprises updating the maximum superconductive coil temperature by adding an increase in temperature of the coil due to the increase in power density to the previously updated maximum coil temperature, as represented by block 64.
The method also comprises comparing the updated maximum coil temperature to a first predetermined threshold (T1) temperature, as represented by block 66. The first threshold temperature is defined as a temperature above which the critical current is less than the current flowing the coil. For example, the first predetermined threshold temperature may be set to 60 K. The method 46 is repeated if the updated maximum coil temperature is less than the first threshold temperature. If the updated maximum coil temperature is greater than the first threshold temperature, the updated maximum coil temperature is then compared to a second threshold temperature, as represented by block 68. The second predetermined threshold temperature is defined as a temperature above which quench of the coil occurs. For example the second predetermined threshold temperature may be set to 88 K. The second predetermined threshold temperature is computed based on the following relation:
T2=Tmax−ΔT (1)
Where:
If the updated maximum coil temperature is less than the second predetermined threshold temperature, the control circuit 26 reduces current from the exciter to the superconductive coil. First the control circuit determines the desired amount by which the coil current should be reduced and the desired rate at which to reduce the coil current, as represented by block 70. The determination is done based on the coil current and the maximum coil temperature. Next, the system sends a signal to the exciter to reduce the coil current at the desired rate and by the desired amount, as represented by block 72. This reduction in the coil current protects the coil 12 from an over-current fault condition. If the updated maximum coil temperature is greater than the second predetermined threshold temperature, the control circuit 26 opens the switch 36 of the exciter circuit 16 and activates the dump circuit 28, as represented by block 74. This enables to remove the current flow through the coil 12 and also to discharge the magnetic energy stored in the coil 12. The resistive heating of the coil 12 is removed. Thus the superconductive coil 12 is protected from the harmful effects of quenching.
Referring now generally to
The computer model estimates the coil peak temperature and the critical current based on the temperature and the current magnetic field. The computer model then uses a thermal model that enables it to estimate the coil temperature. During steady-state operation, the model verifies that the coil 12 temperature is constant. During an over-current condition, the model performs a fast thermal calculation to estimate the coil temperature. When the over-current condition occurs, the model calculates the peak perpendicular magnetic field of the coil, the maximum coil temperature, the critical current, and the amount of resistive heating. After the over-current condition is over, the model continues the thermal calculation during the cooling period after the coil current has fallen below the critical current until the coil attains a steady state operating temperature.
As illustrated in the
While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
This invention was made with Government support under contract number DE-FC36-02GO11100 awarded by U.S. Dept. of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
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