Patent Application
20230345960
The present invention generally relates to the preparation of liquid food products and was developed with particular attention being paid to the production of tablets (or pills) for the extraction of a liquid food product, starting from at least one ingredient in granular or powdered form, in particular coffee powder. The tablets obtainable by means of the systems and methods according to the invention are conceived for the preferred use on automatic and semiautomatic preparation machines, but design thereof for use on other preparation devices, such as coffee makers of the “moka” type or of the “Neapolitan” type, or press filter coffee makers or percolator devices, is not ruled out.
The preparation of liquid food products using preparation machines or devices starting from pre-portioned doses of a precursor is widely used, particularly for the preparation of hot beverages, such as espresso coffee.
In some prior art solutions, the precursor dose of the beverage is packaged in a more or less rigid capsule, and the corresponding preparation machine is in any case designed to allow a preparation liquid (typically water) to pass through such capsule, to dispense an outflowing beverage.
In other preparation devices, the precursor dose is instead contained in a flexible water-permeable casing, typically a paper casing, usually referred to as “pod”. In some cases, the pods are intended for use in automatic or semiautomatic preparation machines, while in other cases they are intended for use on coffee makers or percolators. Also in these solutions, in any case the pod is made to pass through by a flow of the preparation liquid.
The packaging of the single precursor dose entails various drawbacks, linked to the higher cost of the product, to the greater complexity of the production process, to the requirements of correct ecological disposal of the finished capsules or pods.
Such problems were addressed in the past by proposing the production of tablets of the precursor dose, having a self-supporting structure which does not necessarily require an outer casing. Such pills or tablets may be packaged in groups in one and the same container, for example a bag made of a material having good oxygen barrier properties, so as to avoid a rapid deterioration of the product (typically due to oxidation phenomena).
For example, WO 2014/064623 A2 and WO 2020/003099 A1 disclose systems and methods for the production of tablets for hot extraction of beverages, such as coffee or similar products, starting from a corresponding powder precursor, based on the use of electromagnetic waves, in particular microwaves.
The method described in WO2014/064623 A2 provides for the use of an arrangement which essentially comprises:
Therefore, such prior art solution allows to produce tablets, which can be used in preparation machines and devices in general, which do not necessarily have to be packaged each in a corresponding casing, which is instead suitable to be packaged in groups, for example in a single bag.
As indicated in the subsequent WO 2020/003099 A1, the step for moistening and homogenising the powder precursor as provided for in WO 2014/064623 A2 must be carried out manually, using particularly complex means, with a resulting increase in the time for producing each tablet.
In order to overcome these and other drawbacks, WO 2020/003099 A1 proposes an automated apparatus which substantially integrates all the operating units required for the production of tablets by means of microwaves, and therefore:
The aforementioned operating units, and therefore the corresponding process parameters (grinding, moistening, homogenising, weighing, forming and irradiating), can be managed in a differentiated manner by a single control system, in order to allow the production of tablets even having different characteristics.
The aforementioned forming device disclosed by WO 2020/003099 A1 comprises a displacement support, substantially of the carousel type, which carries a plurality of cavities, each of which is intended to receive a respective dose of ground and moistened precursor. In this manner, by actuating the displacement device, each cavity can be displaced individually from a loading position, in which the cavity receives the dose of moistened precursor, to a treatment position, in which the cavity is inside a suitable irradiation chamber, at which the microwave generation device operates. In the treatment position, the cavity is axially aligned under the pressure device, which is actuated to keep the dose contained in the cavity in an active compression condition during the irradiation step. After heating, and therefore after the active pressure has been shut off, the cavity can be moved to a discharge position, in which the tablet is ejected from the corresponding cavity.
The apparatus disclosed by WO 2020/003099 A1 can be conceived so as to include a plurality of grinding, moistening, dosing, forming and irradiating devices, in order to enhance productivity. In this perspective, the proposed apparatus is advantageous with respect to the solution according to the preceding WO 2014/064623 A2, also in relation to process times and the number of tablets obtainable in a time unit.
The tablets obtained according to the known techniques described in the aforementioned prior art documents are subject to dusting phenomena, i.e., they tend to release coffee powder at the outer surface thereof.
In the general terms thereof, the present invention aims at overcoming one or more of the aforementioned drawbacks, and in particular at providing a method and a system for the production of tablets of the indicated type which are more efficient from the production and energy point of view. An auxiliary aim of the invention is to allow to obtain high-quality tablets, while providing them with a comparatively lower amount of energy with respect to the prior art solutions.
According to the invention, at least one of the aforementioned aims is achieved by a system, a method and a tablet having the characteristics indicated in the attached claims.
The claims are an integral part of the technical teaching provided herein in relation to the invention.
Further aims, characteristics and advantages of the invention will be more apparent from the description that follows, carried out with reference to the attached drawings, provided purely by way of non-limiting example, wherein:
Reference to an embodiment in this description indicates that a particular configuration, structure, or characteristic described regarding the embodiment is comprised in at least one embodiment. Therefore, phrases like “in an embodiment”, “in various embodiments” and the like, possibly present in various parts of this description, do not necessarily refer to one and the same embodiment. Furthermore, particular shapes, structures or characteristics defined in this description may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments, even different from those shown. The numerical and spatial references (such as “upper”, “lower”, “top”, “bottom”, etcetera) as used herein are for convenience only and they do not therefore define the scope of protection or scope of the embodiments. In the figures, the same reference numbers are used to indicate similar or technically equivalent elements.
In the description below and in the attached claims, and unless otherwise specified, terms such as “ingredient” or “precursor” shall be understood as referring to a single substance or to a mixture of several substances indistinctively.
In
In general terms, the tablet 1 has a solid body having two end surfaces 2, 3 and a peripheral surface 4. In the example shown, the tablet 1 is essentially disc-shaped, and therefore it has a substantially cylindrical peripheral surface. Other shapes are of course possible.
The tablet may have a diameter approximately comprised between 20 and 60 mm (for example about 40 mm) and a thickness comprised between 5 and 50 mm (for example 12-13 mm for espresso coffee and 25-30 mm for “double”/“lungo” coffee or filter coffee). The weight thereof may be comprised between 3 and 30 g (for example 8-10 g for espresso coffee and 12-15 g for “double”/“lungo” coffee or filter coffee).
With reference also to
In the production method according to the invention, each tablet 1 is formed starting from a respective dosed and moistened amount of the precursor, which is heated while contained in a confined volume. To this end, in various embodiments, each dosed amount of the precursor is loaded into a cavity of a forming device and then at least partially heated using a heating device.
In various preferred embodiments, the forming device defines a plurality of forming cavities, in order to receive respective dosed amounts of the precursor, which are heated. In particularly advantageous embodiments of this type, the heating device defines a treatment chamber or cavity in which the multi-cavity forming device is inserted and then removed. The cavity of the heating device is designed in a manner such that all the dosed amounts of the precursor are heated simultaneously inside the respective forming cavities of the forming device. This allows to simultaneously form a plurality of tablets 1.
In particularly advantageous embodiments, the cavity of the heating device is substantially configured as a tunnel, and the forming device, particularly a multi-cavity one, is displaced according to a direction of advancement between an entry and an exit of the cavity. Such solution may allow to further boost productivity, allowing a substantially continuous processing, suitable to produce large amounts of product in a time unit.
According to an important aspect of the invention, provided for before heating is a step for the selective moistening of the dosed amount of precursor, or of each dosed amount of the precursor, i.e., only at a surface layer thereof. Such moistening step is in particular carried out after loading the dosed amount, or each dosed amount of the precursor, into a respective forming cavity of the forming device. This localised moistening of the dose of the precursor allows for example to obtain the structure described above with reference to
In preferred embodiments, particularly using the multi-cavity forming device, the energy required to heat the dosed amounts is distributed in the cavity of the heating device starting from a plurality of energy sources, or in any case the energy is introduced into the cavity from a plurality of different areas. Such solution allows to improve the distribution of energy in the heating cavity, to obtain as a consequence a uniform heating of the plurality of precursor doses contained in the forming cavities of the forming device.
In preferred embodiments, during heating in the cavity of the heating device, the dosed amounts of the precursor are contained in the respective forming cavities in the absence of an active compression. As will be observed, such solution allows a significant simplification of the forming device, for the purpose of the treatment thereof in the cavity of the heating device. In any case it may be preferable to at least temporarily subject the dosed amounts of the ingredient contained in the forming cavities to an active compression, before heating. This active compression may be useful to determine an initial compaction of doses in the relative forming cavities, or to determine the initial size and density thereof.
In various preferred embodiments, the method for producing tablets according to the invention is implemented through a system configured as a substantially continuous production line, comprising a succession of subsystems or operating stations, through which one or more parts of the forming device pass according to a direction of advancement.
In general terms, the aforementioned system comprises at least:
The forming subsystem comprises the previously mentioned multi-cavity forming device, and the loading subsystem is designed to load a plurality of dosed amounts of the ingredient in respective forming cavities of the forming device. The heating subsystem comprises the previously mentioned heating device, with the corresponding cavity into which the forming device is introduced and removed by means of the transport subsystem, in a manner such that the dosed amounts of the ingredient are heated in the respective forming cavities.
As will be observed, in preferred embodiments of the production system according to the invention, the handling or transport subsystem is configured (i.e., comprises means) to cause displacement of at least one part of the forming device in a direction of advancement also between a succession of other operating units or stations selected from:
In various embodiments, the dosed amounts are heated by means of microwaves, using the heating device comprising a microwave oven. In preferred embodiments, the cavity into which the forming device is introduced is a multimode cavity of the microwave oven, designed in a manner such that distribution of the microwaves therein simultaneously heats all the dosed amounts of the ingredient, in the respective forming cavities. However, other methods for heating the dosed amounts based on the use of electromagnetic waves, for example radio frequency (RF) heating or infrared heating, are not ruled out from the scope of the invention.
In various embodiments, the forming device 10 comprises a main part 11, in which a plurality of forming cavities 11a are partially defined, and at least one second part 12, which can be releasably coupled to the main part 11, to close the cavities 11a at at least one of the axial ends thereof. In the case exemplified between the two larger faces of the main part 11—here being substantially parallelepiped-shaped—there extend a plurality of through holes 11a′ which form the peripheral surface of the cavities 11a, preferably having a substantially circular cross-section. The device 10 further comprises both a bottom part 121, and a head part 122, intended to be superimposed to the larger faces of the main part 11, in order to close the corresponding cavities 11a at the two opposite ends. In other embodiments not shown, the bodies 11 and 121 may be replaced by a single body, with holes 11a′ which are therefore configured as blind holes having a smaller height with respect to the exemplified one. In the schematic example, the device 10 is configured to define forty forming cavities 11a, but obviously this number could be greater or smaller.
In various embodiments, such as the one exemplified in
As evincible from
In various preferred embodiments, the forming device, or one or more of the parts thereof, has at least one fluidic circuit, configured (i.e., comprising means) to supply a moistening fluid into each forming cavity. To this end, each forming cavity preferably has respective moistening passages, connected in fluid communication with the aforementioned hydraulic circuit, such passages being at at least one surface delimiting the respective cavity.
In the exemplified case, at the end surfaces of the projections 12a of the parts 121 e 122, intended for insertion into the holes 11a′, there are defined passages 12b, suitable for the introduction of the moistening fluid into the cavities 11a. In this manner, the fluid can be introduced at the two axial ends of the respective cavity 11a.
The passages 12b are connected to respective ducts belonging to the aforementioned hydraulic circuit, represented only schematically and indicated with 13 as a whole, provided with a respective inlet 13a, herein defined at a peripheral side of the corresponding part 121 and/or 122. In the schematic example, although the various arrays of passages 12b are connected in parallel to respective branches of the hydraulic circuit 13, other circuit solutions are obviously possible so as to allow the fluid to be supplied, according to any per se known technique.
In various embodiments, additionally or alternatively, similar moistening passages are also provided on at least part of the peripheral surface of the cavities 11a. Referring for example to
Obviously, in possible variants, the fluidic system of the forming device can be designed or controlled to determine localised moistening of only one or both of the axial end regions of the dosed amount of the precursor, or only of the peripheral region thereof: in such cases the final tablet will therefore not have a full shell of the type indicated above, but one or more crusts with similar characteristics only at the previously selectively moistened area (for example a crust 5 only at the surface 2 and/or the surface 3, or a crust 5 only at the peripheral surface 4, and possible other combinations).
In various embodiments, at least the parts of the device 10 defining the forming cavities 11a are made of a material transparent to the electromagnetic waves used for heating the precursor doses, such as a polymer, for example a thermoplastic material.
In preferred embodiments of the invention the heating device used is a microwave oven, and in this case at least the parts of the device 10 defining the forming cavities 11a are made of a material transparent to microwaves. A material that can be used for this purpose is for example polyether ether ketone (PEEK), an organic thermoplastic polymer having excellent mechanical characteristics (strength, hardness, low density), excellent thermal characteristics (ability to withstand high temperatures and resistance to thermal fatigue), excellent chemical strength and high wear resistance characteristics, with low friction. This material, possibly filled (for example with glass fibre), is perfectly suitable to handle food products. In any case, the material used may also be provided with a coating (for example with PTFE) suitable to avoid the release of material.
The parts 11 and 12 of the forming device may be produced, for example, according to any known technology, for example additive technique or 3D printing, which allows to produce structures of the exemplified type in a relatively simple manner. Such technique is also advantageous for the purposes of defining the hydraulic circuits inside the parts 11, 12, said parts being suitable to be made of several pieces obtained by means of the additive technique and then assembled together in a sealed manner, if necessary, after positioning possible control members (such as for example valves or flow diverters) between such pieces.
The moistening passages 11b and/or 12b and the corresponding hydraulic circuits may possibly be in the form of micro-passages and micro-ducts, respectively. As mentioned, the hydraulic circuit of one or more parts 11, 12 could be provided with suitable electrically powered control devices, such as for example valves, possibly of the miniaturised type (for example which can be obtained using the MEMS—Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology.
Preferably, the parts 11, 12 of the device 10 are held in the assembled position thereof by means of suitable releasable coupling elements. In the case exemplified in
In various preferred embodiments, the system includes a handling or transport subsystem, configured (i.e., comprising means) to obtain displacement of the forming device 10, or of parts 11, 121, 122, thereof, according to a direction of advancement, indicated with X, between the various operating stations. Preferably, the transport system comprises a plurality of conveyor devices 20 arranged in succession. Hereinafter it will be described—for the sake of simplicity—the case in which a conveyor device 20 is provided at each operating station, but this shall not be deemed an essential characteristic given that one and the same conveyor 20 could serve at least two successive operating stations.
In preferred embodiments the conveyor devices 20 are belt conveyors. Preferably, the belt 21 is at least partly made of a material transparent to electromagnetic waves used for heating the precursor doses, for example a polymeric or synthetic material, possibly provided with a coating suitable to avoid the release of material. Materials that can be used are for example PEEK, or PP, or PTFE, or Kevlar, or glass fibre, with a possible coating made of PTFE or other, and, more generally, any material commonly used for the purpose in the food industry. In any case, metal belts, for example made of stainless steel, of the type currently used in the food industry cannot be ruled out from the scope of the invention (although the use thereof may complicate the design of the oven irradiation system to a certain extent).
With reference to
Therefore, the part 121 advances to the station indicated with B, on the corresponding conveyor 202, in which an automated device 30 positions the main part 11 of the forming device on the corresponding bottom part 121, with the projections 12a of the latter being inserted into the lower end of the holes 11a′ of the part 11. In this step, the two parts 11 and 121 are also mechanically coupled to each other, for example using the members 15a of
Therefore, the parts 11 and 121 assembled together proceed to the station indicated with C, on the corresponding conveyor 203, which is configured to supply the precursor in dosed amounts in the corresponding forming cavities, i.e., from the upper end of the holes 11a′ of part 11. The station C may include, for example, a tank 40 which is directly supplied with the precursor previously obtained in powder or granular form. The station or subsystem C may possibly include, upstream of the tank 40, a suitable grinding system, schematically indicated at 40a.
The precursor may have an initial moisture content comprised between 5% and 20% by weight, preferably comprised between 8% and 12%. To this end, if necessary, a system for the initial moistening of the precursor and a corresponding mixing system may be provided for upstream of the tank 40 (and downstream of the possible grinding system).
In various preferred embodiments, the loading station C is configured to simultaneously supply a plurality of dosed amounts of the precursor into the plurality of forming cavities 11a. To this end, in the case exemplified in the figure, a plurality of nozzles or discharge mouths 41 are associated with the tank 40, particularly in a number corresponding to the number of cavities 11a, preferably having shape and size such to be able to be inserted at least slightly into the holes 11a′ from the upper end thereof. To this end, the tank 40 and/or the nozzles 41 are preferably controllably translatable at least in a vertical direction. Preferably, the nozzles 41 include, or have associated upstream thereto, a suitable dosing system, according to known technologies (volumetric measurement, weighing, time) for dosing the amount of precursor to be introduced into each forming cavity 11a.
After the step for loading the precursor, the parts 11 and 121 advance to the subsequent station D, on the corresponding conveyor 204, which is a station configured to temporarily subject the plurality of dosed amounts of the precursor, contained in the respective forming cavities 11a, to an active compression. The pressing station D may comprise a single pressing device 50, for example pneumatically actuated, susceptible to vertically translate a plurality of pressing elements 51, particularly in a number corresponding to the number of cavities 11a. The pressing elements 51 preferably have shape and size such to be able to be inserted with minimum clearance into the holes 11a′ of the part 11, in order to precisely press the dosed amount of precursor contained therein.
At the end of the active compression step, the parts 11 and 121 advance to the subsequent station E, on the corresponding conveyor 205, in which an automated device 60 (for example similar to the device 30 of the station B) positions the head portion 122 of the forming device on the main portion 11, with the projections 12a of the former being inserted into the upper ends of the holes 11a′ of the latter. In this step, the part 122 is mechanically coupled to the part 11, for example using the members 15b of
As previously mentioned, the sum of the heights of the projections 12a of the parts 121 and 122 is smaller than the height of the holes 11a′ of the part 11 so that, in the assembled condition of the device 10, a volume suitable to contain the respective dosed amount of precursor is defined in the cavity 11a. In various embodiments, such volume is in any case greater, height-wise, than the overall dimensions of the pressed dose contained in the corresponding cavity 11a. In other words, following the pressing of step/station D, the height of the pressed dose of precursor may be smaller than the height of the corresponding forming cavity, understood as the distance between the end surfaces of the projections 12a of the parts 121 and 122. In this manner, an even minimum free space (indicatively not greater than 1 mm) above each dose, may be present in the cavity, so as to allow a slight expansion of the volume during the subsequent heating. In other embodiments, furthermore, the height of the projections 12a of the parts 121 and 122 may be chosen so that, in the assembled condition of the device 10, the containment volumes substantially correspond to those of the dosed amounts, or said projections 12a maintain the dosed amounts in an at least slight compression condition.
Then, the forming device 10 advances to the subsequent station F, on the corresponding conveyor 206, which is configured to provide partial or localised moistening of the plurality of dosed amounts of the precursor, contained in the corresponding cavities 11a. The moistening station includes a fluidic system 70, designed to supply the moistening fluid into the cavities 11a, exploiting the hydraulic system integrated in the forming device 10, in particular the circuits 13 of
The system 70 and the hydraulic circuits are designed to allow a substantially predetermined amount of the moistening fluid to flow into the forming cavities through the passages 12b and 11b (
The amount of fluid added is in any case reduced, given that—as explained above—it is not strictly necessary to moisten the dosed amount of precursor uniformly. As mentioned, the amount of fluid supplied is preferably such to moisten only one surface layer of each dosed amount of the precursor, preferably at the end and peripheral surfaces thereof, or possibly even at only one of such surfaces. Obviously, a part of the fluid will tend to spread also toward the centre of the dose, but this diffusion has to be considered as negligible, also considering that the time between the localised moistening step and the subsequent heating step is relatively short (approximately less than 50 seconds).
In various embodiments, at least one of the steps preceding the heating step is carried out in an atmosphere with a low oxygen content or modified with an inert gas (such as for example nitrogen or argon); this for example may occur for the loading step (station C), the possible pressing step (station D), the step for closing the forming cavities (station E) and the moistening step (station F).
After the moistening step, the forming device 10 then passes to the heating station G, on the corresponding conveyor 207. In the non-limiting example, such station comprises an oven, indicated with 80, particularly a microwave oven comprising a multimode cavity 81 in which the device 10 is kept for a treatment time sufficient to obtain the tablets 1. As previously mentioned, in preferred embodiments, the oven 80 is a tunnel-like oven, with the respective cavity 81 extending length-wise between an entry IN and an exit OUT, through which the forming device 10 passes through in the direction of advancement X. Preferably, the length dimension of the cavity 81 is such that, when passing through between the entry IN and the exit OUT, the device 10 is temporarily fully contained in the cavity.
In various preferential embodiments, the oven 80 is equipped with a plurality of means 82 for generating the microwaves (or, more generally, the electromagnetic waves used for heating), for example, with suitable systems 83—known per se—for conveying the microwaves into the multimode cavity 81 associated thereto. Preferably, there are provided for a plurality of microwave sources 82, of any type suitable for the application (for example known magnetrons), with waveguides 83 associated thereto, configured for the introduction of microwave beams MW into the multimode cavity 81 from a plurality of areas of the latter. Possibly, suitable mirrors or similar elements 85 may also be provided for in the multimode cavity to guide the reflection of the microwaves MW in desired directions, all according to a per se known technique. A substantial advantage of multimode microwave treatment lies in the possibility of simultaneously heating a large number of precursor doses.
Generally speaking, the multimode cavity 81 and the system 82, 83, 85 for generating and distributing the microwaves MW is optimised, according to known techniques, as a function of the dimensions of the load represented by the precursor doses contained in the forming device 10: with this regard, it should be noted that the use of microwave ovens with multimode cavities, also tunnel-shaped, is now widely used in various fields, including the food production industry.
Therefore, it should be emphasised that the distribution of the microwaves MW in the multimode cavity 81, as shown for the station G of
As previously mentioned, the cavities 11a defined between the parts 11-12 of the forming device are not hermetically sealed, thereby allowing venting of the steam which can be generated during microwave heating of the locally moistened precursor doses. Obviously, the parts 11-12 in question could also be designed so as to define suitable steam venting passages.
The cavity 81 may be provided with a steam extraction system, for example including one or more extraction fans.
The simultaneous continuous production of the tablets, and in particular the treatment thereof in the oven 80, is simplified due to the fact that the step for the active compression of the precursor doses (carried out at the station D) is separated from the step of irradiating with electromagnetic waves (carried out at the station G).
The methods for manufacturing the oven and the cavity thereof depend on the load to be heated and the optimisation thereof can be obtained using per se known techniques, particularly obtained from similar applications in the food industry. For example, this applies to the resonance frequency of the cavity 81, the frequency of the signal output from the sources 82 and the characteristics of the corresponding systems 83, 85 for the conveying and possible reflection of the microwaves (as known, for example, the sizing of the waveguides determines the mode propagation and distribution phenomena). Generally, the sources 82 will preferably be configured to generate an alternating electromagnetic field with an emission frequency oscillating up to 3 GHz, preferably comprised between 2.40 and 2.50 GHz, most preferably close to 2.45 GHz, or lower than 1 GHz, preferably comprised between 865 and 965 MHz, most preferably close to 915 MHz.
The overall power of the oven 80 depends on the number of sources used, which in turn depends on the size of the load (i.e., on the number of doses heated simultaneously). Generally, the oven 80 may be equipped with a number of sources 82 (for example magnetrons) greater than two, particularly comprised between two and six, each having a power comprised between 1 and 3 kilowatts, with each source 82 preferably supplying a respective waveguide 83. Still preferably, the waveguide system is configured so that the microwaves conducted in the multimode cavity 81 irradiate the forming device 10 both from above and from below, and possibly also laterally.
The moisture content significantly affects the dielectric properties of the load, and therefore the heating thereof. In the case of the present invention, following heating with electromagnetic waves, the moistened surface layer of the precursor doses is compacted following heating, obtaining the tablets, or the shell 5 thereof.
As observed above, according to a preferred characteristic of the invention, the moistening step is carried out individually for each precursor dose, and carried out so as to determine a moisture gradient in the dose, with greater or concentrated moistening at at least one peripheral area of the dose. This selective moistening allows to obtain a better coupling of the particles of the precursor in such area, particularly for obtaining the layer or shell 5 of the tablet, which will therefore have a more robust and resistant outer surface, such to also reduce the dusting phenomena.
The consistency of the tablet, or of the layer 5 thereof, is mainly achieved due to caking phenomena that occur during heating in the heating device. Caking is the tendency of a powder or granular material to form lumps, due to increased interparticle forces. The cohesion between particles without the formation of solid bridges can be attributed to Van der Waals forces, which define the attraction forces between molecules. Even if a molecule is not polar, electron displacement causes it to become polar for a very short time. The negative end of the molecule causes the surrounding molecules to have an instantaneous dipole, in turn attracting the positive ends of the surrounding molecules (this process is essentially due to London forces, also referred to as instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions).
As a result, it can be assumed that the caking of the precursor, particularly coffee, which occurs during heating with electromagnetic waves is mainly due to Van der Waals forces and polar interactions. All these forces increase as the distance between the particles decreases, and for this reason the active compression step (station/step D) carried out before the microwave treatment may be useful.
In addition to that, stickiness phenomena may possibly be present. For example, coffee does not contain low molecular weight sugars, which typically induce stickiness and caking. However, coffee contains polymeric substances (proteins, starches, pectins) which are assumed to have a similar behaviour: the presence of the moisture supplied to the coffee powder allows to reduce the transition temperature of such substances, acting as a plasticiser, and thereby enhancing caking of the precursor to form the shell 5, during the step for heating with electromagnetic waves.
During the heating step each dose of the precursor tends to expand, but such expansion is limited in the confined volume of the cavity 11a (as mentioned above, the useful volume of the cavity 11a may be slightly greater than the volume of the dose previously compressed at station/step D): this slight increase in controlled volume advantageously contributes to reducing the stresses in the structure of the tablet being formed, reducing the risks of breaking the matrix thereof.
The treatment time in the oven 80 is very low in relation to the number of tablets treated, and this obviously depends on the load and the power of the oven. By way of example, the treatment time (or transit time, in the example shown) of a forming device 10 of the type exemplified in a multimode cavity 81 designed for the treatment of 40 precursor doses at a time may be less than 50 seconds, particularly comprised between 12 and 18 seconds depending on the power applied.
Moving on to
The remaining parts 11 and 121 of the forming device then move to station I, on the corresponding conveyor 209. Also such station is equipped with a handling device 30′ designed similar to the device 30 of station B, but suitable for the reverse operation, that is for lifting or removing the main part 11 of the forming device with respect to the base part 121. To this end, also the manipulating device 30′ has—associated therewith—a corresponding release system 31, configured (i.e., comprising means) to release the members 15a, so as to allow separation of the part 11 from the part 121. Also in this case, after removal, the part 11 may be subjected to a step for the automated cleaning and/or drying, particularly of the through holes 11a′ thereof, and/or a step for bleeding the hydraulic circuit 13 thereof.
In various preferred embodiments, the station I may include a first separation arrangement 32, for example associated with the device 30′, configured to obtain the exit of the tablets 1—now formed—from the holes 11a′ of the part 11. This separation arrangement 32 may include, for example, a system designed to introduce respective air flows into the holes 11a′ from above, with a pressure sufficient to obtain the sliding of the tablets 1 into the holes 11a′, until they exit from the corresponding lower ends and rest on the projections 12a of the base part 121. The step of blowing air (or another suitable gas) into the holes 11a can be conveniently synchronised with the step of lifting the part 11. The use of air flows can be advantageous also for the purposes of determining a first temperature drop of the tablets 1 following the treatment with microwaves. Instead of a pneumatic system, the separation arrangement 32 could be provided with mechanical pushers, for example pneumatically driven, each at a corresponding hole 11a′.
The base part 121 carrying the tablets 1 then moves to the station J, on the corresponding conveyor 201o, configured to remove the tablets 1 from such part 121. The separation station J may be made according to any known technique, particularly in the food industry. For example, the station J may include a pick-up and displacement device 90, having a vertically translatable part with which there are associated a plurality of gripping members 91—for example pneumatically driven suction cups—whose number corresponds to the tablets 1 and suitable to lift the latter from the base part 121. In preferred embodiments, the pick-up members 91 consist of known suction cups based on Bernoulli's principle, suitable for the contactless handling of sensitive objects.
The device 90, or at least the part thereof carrying the gripping members 91, may also be translatable horizontally, in order to transfer the tablets 1 onto the conveyor 2011 of the subsequent station K, configured for the post-processing of the tablets, for example for a desiccation and/or drying and/or cooling thereof. In various embodiments, this post-treatment is carried out in an atmosphere with a low oxygen content or modified with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon for example).
It should be noted that, when exiting from the oven 80, the tablets 1 have a relatively high surface temperature (for example comprised between 50° C. and 85° C.), whose dissipation takes several minutes. With this regard, it should also be noted that most of the moisture present in the precursor dose is not removed during the treatment step in the oven 80, but at a later time: in particular, it was observed that—in the absence of a desiccation or a drying or a mechanical cooling—the loss of most moisture (measured in weight loss) occurs within 5-10 minutes after the treatment with microwaves. The chart of
Given that it is preferable to reduce the exposure of the tablets to air after their production (in order to avoid triggering of oxidation phenomena), and therefore to reduce the time between the exit from the oven 80 and the packaging of the tablets, it is preferable to provide the station K, which may include, for example, a desiccating or cooling tunnel 100 of the per se known type for use in the food industry.
The final moisture content, i.e., at the end of the tablet production process, before the packaging thereof, is preferably less than 5% by weight.
Downstream of station K the tablets—substantially at ambient temperature reach a station 110, where they are packaged—in an automated manner—in—groups in corresponding protection containers, for example bags made of material having good oxygen barrier properties. The packaging technology adopted may be of any known type, for example of the vacuum type or of the MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging) type, or of the protected atmosphere type, wherein—in the containers of the tablets—air is replaced with an inert gas (for example nitrogen or argon), suitable for increasing the preservation period.
As previously mentioned, according to a preferred characteristic of the invention, the dosed amounts of the precursor are subjected to a partial or localised moistening step, that is for a peripheral layer thereof.
The moisture content (or water content) of the precursor significantly affects the effect of electromagnetic waves, for example in the case of use of microwave or radio frequency, given that:
Based on the above, increasing the moisture content of each dosed amount therefore allows to increase the ability of the electromagnetic waves to impart energy to the corresponding precursor, and the heating time at the full power of the oven 80 can be reduced due to this increased ability.
Practical tests carried out by the Applicant allowed to verify that the described process can be obtained for example by supplying to dosed amounts of coffee a moisture content comprised between 7% and 14% by weight (to obtain tablets measuring about 40 mm in diameter, about 12 mm in thickness and weighing about 8.3 g at exit from the oven), with a microwave irradiation such to bring the final surface of the tablets to a temperature comprised between 70° C. and 75° C.
As explained, most of the water content is preferably located at a peripheral layer of the dose, at which the energy supply obtained through the electromagnetic waves will be maximum, thus giving rise to the formation of the outer crust or shell 5 of the tablet of
The supply of heat to the central part of the dose (that is, the part intended to form the core 6 of
As mentioned, the formation of the shell or crust 5 allows to obtain a sort of container for the less compact core 6. This more compact outer part of the tablet 1 allows to limit dusting phenomena. On the other hand, the low heat supply to the central part 6 of the tablet 1 allows to reduce the risks of changing the organoleptic properties of the precursor (and therefore the risks of bad flavours), as well as to speed up the subsequent desiccating or drying or cooling step. For the same reason, given that heating can be concentrated predominantly on the peripheral layer of the dose alone, the overall energy of the heating process can also be reduced, compared to the case of the uniform heating of the entire dose.
As mentioned, in variant embodiments, a crust 5 could however be obtained even only at one of the surfaces 2, 3 and 4 of the tablet 1, in order to make such surface more robust, for example only the upper surface 2 thereof, for the purpose of engraving possible distinctive signs. In these cases, the precursor must obviously be initially moistened homogeneously and sufficiently to ensure that—following the subsequent treatment with electromagnetic waves—also the remaining part of the tablet meets the required robustness and self-supporting characteristics.
The description outlined above clearly shows the characteristics and advantages of the present invention. The proposed solution allows to easily and rapidly produce high amounts of tablets for the extraction of beverages, starting from a precursor in powder or granular form, particularly coffee. The systems and methods described allow significant increases in productivity with respect to the prior art and they are efficient in terms of energy consumption. It is clear that the numerous variants are possible for the person skilled in the art, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims that follow.
The system described with reference to
In the embodiments exemplified in the figures, the heating device used is a microwave oven, but in other embodiments the heating of the precursor doses contained in the forming device could be based on other techniques, for example radio frequency or infrared heating techniques: with this regard, it should be noted that the use of ovens based on such heating techniques is used in various fields, including the food production industry.
In the example shown in
Instead of being configured like a tunnel, the heating device could have a cavity with an opening which acts as an entry and as an exit for the introduction and removal of the forming device. In such case, the heating device may for example be arranged to the side of the transport subsystem and include a manipulation or transfer arrangement configured to introduce the forming device 10 into the cavity and then remove it therefrom, through the aforementioned opening. Such an arrangement could be configured (i.e., comprise means) to transfer the forming device from a conveyor, in order to introduce it into the multimode cavity, to remove it therefrom, and then to transfer it to the conveyor once again, or configured to transfer the forming device from a first conveyor (for example, belonging to the station upstream of the heating device), to introduce it into the cavity, to remove it from such cavity, and then to transfer it onto a second conveyor (for example belonging to the station downstream of the heating device). The manipulation or transfer arrangement could advantageously have a movable support for the forming device which includes a vertical wall (for example in the form of a drawer), susceptible to close the single opening of the heating cavity when the forming device is inside said cavity.
As mentioned above, the same conveyor 20 could serve several successive stations. The described system or line could obviously also include further subsystems or processing stations, if deemed necessary.
Various preferred embodiments exemplified above provide for the use of a multi-cavity forming device, which allows to simultaneously produce several tablets, also with a continuous treatment. This solution is advantageous with respect to the known techniques mentioned in the introductory part of the present description. As a matter of fact, it will be observed that the productivity of the method and of the arrangement proposed in WO 2014/064623 A2 is limited, in view of the fact that the tablets must be formed and treated individually, i.e., one at a time. Also the solution according to WO 2020/003099 A1 entails that each tablet be formed and treated individually with microwaves, in an irradiation chamber conceived to house each time a single cavity and press the contents thereof, strongly limiting the productive capacity of the apparatus. The known techniques described in the aforementioned two prior art documents also entail significant energy consumption for the production of large amounts of tablets.
However, in order to solve the problems relating to tablet dusting, the formation and the individual treatment of tablets—i.e., with a single cavity forming device—shall also be deemed included in the scope of the invention, but without prejudice to the selective moistening step provided for according to the invention. In this perspective, for example, in possible variant embodiments, forming devices of the types described in WO 2014/064623 A2 or WO 2020/003099 A1 could be modified to include a hydraulic circuit suitable for the introduction of the moistening fluid into the single forming cavity, in order to obtain surface moistening.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102020000021499 | Sep 2020 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2021/058192 | 9/9/2021 | WO |
