Patent Application
20090228603
The technology of the present disclosure relates generally to communication between electronic devices, and more particularly to a system and method for selecting proxy gateways in peer-to-peer networks.
Communication in peer-to-peer networks commonly occurs between or among electronic devices over the Internet or other communications networks. Electronic devices, such as desktop computers, laptop computers, mobile telephones and other portable electronic devices, and various other electronic devices communicate over the Internet and comparable networks pursuant to established communications protocols collectively referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite (also referred to as TCP/IP).
Direct communication between two devices over a TCP/IP network typically requires that the non-initiating device be associated with a public IP address, such as a public Uniform Resource Locator (URL), that is accessible by the other. In many instances, however, a non-initiating device may not be associated with a public IP address. For example, a personal computer owner may not wish to permit public access to the computer, and therefore would not obtain a public IP address. Such a computer owner may additionally use firewalls and similar security devices to prohibit public access to the computer to thwart “hackers” and other security threats to protect sensitive information.
There are occasions, however, when a computer or other device owner may wish to access another electronic device for the purpose of obtaining and/or sharing content, even though the target or non-initiating device may lack a public IP address. As is termed in the art, an electronic device initiating a communication commonly is called a “client”, and the electronic device that receives a communication request commonly is called a “server”. For example, if a computer owner wishes to download a music file from a music service, the computer constitutes the client and the music storage device would constitute the server. Transmission of the music file to the computer may be readily accomplished if both the client and server have public IP addresses. In most cases, however, a non-initiating or server communication device (particularly if such device is personal electronic device) does not have a public address, so an alternative to direct communication may be employed.
When a communicating device lacks a public IP address, communication may be accomplished through the use of a proxy gateway, also known as a proxy server. A proxy gateway or proxy server is a device having a public IP address that private clients and servers may access for the purpose of sharing or obtaining content. The proxy gateway uses its public IP address to pass through content requests and transmissions on behalf of private clients and servers. In this manner, private clients and servers remain sealed off from the remainder of the network, with the proxy gateway providing the point of public access. Proxy gateways also may employ firewalls and other security measures to protect private clients and servers from predatory access by unwanted parties. Indeed, much of the development of communication advances relative to proxy gateways has been in the area of firewall configuration for efficiently permitting the selective access and transmission of data among private clients and servers.
The need for communication through proxy gateways has increased with the increased use of portable electronic devices. Portable electronic devices, such as mobile telephones, media players, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and others, are ever increasing in popularity. To avoid having to carry multiple devices, portable electronic devices are now being configured to provide a wide variety of functions. For example, a mobile telephone may no longer be used simply to make and receive telephone calls. A mobile telephone may also be a camera, an Internet browser for accessing news and information, an audiovisual media player, a messaging device (text, audio, and/or visual messages), a gaming device, a personal organizer, and have other functions as well. Often, users of portable electronics seek to share content with others.
Accordingly, the use of portable electronic devices for sending and receiving content, whether text, audiovisual, or other content form, is now commonplace. Portable electronic devices, however, rarely are associated with public IP addresses and therefore most often communicate through proxy gateways. Prior to this wide-spread use of portable electronic devices, communication of content in peer-to-peer networks tended to occur between relatively stationary devices, such as desktop computers, mainframes, large-sized servers, and similar equipment. For such devices, the selection of the proxy gateway was fairly straight forward and governed by the relatively fixed locations of the communicating devices. Portable electronic devices, however, are frequently moved from location to location, and thus the distance of a given proxy gateway to a desirable communication path may vary. Note that in this context, “distance” is not necessarily limited to a physical dimension, such as a number of feet or miles. Distance may also relate to the number of network nodes in the communication path between communicating devices, which is sometimes referred to in the art as the “logical distance”.
As the communication or logical distance between electronic devices varies as the devices are moved, the selection of the proxy gateway becomes an issue. A large logical distance between the proxy gateway and the communication path between communicating devices may reduce communication quality. In addition, communication quality also may be eroded in “high traffic” situations, when a relatively large number of clients and servers are attempting to communicate over a common communication path and/or are using the same proxy gateway. In such situations, overuse of bandwidth may result in deficient signal quality and transmission rates. Proper selection of the proxy gateway, therefore, may affect the quality of a given communication involving a portable electronic device.
To improve the consumer experience with electronic devices, and portable electronic devices in particular, there is a need in the art for an improved system and method for selecting a proxy gateway for use in communications between or among electronic devices. The current invention provides a system and method for selecting a proxy gateway that is most suitable for enhancing a communication between a private client and server. In one embodiment, the proxy gateway is selected from among multiple accessible proxy servers based on which proxy server is the closest in logical distance to the “communication path” between a client and server. As is understood in the art and used herein, a “communication path” is the sequence of IP-numbers traversed to send a message from a host A to a host B, excluding any IP-numbers reserved for private use. Other embodiments employ additional criteria to provide variations on selection based on logical distance alone. Efficient use of available bandwidth may be enhanced, and latency decreased.
In exemplary embodiments, the selection of a proxy gateway proceeds as follows. A peer-to-peer network includes a plurality of proxy servers located adjacent one or more nodes of the network. The network further includes reference nodes in signal communication with one or more proxy servers. Each proxy server “registers” on the network by determining a communication path or route, through various nodes on the network, to a reference node. Such reference path or paths for each proxy server are recorded and stored on a network database.
When a client seeks communication with a server, the client determines its path to the server through various intervening nodes on the network. The path from the client to the server may then be compared to the reference paths for the proxy servers to search for common nodes within the client-server path and the proxy-reference node reference paths. Once common nodes are determined, the logical distance may be measured from each proxy server to the client-server path, as measured by the logical distance from the proxy server to a common node. The proxy server having the shortest logical distance to the client-server path may then be selected to act as the proxy gateway for the client-server communication. By minimizing the logical distance from the proxy gateway to the client-server communication path, the quality of the communication may be enhanced. In other embodiments, logical distance may be a factor, but not determinative, in the selection of which proxy server is to be the proxy gateway.
Therefore, according to one aspect of the invention, a client electronic device comprises communications circuitry for communicating with a server electronic device over a communication path, and a controller configured to select a proxy gateway for communication with the server electronic device from among a plurality of proxy servers. The controller compares the communication path to a plurality of reference paths corresponding to the plurality of proxy servers, each reference path being between a corresponding proxy server and a reference node, to select one of the proxy servers to be a proxy gateway for communication between the client device and the server device.
According to one embodiment of the client electronic device, the controller is further configured to compare the communication path to each of the reference paths by identifying a common node, if any, within the communication path and each of the reference paths. For each of the plurality of proxy servers whose reference path includes a common node, the controller is configured to determine the logical distance between each such proxy server and a common node. The controller is further configured to identify each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a common node, and to select the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the client electronic device, the controller is further configured to select the proxy gateway as the proxy server having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the client electronic device, the controller is further configured to compare the communication path to each of the reference paths by measuring the logical distance from a node of the communication path to a nearest node in each of the reference paths. For each of the reference paths, the controller is configured to add the logical distance from the nearest node to the corresponding proxy server to determine the logical distance of each of the proxy servers to a node of the communication path. The controller is further configured to identify each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path, and to select the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the client electronic device, the controller is further configured to select the proxy gateway as the proxy server having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the client electronic device, the client electronic device is a mobile telephone.
According to another aspect of the invention, a communications system comprises a client electronic device and a server electronic device, wherein the client electronic device and server electronic communicate over a communication path. The communication system further comprises a plurality of proxy servers and a reference node in communication with the plurality of proxy servers over a plurality of reference paths. A controller is configured to compare the communication path to each of the reference paths to select one of the proxy servers to be a proxy gateway for communication between the client electronic device and the server electronic device.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the controller is further configured to compare the communication path to each of the reference paths by identifying a common node, if any, within the communication path and each of the reference paths. For each of the plurality of proxy servers whose reference path includes a common node, the controller is configured to determine the logical distance between each such proxy server and a common node. The controller is further configured to identify each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a common node, and to select the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the controller is further configured to select the proxy gateway as the proxy server having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the controller is further configured to compare the communication path to each of the reference paths by measuring the logical distance from a node of the communication path to a nearest node in each of the reference paths. For each of the reference paths, the controller is configured to add the logical distance from the nearest node to the corresponding proxy server to determine the logical distance of each of the proxy servers to a node of the communication path. The controller is further configured to identify each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path, and select the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the controller is further configured to select the proxy gateway as the proxy server having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the client electronic device or the server electronic device is a mobile telephone.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the controller is located within the client electronic device.
According to one embodiment of the communications system, the communications system further comprises a database for storing information relating to each of the reference paths.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of selecting a proxy gateway for communication between a client electronic device and a server electronic device comprising the steps of determining a communications path between the client electronic device and the server electronic device, determining a plurality of reference paths between a reference node and each of a plurality of proxy servers, comparing the communications path to each of the reference paths, and selecting one of the proxy servers to be the proxy gateway as a result of the comparison between the communication path and each of the reference paths.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the step of determining the communications path comprises identifying at least one node in the communications path between the client electronic device and the server electronic device.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the step of determining the references paths comprises, for each of the plurality of proxy servers, linking each proxy server to the reference node, and identifying at least one node in a path between each proxy server and the reference node.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the method further comprises comparing the communication path to each of the reference paths by identifying a common node, if any, within the communication path and each of the reference paths. For each proxy server whose reference path includes a common node, the method further comprises determining the logical distance between each such proxy server and a common node, identifying each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a common node, and selecting the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the selected proxy gateway is a home server of the server device.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the selecting step further comprises selecting the proxy gateway having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a common node.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the method further comprises comparing the communication path to each of the reference paths by measuring the logical distance from a node of the communication path to a nearest node in each of the reference paths. For each of the reference paths, the method further comprises adding the logical distance from the nearest node to the corresponding proxy server to determine the logical distance of each of the proxy servers to a node of the communication path, identifying each proxy server having a shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path, and selecting the proxy gateway from among the proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the selected proxy gateway is a home server of the server device.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the selecting step further comprises selecting the proxy gateway having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers having the shortest logical distance to a node of the communication path.
According to one embodiment of the method of selecting a proxy gateway, the selecting step further comprises selecting the proxy gateway having the most available bandwidth as compared to the other proxy servers.
Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments and/or in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments.
It should be emphasized that the terms “comprises” and “comprising,” when used in this specification, are taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. It will be understood that the figures are not necessarily to scale.
As depicted, the client and server devices are mobile telephones. It will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited to the context of mobile telephones and may relate to any type of appropriate electronic device, examples of which include a media player, a gaming device, a desktop or laptop computer, or other stationary or portable electronic devices. For purposes of the description herein, the interchangeable terms “electronic equipment” and “electronic device” also may include portable radio communication equipment. The term “portable radio communication equipment,” which sometimes herein is referred to as a “mobile radio terminal,” includes all equipment such as mobile telephones, pagers, communicators, electronic organizers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, and any communication apparatus or the like. In particular, a mobile telephone is used as the exemplary client and server devices because, as stated above, the selection of an appropriate proxy gateway tends to be more significant when at least one of the communicating devices is a portable electronic device being moved around.
In this exemplary embodiment, network 10 operates pursuant to TCP/IP communication protocols. Content may be transmitted between or among devices via numerous nodes 24. Network 10 further includes proxy servers 26 and 27, and a reference node 28. As with client device 20 and server devices 22, the precise number of nodes, proxy servers, and reference nodes may vary and be numerous. In this embodiment, proxy server 27 also acts as a home server for the server devices 22 (labeled as SHS for “server home server” in the figure). A home server generally provides network access and network-related applications for electronic devices that use the network. For example, home server functionality may be provided by an Internet service provider or a mobile communications carrier. The home server may be thought of as an initial access point for client and server devices operating on the network. The home server may be a global server used for numerous devices on the network, or may be a home server for one or a small group of devices owned by a single individual or family in a sub-network.
Network 10 also includes a database 29, which, for example, may be stored on a computer or other network storage device. It will be appreciated that the database 29 may be located anywhere on the network, and may be stored in one storage device or stored over a plurality of storage devices. In one embodiment, the database 29 may be distributed over a plurality of home servers operating on the network.
In this embodiment, the server devices 22 are private devices each lacking a public IP address. As is conventional, therefore, the client device may communicate with any of the server devices using a proxy gateway. The proxy gateway may be selected from one of the proxy servers 26 or 27. An issue, therefore, becomes the selection of which proxy server should act as the proxy gateway to provide enhanced communication quality and efficiency. The system may be thought of as including two process components: proxy server registration and proxy gateway selection.
The method may begin at step 100, at which a proxy server initiates registration. At step 110, the proxy server may determine a reference path, which is a communication path from the proxy server, through one or more nodes of the network, to a reference node. At step 120, the reference node may record reference path information, and at step 130, the reference path information may be stored within a network database. For example, the reference path information may be stored as part of a database component housed within the reference node itself, or reference path information may be stored external to, but accessible by, the reference node as shown, for example, in
Additional details of proxy server registration may be understood by referring again to
Once accessible proxy servers are registered, a proxy server may be selected from among those registered to act as a proxy gateway for communication between one or more private client and private server devices.
The method may begin at step 200 at which a client device may initiate communication with a private server device. To establish a network communication link between the client and server, at steps 210 and 220, the client and server devices may connect to the server's home server (SHS). If the target server device is unavailable, for example the server device is turned off or otherwise not connected to the network, the client may attempt to “wake up” the server. The client may do so by transmitting an alert signal to the server via the server's home server. The alert signal may be an SMS message or other form of message. Once the target server device is alerted, it may connect to its home server, as indicated in step 220.
At step 230, the client device may determine a communication path to the server device. At step 240, the client may establish a link to one or more nearby reference nodes to access reference path information for accessible proxy servers. At step 250, the communication path may then be compared to the reference path information of available proxy servers, which has been created and stored in a network database as described above. The number or scope of the compared reference paths may be limited to those associated with a reference node (or reference nodes) nearby to the client, such as reference nodes within a specified logical distance to the client. At step 260, a proxy gateway may be selected as a result of the comparison. For example, the proxy gateway may be selected as the proxy server that is closest in logical distance to the client-server communication path. As further described below, various additional criteria may be used in conjunction with logic distance to select which proxy server should act as the proxy gateway for a given communication.
Additional details of proxy gateway selection may be understood by referring again to
As a first example, consider the selection of a proxy gateway for communication between the client C and the first server device S1. As stated above, the client and server each first link to the SHS as is typical. The client device then determines a communication path to the target server device, S1 in this first example. In
The communication path C→S1 also may be compared to the reference path for P2→RN for the second proxy server. As seen in
As a second example, consider the selection of a proxy gateway for communication between the client C and the second server device S2. As before, the client and server each first link to the SHS as is typical. The client device then determines a communication path to the target server device, S2 in this second example. In
The communication path C→S2 also may be compared to the reference path P2→RN of the second proxy server. As seen in
As a third example, consider the selection of a proxy gateway for communication between the client C and the third server device S3. As before, the client and server each first link to the SHS as is typical. The client device then determines a communication path to the target server device, S3 in this third example. In
In such a situation, the selection of the proxy gateway may proceed as follows. Using the stored reference path information, a determination may be made of a logical distance between the reference paths and the communication path. For example, as to proxy server P1, node P11 is the node within the reference path nearest in logical distance to the communication path C→S3. Such node P11 is one node away from the communication path. Furthermore, from the database it is known that proxy server P1 is adjacent the node P11. In this example, therefore, the logical distance of P1 to the communication path includes two nodes. Similarly, as to server P2, node P23 is the node within the reference path nearest in logical distance to the communication path C→S3. Such node P23 is two nodes away from the communication path. Furthermore, from the database it is known that proxy server P2 is three nodes from node P23. In this example, therefore, the logical distance of P2 to the communication path includes five nodes. Accordingly, the logical distance of P2 from the communication path C→S3 is greater than the logical distance of P1 from the communication path. Other parameters being equal, P1 again would be selected as the proxy gateway as being within the closest logical distance to the communication path C→S3.
The above examples demonstrate how a proxy gateway may be selected under a variety of circumstances to enhance communication quality and efficiency.
The method may begin at step 300, in which a communication path may be compared to reference path information pertaining to the reference paths of a plurality of available proxy servers. (This step corresponds to step 250 of
If at step 340, however, it is determined that more than one proxy server is located at the shortest logical distance from the communication path, the method may proceed to step 350. At step 350, preference criteria may be applied to select a proxy gateway from among a plurality of proxy servers situated at the shortest logical distance from the communication path. As stated above, preference criteria may include, for example, a preference for a home server, a preference for a low-traffic server, and/or other preference criteria as may be devised. Based on the application of the preference criteria, at step 360 the proxy gateway is selected. This branch of
Referring back to step 310, if there are no common nodes between the communication path and any of the reference paths, the method may proceed to step 410. As step 410, a client may access the stored reference path information, such as by accessing the network database through a nearby reference node or nodes, or by other available means. At step 420, a logical distance may be determined between the communication path and the nearest node of each of the reference paths. To this logical distance, at step 430 is added, for each corresponding proxy server, the logical distance between the node nearest to the communication path and the corresponding proxy server. In this manner, the total logical distance of each proxy server to the communication path is determined. Step 440 constitutes identifying the proxy server or servers having the shortest logical distance to the communication path based on the result of steps 420 and 430. At step 450, a determination may be made as to whether one proxy server, or more than one proxy server, is located at the shortest logical distance to the communication path. If only one proxy server is at such shortest logical distance, the method may proceed to step 360, and that proxy server may be selected as the proxy gateway. This branch of
As an alternative embodiment, there may be circumstances in which preference criteria may be determinative of the selection of the proxy gateway, independent of a shortest logical distance. For example, suppose proxy server 26 of
Similarly, should available bandwidth for a proxy gateway suddenly decrease during a communication, for example due to a sudden increase in traffic, a new proxy server may be selected to act as the proxy gateway by the same method. In one embodiment, multiple proxy servers may be selected and ranked in a preference order based on relative suitability for use as the proxy gateway. Such rankings may be stored in the network database. In this manner, should a connection be lost or bandwidth drops, a new proxy gateway may be selected immediately from the ordered list.
In another embodiment, a gateway selection history may be stored for various client and/or server devices. For example, if two devices communicate often, there would be no need to select the gateway anew each time. Rather, a gateway history may be used initially to provide an immediate selection of a proxy gateway based on passed usage in previous communications. Gateway histories may be stored in memory within client devices, server devices, SHSs, or elsewhere on the network.
In view of the various ways by which the proxy gateway may be selected, it is desirable that there be as many proxy servers on the network as is practicable. For example, individual users or small sub-networks of users may be offered financial and/or other incentives to maintain local proxy servers, each of which would be potentially selectable as a proxy gateway. With an increased number of proxy servers, the likely logical distance between any one of them and a communication path is reduced. Available bandwidth at a given proxy server also may be increased as gateway functions are distributed over a larger number of proxy servers.
In the various exemplary embodiments, the client and server devices have been depicted as being mobile telephones. The reason, as stated above, is because proxy gateway selection becomes more significant in communication between portable electronic devices, which may be moved from location to location.
Accordingly,
Among their functions, to implement the features of the present invention, the control circuit 41 and/or processing device 42 may comprise a controller that may execute program code stored on a machine-readable medium embodied as proxy gateway selection application 43. Application 43 may be a stand-alone software application or form a part of a software application that carries out additional tasks related to the mobile telephone 70. Application 43 may be executed to perform a variety of functions associated with embodiments of the present invention. For example, application 43 may access reference path information from a nearby reference node or nodes, determine the communication path to a server device, compare the communication path to the reference paths, select the proxy gateway based upon such comparison, apply preference criteria, and so on. However, although application 43 may be wholly embodied in mobile telephone 70 in an exemplary embodiment, it will be appreciated that the various functions may be spread over several components of the system. For example, one or more functions of the system may be performed by the proxy servers, reference nodes, server devices, etc. For example, proxy gateway application 38 within proxy servers 26, 27 (see
It will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art of computer programming, and specifically in application programming for mobile telephones, servers or other electronic devices, how to program a mobile telephone or other electronic device to operate and carry out logical functions associated with applications 38 or 43. Accordingly, details as to specific programming code have been left out for the sake of brevity. Also, while the code may be executed by control circuit 41 in accordance with exemplary embodiments, such controller functionality could also be carried out via dedicated hardware, firmware, software, or combinations thereof, without departing from the scope of the invention.
Referring again to
Mobile telephone 70 has a display 14 viewable when the clamshell telephone is in the open position. The display 14 displays information to a user regarding the various features and operating state of the mobile telephone 10, and displays visual content received by the mobile telephone 70 and/or retrieved from a memory 45.
A keypad 18 provides for a variety of user input operations. For example, keypad 18 typically includes alphanumeric keys for allowing entry of alphanumeric information such as telephone numbers, phone lists, contact information, notes, etc. In addition, keypad 18 typically includes special function keys 17 such as a “send” key for initiating or answering a call, and others. The special function keys 17 may also include various keys for navigation and selection operations to access menu information within the mobile telephone 70. As shown in
The display 14 may be coupled to the control circuit 41 by a video processing circuit 54 that converts video data to a video signal used to drive the various displays. The video processing circuit 54 may include any appropriate buffers, decoders, video data processors and so forth. The video data may be generated by the control circuit 41, retrieved from a video file that is stored in the memory 45, derived from an incoming video data stream received by the radio circuit 48 or obtained by any other suitable method. A media player 63 within the mobile telephone may be used to play audiovisual files stored in memory or streamed over a network.
The mobile telephone 70 also may include a local wireless interface 66, such as an infrared transceiver and/or an RF adaptor (e.g., a Bluetooth adapter), for establishing communication with an accessory, another mobile radio terminal, a computer or another device. For example, the local wireless interface 66 may operatively couple the mobile telephone 70 to a headset assembly (e.g., a PHF device) in an embodiment where the headset assembly has a corresponding wireless interface. The mobile telephone 70 also may include an I/O interface 56 that permits connection to a variety of I/O conventional I/O devices. One such device is a power charger that can be used to charge an internal power supply unit (PSU) 58.
Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is understood that equivalents and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of the specification. The present invention includes all such equivalents and modifications, and is limited only by the scope of the following claims.
