SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRANSCRANIAL STIMULATION OF A SUBJECT

The present disclosure generally relates to transcranial direct current simulation, and more specifically relates to transcranial stimulation of a head region of a subject; the present disclosure is, for example, concerned with systems and methods for transcranial stimulation of head regions of subjects. Moreover, aspects of the disclosure are also directed to software products recorded on machine-readable data storage media, wherein such software products are executable upon computing hardware, to implement the aforesaid methods of the disclosure.

BACKGROUND

Transcranial direct current simulation (tDCS) is a form of neurostimulation which includes delivering a constant and low current directly to a brain region of a person, namely a subject, through electrodes. tDCS is useful for treating patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, chronic pain and tinnitus, and brain injuries, such as strokes and for enhancing language and mathematical abilities, addressing attention span problem, for enhancing problem solving abilities, for improving memory, and enhancing coordination of body movements.

A known tDCS device includes an anode, a cathode and a battery powered device that is operable to deliver a constant current output. The anode is a positively charged electrode and the cathode is a negatively charged electrode. During treatment, one of these electrodes is optionally placed over a head region of a person and another electrode is placed at another location, such as a neck region or shoulder region of the person; however, both electrodes are optionally connected to the head region of the person. Once the electrodes are placed correctly, a stimulation procedure may be started. The battery powered device includes one or more controls for setting the current signal as well as for adjusting a duration of the stimulation procedure. The constant current output flows from the anode through a skull and brain of the person and thereafter to the cathode, creating an electrical circuit. A current density J of an electrode is defined as J=I/A, where I is electric current flowing across the electrode, and A is area of the electrode.

However, a problem associated with existing tDCS systems is uneven current distribution across electrodes, such that some areas of the electrode have higher current density than others. The problem of uneven distribution may be caused by either improper placement of the electrodes or uneven distribution of conducting gel between the head region and the electrode, and may lead to ineffective medical treatment and/or discomfort to patient. The problem of uneven distribution may be minimized by re-adjusting the electrodes and re-distributing the conducting gel when a patient reports discomfort. However, the problem of uneven distribution goes unnoticed and leads to an ineffective treatment when the patient does not report the same.

Therefore, there exists a need for a transcranial stimulation method and system that verifies the current distribution across the electrodes prior to commencing transcranial stimulation of the subject, and facilitates even distribution of current across the electrodes.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure seeks to provide a system for transcranial stimulation of a subject, and a method of using the same.

In one aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a system for transcranial stimulation of a subject, wherein the system includes an electrode arrangement comprising a plurality of electrodes coupled to at least one electrode drive arrangement, wherein the plurality of electrodes are operable to contact onto skin of the head region of the subject, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes includes a plurality of electrode elements which are operable in combination to deliver a current of their corresponding at least one electrode to the head region of the subject, and wherein the at least one electrode drive arrangement is arranged to excite and/or monitor in operation the electrode elements in an individually controlled and/or monitored manner, and the at least one electrode drive arrangement is operable substantially to even out current distribution between the plurality of electrode elements of the at least one electrode when in contact onto skin of the head region of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of electrode elements of the electrodes is disposed in a two-dimensional array configuration when engaging in operation onto the head of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of electrode elements of the electrodes is disposed in a one-dimensional array configuration when engaging in operation onto the head of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the at least one electrode drive arrangement is operable substantially to even out current distribution between the plurality of electrode elements of the at least one electrode when in contact onto skin of the head region of the subject to within a variation of less than 50%, more preferably less than 20%, and most preferably less than 10%.

In an embodiment of the present invention, system further comprises a monitoring arrangement for computing a, impedance and/or conductivity of the plurality of sensor elements when contacted onto skin of the head region.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the system includes a control arrangement for performing impedance and/or conductivity tests of the plurality of electrodes and/or the plurality of electrode elements when in contact with skin of the subject, prior to commencing transcranial stimulation of a subject.

In another aspect, a method of using a system for transcranial stimulation of a subject is provided. The method includes attaching an electrode arrangement comprising a plurality of electrodes coupled to at least one electrode drive arrangement onto skin of the head region of the subject, arranging for at least one of the plurality of electrodes to include a plurality of electrode elements which are operable in combination to deliver a current of their corresponding at least one electrode to the head region of the subject, and using the at least one electrode drive arrangement to excite and/or monitor in operation the electrode elements in an individually controlled and/or monitored manner and to substantially even out current distribution between the plurality of electrode elements of the at least one electrode.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes arranging for the plurality of electrode elements of the electrodes to be disposed in a two-dimensional array configuration when engaging in operation onto the head of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes arranging for the plurality of electrode elements of the electrodes are disposed in a one-dimensional array configuration when engaging in operation onto the head of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes operating the at least one electrode drive arrangement substantially to even out current distribution between the plurality of electrode elements of the at least one electrode when in contact onto skin of the head region of the subject to within a variation of less than 50%, more preferably less than 20%, and most preferably less than 10%.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes using a monitoring arrangement of the system for computing an impedance and/or conductivity of the plurality of sensor elements when contacted onto skin of the head region.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the method further includes using a control arrangement system for performing impedance and/or conductivity tests of the plurality of electrodes and/or the plurality of electrode elements when in contact with skin of the subject, prior to commencing transcranial stimulation of a subject.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a transcranial stimulation system that includes a plurality of electrodes and a power controller, in which each electrode includes a plurality of electrode elements, and the power controller individually controls each electrode element, and measure current densities of each electrode element prior to commencing the transcranial stimulation of a subject. When the current densities of the electrode elements are substantially similar, the power controller indicates to the user that there is an even distribution of current across the electrode elements. When the current densities of the electrode elements are not substantially similar, the power controller indicates the same to the user and may enable the user to even out the current distribution across the electrode elements.

Additional aspects, advantages, features and objects of the present disclosure would be made apparent from the drawings and the detailed description of the illustrative embodiments construed in conjunction with the appended claims that follow.

It will be appreciated that features of the invention are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The summary above, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, exemplary constructions of the disclosure are shown in the drawings. However, the invention is not limited to specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed herein. Moreover, those in the art will understand that the drawings are not to scale. Wherever possible, like elements have been indicated by identical numbers.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system for transcranial stimulation of a subject, that is suitable for practicing various implementations of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a detailed illustration of a system for transcranial stimulation of a subject, in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3a and 3b are illustrations of a head band for performing transcranial stimulation of a subject, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 4a and 4b are detailed illustrations of an exemplary head band, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4c is an illustration of a one-dimensional array of electrode elements formed from conducting stripes of the head band of FIG. 4a, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4d is a schematic illustration of a two-dimensional array of electrode elements, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 5 is an illustration of steps of a method of using the system of FIG. 2 for transcranial stimulation of a subject, in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the disclosure and ways in which it can be implemented. Although the best mode of carrying out the invention has been disclosed, those in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practicing the invention are also possible.

In overview, a system for transcranial stimulation of a head region of a subject is provided, wherein the system includes an electrode arrangement comprising a plurality of electrodes coupled to at least one electrode drive arrangement. The plurality of electrodes are operable to contact onto skin of the head region of the subject and at least one electrode includes a plurality of electrode elements which are operable in combination to deliver a current of their corresponding at least one electrode to the head region of the subject. Further, the electrode drive arrangement is arranged to excite and/or monitor the electrode elements in an individually controlled and/or monitored manner.

Referring now to the drawings, particularly by their reference numbers, FIG. 1 is an illustration of a system 100 that is suitable for practicing various implementations of the present disclosure. The system 100 includes a power controller 102 and electrical contacts 104 and 106 connected to the power controller 102 through wires 108, and positioned on a head region 110 of a subject, for example a user. The electrical contact 104 is a positive electrode, i.e., anode 104, and the electric contact 106 is a negative electrode, i.e. cathode 106. As an example, the anode contact 104 can be connected to a region of skin of a forehead of the subject, and the cathode 106 can be connected to a region of skin in a scalp region of the head region 100 of the subject. The power controller 102 includes an electrode drive arrangement that generates electric signals for driving the anode 104 and cathode 106 to cause transcranial stimulation of the head region 110 of the subject. In an example, the power controller 102 includes a power source for providing a substantially constant low current to the anode 104, which flows through the skull and brain to the cathode 106, thereby creating a circuit. “Low current” includes currents of less than 10 milliAmperes (mA), usually in an order of microamperes (μA). Optionally, the substantially constant low current is less than 2 mA.

The power controller 102 further includes a microcontroller (not shown) connected to the power source for enabling an operator and/or the user to set one or more parameters of transcranial stimulation of the head region 110. In an embodiment, the power controller 102 is operated locally by an operator. In another embodiment, the power controller 102 is operated remotely by a remote operator using an application executing on a remote server system 112, wherein the server system 112 includes a database 114 and is connected to the power controller 102 via a communication network 116. Examples of the communication network 116 include, but are not limited to: Internet, Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). In yet another embodiment, the power controller 102 is operated locally by an operator using their mobile wireless communication device 118. Examples of the mobile wireless communication device 118, include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a cell phone, a mobile telephone, a wireless-enabled tablet computer, a wireless-enabled phablet computer, a wearable wireless-enabled computer, and a wireless-enabled wrist-worn computer.

FIG. 1 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments herein.

FIG. 2 is a detailed illustration of a system 200 for transcranial stimulation of a head region of a subject, in accordance with the present disclosure. The system 200 includes an anode 202, a cathode 204, and a power controller 206. The anode 202, which is an example of the anode 104, includes first through ninth electrode elements C₁till C₉(hereinafter collectively referred to as anode elements) arranged in a two-dimensional array, and made from a conducting material through which electricity can flow for transcranial stimulation of the head region. Similarly, the cathode 204, which is an example of the cathode 106, includes tenth through fifteenth electrode elements C₁₀till C₁₅(hereinafter collectively referred to as cathode elements) arranged in a two-dimensional array, and made from a conducting material through which electricity can flow for transcranial stimulation of the head region.

Although, the cathode and anode elements are arranged in a two-dimensional array, it would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the anode and cathode elements can be arranged arbitrarily, or in a one-dimensional array, or in a circular array, or in a triangular array depending upon the type of treatment of the subject.

Each anode element is connected separately to a first adapter unit 2020 through one or more wires 2022. Similarly, each cathode element is connected separately to a second adapter unit 2040 through one or more wires 2024. The first and second adapter units 2020 and 2040 are configured to switch and control current flows to the anode and cathode elements respectively, and are connected to the power controller 206 (which is an example of the power controller 102) through wires 220 and 240 respectively. The first and second adapter units 2020 and 2040 are further configured to measure currents flowing through each of the anode and cathode elements. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the wires 220 and 240 include electricity feed as well as control line such as I₂C connection.

For the first through fifteenth electrode elements C₁till C₁₅, respective currents flowing across are referred to as first through fifteenth currents I₁till I₁₅, respective areas are referred to as first through fifteenth areas A₁till A₁₅, and respective current densities are referred to as first through fifteen current densities J₁till J₁₅, where J_n=I_n/A_nand n=1 . . . 15, such that J₁=I₁/A₁, J₂=I₂/A₂, . . . J₁₅=I₁₅/A₁₅).

The power controller 206 includes a user interface 2060 and a communication interface 2062. The user interface 2060 includes a display, a touch screen interface, one or more buttons, and voice input/output for enabling the user to control the operation of the system 200. The communication interface 2062 includes a wired/wireless interface such as Bluetooth, WIFI to communicate and couple with smartphones, computer, and so forth.

Operationally, the first through fifteenth electrode elements C₁till C₁₅are verified prior to commencing transcranial stimulation of the head region of the subject. During the verification process, the anode and cathode 202 and 204 are placed on the patient's head at predefined positions. Then, a conducting gel is applied between the head region and the anode and cathode 202 and 204. The user then switches on the power controller 206 by pressing/touching a power button on the user interface 2060.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, as soon as the user presses the power button, the power controller 206 is programmed to send a command to the adapter unit 2040 to switch on the tenth to fifteenth electrode elements (C₁₀till C₁₅) to receive an electric current, and another command to the adapter unit 2020 to switch on the first electrode element C₁and keep the second through ninth electrode elements C₂till C₉in a switched off state.

In an exemplary embodiment, when the total current to be applied to the head region of the user is 2 mA, the power controller 206 provides an electric current of 2/9 mA to the first electrode element C₁, and verifies whether same current is received by the cathode unit 206 by measuring current of the wire 240. Thereafter, it calculates the first current density J₁based on the first area A₁and current I₁flowing across the first electrode element C₁.

After verifying current I₁and calculating current density J₁of the first electrode element C₁, the power controller 206 sends a command to the first adapter unit 2020 to switch on the second electrode element C₂and switch off the first and third through electrode elements C₁, C₃till C₉. The power controller 206 then verifies an electric current flowing across the second electrode element C₂and calculates a second current density J₂of the second electrode element C₂. In the similar manner, the power controller 206 verifies the currents flowing across the third through ninth electrode elements C₃till C₉, and calculates corresponding third through ninth current densities J₃till J₉.

The power controller 206 then analyzes the first through ninth current densities J₁till J₉to determine whether the anode elements are properly attached to the head region and are providing sufficient current to the head region of the subject. For example, if the first through ninth current densities J₁till J₉are same or substantially same, then the power controller 206 concludes that the anode elements are properly attached to the head region, and may indicate on the user interface 2060, that the current distribution is even across the anode elements. Alternatively, the power controller 206 concludes that anode elements are not properly attached and may indicate the same on the user interface 2060. Based on the feedback, the user may rectify the problem and may repeat the verification of the anode elements if needed.

The controller 206 is further programmed to verify the cathode elements in a manner similar to that of the anode elements. After the verification of the anode elements is complete, the controller 206 may be programmed to send a command to the first adapter unit 2020 to switch on the first through ninth electrode elements (C₁till C₉), and another command to the second adapter unit 2040 to switch on the tenth electrode element C₁₀and keep the eleventh through fifteenth electrode elements C₁₁till C₁₅in a switched off state. The controller 206 may then provide an electric current such as 0.2 mA to the anode 202, and verifies the current flowing across the tenth electrode element C₁₀to be equal to 0.2 mA by measuring current across the wire 240. Thereafter, the controller 206 measures the tenth current density J₁₀of the tenth electrode element C₁₀. In the similar manner, the controller 206 verifies the currents flowing across the eleventh through fifteenth electrode elements C₁₁till C₁₅and measures corresponding eleventh through fifteenth current densities J₁₁till J₁₅.

The power controller 206 then analyzes the tenth through fifteenth current densities J₁₀till J₁₅to determine whether the cathode elements are properly attached to the head region. For example, if the tenth through fifteenth current densities J₁₀till J₁₅are same or substantially same, the power controller 206 concludes that the cathode elements are properly attached to the head region, and may indicate on the user interface 2060, that the current distribution is even across the cathode elements. Alternatively, the power controller 206 concludes that the cathode elements are not properly attached and indicate the same on the user interface 2060. Based on the feedback, the user may rectify the problem and may repeat the verification of the cathode elements if needed. It may be noted that the anode and cathode elements may be verified in different orders with different currents. For example, the cathode elements may be verified before the anode elements.

The first through fifteenth electrode elements (C₁till C₁₅) may also be verified by testing all permutations of impedance and/or conductivity and/or connectivity and/or current flow between each anode element (C₁till C₉) with each cathode element (C₁₀till C₁₅). Also, the impedance between the first through ninth electrode elements (C₁till C₉) within the anode 202 may be measured by configuring the first electrode element C₁to be an anode element and the second electrode element C₂to be as a cathode element. In the similar manner, the impedance between the cathode elements (C₁₀till C₁₅) may be verified within the cathode 204.

After the measurement of first through fifteenth current densities J₁till J₁₅and verification of connectivity among the first through fifteenth electrode elements C₁till C₁₅, the controller 206 may configure at least one anode element and at least one cathode element for commencing transcranial stimulation of the head region of the subject.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, if for some treatment related reasons, all current is desired to be directed via a single anode element such as C₂and evenly received by all the cathode elements (C₁₀till C₁₅), then the controller 206 may be configured to switch on the electrode elements C₂, C₁₀till C₁₅and switch off the electrode elements C₁, and C₃till C₉. In an example, when the total current through the anode element C₂is 2 mA and the electrode elements C₁till C₁₅are of similar size, i.e. 5 mm×5 mm, then the current density J₂of C₂is J₂=2 mA/(5 mm×5 mm) and current density of each cathode element (C₁₀till C₁₅) is J=2 mA/(6×(5 mm×5 mm)).

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the electrode elements through which the current is delivered to the head region can be changed during the treatment, to introduce possible medical effect. Also, current densities and the amount of current may be varied during the course of the treatment. In an example, for first 5 minutes of the treatment, a current may be configured to flow via electrode elements C₁, C₂, and C₅and for next 5 minutes, the current may be configured to flow via electrode elements C₁, C₇, C₈, and C₉.

In yet another embodiment of the present disclosure, the first and second adapter units 2020 and 2040 may include multiple constant current sources for providing different currents to the first through fifteenth electrode elements C₁. . . C₁₅, thereby enabling the power controller 106 to set different current densities for the similar sized electrode elements C₁. . . C₁₅.

FIG. 2 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments herein.

FIGS. 3a and 3b are schematic illustrations of a head band 310 for performing transcranial stimulation of a head region 300 of a subject, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The head band 310 includes one or more conducting regions that can be configured as cathode/anode elements for transcranial stimulation of the head region 300. A control logic 312, which is an example of the power controller 206, is attached to the head band 310 and includes mechanical/electrical switching logic to control the switching and operation of the configured cathode/anode elements. The control logic 312 further includes a power source (not shown) to operate the head band 310, and is configured to communicate with a computing device such as a smart phone 314 of the user.

Further, the head band 310 is configured to be wrapped around the head region 300 of the user by way of attachments 322 and 324. Example of the attachments 322 and 324 include, but are not limited to Velcro-like loops and Velcro-like hooks respectively. Also, a moisture layer 326 or a coating of nano-materials 326 may be applied to an inner surface of the head band 310 to enable good conductivity between the head band 310 and the head region 300 of the user. “Velcro” is a registered trademark and pertains to a form of fastening product, wherein the product includes first and second pieces of material which are capable of mutually fastening in a releasable manner, by way of micro-hooks of the first piece of material becoming entangled in meshed fibres of the second piece of material. The first and second pieces of material are beneficially manufactured from flexible plastics materials, for example Nylon or similar.

FIGS. 3a-3b are merely examples, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments herein.

FIGS. 4a and 4b are schematic detailed illustrations of an exemplary head band 400, which is an example of the head band 310, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The head band 400 includes one or more conducting stripes 410a and 410b separated by one or more insulating stripes 412a and 412b, hereinafter collectively referred to as stripes. In an example, the head band 400 is made from a zebra connector type of material.

The control logic 420, which is an example of the control logic 312, is connected to each stripe separately through wires 422 and controls each stripe separately. In some embodiments, the control logic 420 may be connected to two or more stripes together and controls a group of stripes together. The control logic 420 further sets the polarity of each stripe to be positive, negative or floating, thus configuring each stripe either as a cathode element or an anode element. After the stripes are configured as cathode/anode elements, they may be used for transcranial stimulation of the head region of the user.

FIG. 4c is a schematic illustration of a one-dimensional array 430 of electrode elements A, B, C and D formed from conducting stripes 410a, 410b, 410c and 410d, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The electrode elements may include anode as well as cathode elements, and may be controlled by the control logic 420. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the control logic 420 is configured to measure current and voltage fed via/from the electrode elements A, B, C and D, and measure a resistance and/or impedance between at least one pair of electrode elements based on the measured current and voltages. In an example, the control logic 420 may be configured to measure resistances R_ab, R_ac, R_ad, R_bc, R_bd, R_cdbetween each possible pair of the electrode elements A, B, C and D. When the resistances R_ab, R_ac, R_ad, R_bc, R_bd, R_cdare substantially similar, the control logic 420 concludes that the electrode elements A, B, C and D may provide substantially equal amount of conductivity to the head region of the subject.

FIG. 4d is a schematic illustration of a two-dimensional array 440 of electrode elements A till L, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. One or more conducting stripes of the head band 400 may be arranged in a manner so as to form the two-dimensional array 440 of the electrode elements A till L. For the two-dimensional array 440, resistances and/or impedances between substantially all combinations of the electrode elements A till L may be measured to determine quality of the conductivity to the head region of the subject.

FIGS. 4a-4d are merely examples, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments herein.

FIG. 5 is an illustration of steps of a method of using a system for transcranial stimulation of a head region of a subject, in accordance with the present disclosure; it will be appreciated that such transcranial stimulation is not limited to methods of treatment of the animal or human body, but can be for other purposes also, for example for relieving stress, for relaxation, for comfort and so forth. The method is depicted as a collection of steps in a logical flow diagram, which represents a sequence of steps that can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.

At a step 502, an electrode arrangement comprising a plurality of electrodes 202 and 204 coupled to at least one electrode drive arrangement 206 is attached onto skin of the head region of the subject.

At a step 504, the electrode 202 is arranged to include first through ninth electrode elements C₁till C₉, and another electrode 204 is arranged to include tenth through fifteenth electrode elements C₁₀till C₁₅, which are operable in combination to deliver a current of their corresponding at least one electrode 202/204 to the head region of the subject.

At a step 506, at least one electrode drive arrangement 206 is used to excite and/or monitor the first through fifteenth electrode elements C1 till C15 in an individually controlled and/or monitored manner.

It should be noted here that the steps 502 to 506 are only illustrative and other alternatives can also be provided where one or more steps are added, one or more steps are removed, or one or more steps are provided in a different sequence without departing from the scope of the claims herein.

FIG. 5 is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims herein. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications of embodiments herein.

Embodiments are not limited to transcranial stimulation of a head region of the subject. Based on embodiments electrical simulation can be applied also to other regions in form of transcutaneous stimulation. For example, treatments to one or more limbs of the subject, for example to ease pain due to nerve problems, is beneficially provided.

Embodiments are not limited to direct current transcranial stimulation. Based on embodiments, conductivity between electrodes can also be verified, for example for transcranial alternative current stimulation (tACS), transcranial alternative current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).

Although embodiments of the present invention have been described comprehensively in the foregoing, in considerable detail to elucidate the possible aspects, those skilled in the art would recognize that other versions of the invention are also possible.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRANSCRANIAL STIMULATION OF A SUBJECT

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