Patent Application
20080243914
Computer systems contain large amounts of information. This information includes personal information, such as financial information, customer/client/patient contact information, audio/visual information, and much more. This information also includes information related to the correct operation of the computer system, such as operating system files, application files, user settings, and so on. With the increased reliance on computer systems to store critical information, the importance of protecting information has grown. Traditional storage systems receive an identification of a file to protect, then create one or more secondary copies, such as backup files, containing the contents of the file. These secondary copies can then later be used to restore the original data should anything happen to the original data.
In corporate environments, protecting information is generally part of a routine process that is performed for many computer systems within an organization. For example, a company might back up critical computing systems related to e-commerce such as databases, file servers, web servers, and so on. The company may also protect computing systems used by each of its employees, such as those used by an accounting department, marketing department, engineering, and so forth.
Although each computer system may contain certain unique information, many systems may contain very similar information. For example, although a computing system used by a marketing employee and another computing system used by an engineering employee will generally contain unique information created by each employee in the course of their work, both computing systems will likely have the same operating system installed, with thousands of identical or similar files used by the operating system. Similarly, both computing systems will likely have at least some similar application programs installed, such as a word processor, spreadsheet, Internet browser, and so on. Both systems may also have similar corporate information. For example, each employee may have an electronic copy of an employee manual distributed by the company. Information other than files may also be identical or similar between systems. For example, user settings and preferences may have similar default values on each system and application programs may contain similar templates on each system that are stored as application-specific information. As another example, several employees may have received a copy of the same email, and the email may be stoned in each employee's electronic mailbox.
As a result of the amount of redundant information in an organization, secondary copies of an organization's information are often very large and can require the purchase of expensive storage devices and storage media. The restoration of data in the event of data loss is also slowed by the large size of the secondary copies. As the size of secondary copies increase, locating and restoring information requires more actions to be taken to restore information. For example, it may be necessary to search many tapes or other media to find the correct secondary copy. The great quantity of storage media, such as tapes, may mean that some secondary storage media has been moved offsite such that it must first be retrieved before information can be recovered from it. Each of these factors increases the cost of protecting information and the time required to recover information in the event of data loss. Quick recovery of information is often critical to today's businesses, and any additional delay could affect business operations and customers' satisfaction with the business.
There is a need for a system that overcomes the above problems, as well as one that provides additional benefits.
In the drawings, the same reference numbers and acronyms identify elements or acts with the same or similar functionality for ease of understanding and convenience. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the Figure number in which that element is first introduced (e.g., element 604 is first introduced and discussed with respect to
The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
A method and system for reducing storage requirements and speeding up storage operations by reducing storage of redundant data, referred to as single instancing, first receives a request that identifies one or more data objects on which to perform a storage operation. A storage operation can include many different types of operations, such as a backup, copy, snapshot, disk image, and so on. For example, one storage operation is a backup of data, and the request may specify the location of data objects to be backed up, such as a directory of files, and a location to store backup data, such as a network file server. A data object can include many different types of data, such as files, email, application-specific data (e.g., documents, spreadsheets, databases, and so on), configuration settings, and so forth. For each data object, the storage system determines if the data object contains data that matches another data object that was the subject of a previous storage operation. For example, if the storage operation is a backup of data files, then the storage system determines if backup data from a previous backup operation already contains a particular file to be backed up by the current operation. If the data objects do not match, then the storage system performs the storage operation in a usual manner. However, if the data objects do match, then the storage system may avoid performing the storage operation. For example, in the case of a backup, the storage system may only store the files that are not already contained in backup data from a previous backup operation. For additional instances of the file, the storage system may store metadata describing the presence of the additional instances without storing the additional instances themselves. For example, if the same file is discovered in two different directories as part of a storage operation, then the first instance of the file may be stored in total and a placeholder or pointer may be stored representing the second instance of the file rather than storing the second instance of the file itself. The data objects may comprise any type of electronic information or object that supports object-level recovery, such as files, emails, attachments, and application data. Thus, the storage system reduces the amount of storage required to perform the storage operation and saves time by reducing the amount of data for which storage operations are performed to satisfy a storage request.
Single instancing presents a number of challenges when using sequential media. Sequential media includes media such as tapes that are typically accessed (e.g., read and written) sequentially. Sequential media is contrasted with random-access media, such as disk drives, flash drives, and optical media, that can be accessed randomly. One difficulty when using sequential media is that seeking to a particular location takes longer than random-access media. For example, while a hard drive may have an access time of several milliseconds, sequential media may have an access time of several seconds to several minutes. Therefore, it is often desirable to lay out data on sequential media in a way that reduces or eliminates dependencies among the data on different parts of the media. Single instancing, on the other hand, creates dependencies between the original instance of a file and additional instances that reference the original instance of the file. Thus, the storage system provides special techniques for storing and retrieving single instance data on sequential media.
The invention will now be described with respect to various embodiments. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, these embodiments of the invention. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the invention.
The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section.
Various methods of determining if one data object is similar (e.g., two instances of the same data) to another data object will now be described. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many other methods besides those described here can be used to achieve similar results.
In some embodiments, the storage system determines if two data objects are similar by performing a binary comparison. For example, a first file can be compared byte by byte with a second file. If each byte of data in each file matches, then the two files are identical and therefore similar. Otherwise, the two files do not match and are not treated as similar.
In some embodiments, the storage system determines if two data objects are similar by creating a digest or fingerprint of the data contained in each data object. For example, as storage operations are performed, the storage system may perform a hash on each file to create a digest of the file. The digest of the file can be compared with stored digests created for other files. If the digest of two files match, then the system may consider the files to be identical. Any suitable hashing algorithm can be used, such as Message Digest version 5 (MD5).
In some embodiments, the storage system may store additional information along with a data object digest. A hash algorithm is generally selected that has a low likelihood of hash collisions, which occur when two data objects containing different data have the same hash value. However, hash collisions do occur and additional information can be used to substantially reduce the likelihood of these collisions. For example, for files the system may store the file size as additional information. When two data objects are compared to determine their similarity, the digests are compared as well as the additional information. If both the digests and the additional information match are the data objects considered identical. For example, for two files if the hash value and size do not match, then the files are not considered identical even though the hash values alone may match. Some information, such as the file name for a file, may not be included in the digest so that the storage system will consider two files having the same data but different names identical. Even though the names of files or other information may differ, the hash value will be the same and the storage system can avoid storing the redundant data. The storage system can also perform other operations after hashing is complete, such as encrypting the data. By hashing the data before encryption or other operations that modify the data are performed, the storage system allows single instancing to be performed at some time later on the modified data. For example, if files are initially copied from a client system to a first copy, then hashed, and then encrypted to create a second copy, it is still possible for the storage system to single instance the second copy and remove redundant instances of data based on the pre-generated hashes without having to first decrypt the data to restore its original content.
In some embodiments, the storage system may operate specially on data objects that are similar, but not identical. For example, many computing systems in an organization may have word processors with similar document templates, but each user may have slightly modified the document templates to match that user's preferences. The storage system may compare the document templates of two users and determine which portions are the same and which portions are different. Then, the system may treat the portions that are the same as described above, avoiding redundant storage of the identical portions, while storing only the portions that are different. As another example, several users may have received an email and replied to the email. The replies may contain some new text, but much of the text may be the contents of the original message. In this example, the storage system may only store the similar text once and store the new text for each user's reply. For example, the system may break the email up into blocks, and compare blocks within the email message to determine which are similar.
Reducing or eliminating redundant instances of data resulting from a storage operation is sometimes referred to here as “single instancing,” because what would traditionally be stored as many instances of the same data is reduced to as few as one. Redundant instances may be detected and reduced at several locations or times throughout the operation of the system that will now be described. These embodiments are provided only as examples, and are not intended to be an exhaustive list of the way in which the system can be implemented.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing of data at the system containing or originally generating the data, such as a client system. For example, a client system that is the source of data that is the subject of a storage operation may receive a request from the storage system to provide a hash value of each file to be included in the storage operation. The client uses a hashing algorithm to produce a hash of the files or other data objects requested by the storage system. Alternatively, the client may generate hash values itself for each file that is stored on the client system on an ongoing or other basis. When a storage operation is requested, the storage system receives the hash values from the client and determines if it is already aware of a file with a hash value matching that of one provided by the client system. For example, the storage system may check an index of hashes received from client systems and look for matches with the hash value or values received from the client. If the storage system is already aware of a similar file or matching file, then the client system does not even need to send the redundant file to the secondary storage location or destination. Thus, the storage system may send a follow up request to the client system that specifies a list of files that are new to the storage system. Then, the client sends the full content of the specified files.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing of data at the subject system of a storage operation. In the example of a storage operation, the storage system may request that a client system send one or more files stored on the client system to a server system (e.g., a media agent). Then, the server system checks each file (e.g., by comparing a hash of the data) received from the client system to determine if an instance of the received file has already been stored on the server system. Additional instances of a received file that the storage system has already stored on the server system can be discarded, whereas new files can be stored for the first time and can be indexed on or tracked by the server system. This alternative method eliminates the resources used by the client system for computing digests or hash values, and does not require the client system to be modified from the configuration used for a traditional storage operation. However, additional network resources may be consumed by the extra copying, and the work of computing digests or hash values is shifted to the server system.
In some embodiments, the storage system performs single instancing on a copy of data created by a previously performed storage operation. For example, the storage system may copy data from a primary location to a secondary location, and then perform single instancing on the secondary copy of the data. The storage system may create many copies of data, sometimes referred to as secondary or auxiliary copies, as part of an organization's data handling plan, and single instancing may be performed at any stage of the process on any of the copies. The storage system may process the copied data, determine which files or other data objects are redundant with other data in the copy or with other copies of the data, and then save a new copy of the data that does not contain the redundant information. In this way, a backup server or other system need not be modified to reduce storage requirements, but the organization still benefits from single instancing by reducing the storage requirements later in the process, such as before backup data is stored on tape or shipped offsite for storage. As another example, the system may be configured to receive backup data created by another system and create a single instanced copy of the data that is smaller in size. For example, the system may be configured to process copies of data from popular data storage applications and reduce the size of the copies of data. For example, the data from the other system may be in a different format. The system may contain agents capable of parsing the data in its original format and processing it into a more usable format, and then single instancing the data. This allows an organization to reduce the storage requirements for data that may have been copied or backed up a long time ago.
In some embodiments, the storage system or other system performs additional operations on the data after single instancing has occurred. For example, backup data being stored offsite may be encrypted to prevent unauthorized parties from accessing the data. The data may also be compressed to further reduce its size. In this way, the storage system performs the additional operations more efficiently, because there is less data on which to perform the operation after redundant data has been reduced or eliminated.
Single instance data may be stored in a variety of different ways. In some embodiments, single instance data may be stored in folders and files just like other, non-single instanced or file system data. When a first folder contains a file that is already present in another folder, the first folder may contain a reference, pointer, or path to the file, or a stub file that contains information about where the file containing the actual data can be located. For example, two folders A and B may each contain a file X. Folder A may contain the actual file X, while folder B may contain a stub of file X with file attributes or other supplemental information that indicates that the stub is a reference to the instance of file X located in folder A. The fact that the file in folder B is a stub may be transparent to an application. For example, a file system filter driver may detect the stub and provide the actual file data from folder A to any application that attempts to access the file in folder B. Thus, the storage system preserves the organization of the data, but eliminates the redundant instances of the data, thus saving storage space and time consumed performing additional storage operations on the data.
In some embodiments, the single instance of the file may contain a reference count or other count to track the number of other instances that are referring to the file. Alternatively, an index of files stored by the storage system may track the references to any particular single instanced file. In the example above, the file X in folder A may contain a reference count of two indicating that the file belongs in two locations, folder A folder B. The storage system may use the reference count to prevent the file from being deleted or otherwise made unavailable while there are still outstanding references to the file.
Tapes and other sequential or removable media are often used for backup and other storage operations. Sequential media present special challenges for storage systems because the drawbacks of accessing data out of sequence are often much higher than accessing the data in sequence. For example, with tape media it can be very fast to read data from the beginning of the tape, then the middle, then the end (i.e., sequentially), but much slower to read data first from the end, then the middle, then the beginning (i.e., randomly or out of sequence). Therefore, it is often a goal of storage systems to structure data stored to sequential media in such a way that the data can be accessed sequentially.
In some embodiments, the storage system prepares single instance copies of data destined for sequential media using intermediate (e.g., random access) media. For example, the storage system may perform a single instance backup to a hard drive, and then process the data stored on the hard drive to prepare it for writing to tape. The data may be structured so that the first instance of each file contains the file data and is stored earlier on the tape than redundant references of the file that reference the first instance (e.g., through a stub or pointer to the first instance). This allows any redundant instances of the file to be read after the actual instance of the file using a sequential read operation. The redundant instances may contain information needed to locate the first instance such as the offset on the current tape, or the identifier of another tape if the backup data set spans multiple tapes.
In some embodiments, the storage system uses a similar technique when restoring data. For example, the storage system may restore data first to an intermediate, random access media, such as a hard drive, where the data can be recreated in its original form, including resolving references to redundant instances of the data, before being copied to a subject system. Alternatively, the storage system may maintain the data in its single instanced form and handle requests for the data by deinstancing the data upon request. For example, the system may copy the first instance of the file to a first directory, and then when a second directory references the file the system copies the file from the first directory based on information stored in a pointer or stub describing the contents of second directory. These and other techniques for storing single instance data to sequential media are described further below with reference to the figures.
The details of the storage system described above will now be illustrated with reference to the figures. Unless described otherwise below, aspects of the invention may be practiced with conventional data processing systems. Thus, the construction and operation of the various blocks shown in
The single instance database component 140 is a data store that contains entries identifying data objects managed by the storage system 100, and may also contain supplemental information such as a digest, path, location, reference count, or file size. The restored file cache component 150 optionally provides an intermediate location used by the system 100 during a restore operation to hold instances of files for which additional references may need to be restored. For example, during a restore operation, the storage system may restore files to the cache and then transfer the files to a subject location of the restore operation. When the storage system encounters a reference to a single instance copy of a data object, the system may consult the restored file cache component 150 or an index to determine if the data object is present in the cache before attempting to restore the data object from another location, such as a tape. The storage operation manager component 160 coordinates storage operations and invokes the other components of the storage system 100 as needed to perform requested storage operations. For example, the storage manager component 160 may include an application used by an administrator to manage the system. The storage manager component 160 may also maintain indexes of the data objects and each of the references to those data objects through the system, as well as pending operations on the data objects that are part of an organization's data management plan.
Aspects of the invention can be embodied in a special purpose computer or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions explained in detail herein. Aspects of the invention can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, which are linked through a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Aspects of the invention may be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, including magnetically or optically readable computer discs, hard-wired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, biological memory, or other data storage media. Indeed, computer implemented instructions, data structures, screen displays, and other data under aspects of the invention may be distributed over the Internet or over other networks (including wireless networks), on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., an electromagnetic wave(s), a sound wave, etc.) over a period of time, or they may be provided on any analog or digital network (packet switched, circuit switched, or other scheme). Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that portions of the invention may reside on a server computer, while corresponding portions reside on a client computer such as a mobile or portable device, and thus, while certain hardware platforms are described herein, aspects of the invention are equally applicable to nodes on a network.
A media agent 240 is generally a software module that conducts data, as directed by the storage operation manager 160, between a client computer and one or more storage devices such as a tape library, a magnetic media storage device, an optical media storage device, or other storage device. The media agent 240 is communicatively coupled with and controls the storage device. For example, the media agent 240 might instruct the storage device to use a robotic arm or other means to load or eject a media cartridge, and to archive, migrate, or restore application specific data. The media agent 240 generally communicates with the storage device via a local bus such as a SCSI adaptor. In some embodiments, the storage device is communicatively coupled to the media agent 240 via a Storage Area Network (“SAN”).
Each media agent 240 maintains an index cache which stores index data the system generates during backup, migration, and restore storage operations. For example, storage operations for Microsoft Exchange data generate index data. Index data provides the system with an efficient mechanism for locating user files for recovery operations. This index data is generally stored with the data backed up to the storage device, and the media agent 240 that controls the storage operation also writes an additional copy of the index data to its index cache. The data in the media agent 240 index cache is thus readily available to the system for use in storage operations and other activities without having to be first retrieved from the storage device.
A storage policy 220 is generally a data structure or other information which includes a set of preferences and other storage criteria for performing a storage operation. The preferences and storage criteria may include, but are not limited to: a storage location, relationships between system components, network pathway to utilize, retention policies, data characteristics, compression or encryption requirements, preferred system components to utilize in a storage operation, and other criteria relating to a storage operation. A storage policy 220 may be stored to a media agent index, to archive media as metadata for use in restore operations or other storage operations, or to other locations or components of the system.
When client 3 stores its copies of File 2 and File 3, the media agent determines that both files have already been stored, and two stub files are stored in the Chunk 3 folder. The first stub represents File 2 and points back to the data in Chunk 1. The second stub represents File 3 and points back to the data in Chunk 2. At some point, an administrator or scheduled process determines that the data from the random access media should be stored to sequential media. For example, this process could take place as part of a nightly data storage routine. The system stores the data for each of the chunks to the sequential media, one after the other. Optionally, the system may store index information on the sequential media that identifies which data (e.g., files) is stored in which chunk. The chunks may be large and thus span multiple sequential media, and the index may contain information about the sequential media on which it is stored as well as other sequential media that contain data for the data set.
Alternatively or additionally, the index data may remain at the media agent and be protected separately as part of a data protection process used by the media agent. It should be noted that the index data is not needed to restore data from the chunks stored on the sequential media. To the contrary, the stub information stored within each chunk is sufficient to recreate the index data from sequential media, and can serve as an additional copy for protecting the index data.
In some embodiments, the process described in
As described above, in some embodiments restored data is cached on random access media, and the system may check the cache before restoring any particular item from sequential media. This allows the system to save accesses to sequential media which may be slower than random access media or cause more seeking of the sequential media based on the current position of the sequential media. The lifetime of sequential media may depend on the number of seeks that occur, so saving these accesses by first accessing the cache can have reliability benefits in addition to any speed benefits.
Because the format of data stored on sequential media is type and hardware component independent, the system can single instance data sets across heterogeneous storage media. For example, the system can single instance data across different storage media (tapes, disks, and so on) or file systems (Windows, UNIX, and so on). The system can then create archive copies of data without data redundancies using heterogeneous media. Additionally, the system can then restore and provide data to users across heterogeneous systems, because the system does not depend on the applications or file systems that created the data. For example, data originally created in a UNIX environment may be stored as an archive file that is independent of typical UNIX data types. Years later, the system may receive a request to recover this data from a Windows-based device. Being data type independent, the systems is able to retrieve the file (in the archive file format), and recreate the file as a Windows based file for recovery within the Windows environment. Similarly, the system can also recover files created by different environment versions (such as recovering a Windows 95 file for a Window 2003 system).
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the storage system have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although backup operations have been described, the system may be used to reduce many types of redundant storage operations. As one example, the storage system may be employed by an Internet proxy server to reduce downloading of redundant files over the Internet by tracking a digest of each downloaded file and the location of a downloaded instance of the file behind the proxy server such that subsequent requests for the file can be serviced from the previously downloaded instance without accessing the file over the Internet. Similarly, the storage system could be used by a file system to reduce storage space by storing a single copy of data placed in multiple locations throughout the file system. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” The word “coupled”, as generally used herein, refers to two or more elements that may be either directly connected, or connected by way of one or more intermediate elements. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
The above detailed description of embodiments of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, or may be performed at different times.
The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the system described above. The elements and acts of the various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description details certain embodiments of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in implementation details, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.
While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the inventors contemplate the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as embodied in a computer-readable medium, other aspects may likewise be embodied in a computer-readable medium. Accordingly, the inventors reserve the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/963,623 (Attorney Docket No. 60692-8036.US02), entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING REDUNDANT INFORMATION,” filed on Dec. 21, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/871,737 (Attorney Docket No. 60692-8036.US00) entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING REDUNDANT INFORMATION,” filed on Dec. 22, 2006, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. ______ (Attorney Docket No. 60692-8036.US01) entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STORING REDUNDANT INFORMATION,” and filed on Oct. 31, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60871737 | Dec 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11963623 | Dec 2007 | US |
| Child | 12058317 | US |
