Patent Application
20080078719
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following, more detailed description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein:
Corresponding reference numbers indicate corresponding components throughout the several views of the drawings.
In conventional activated sludge treatment systems and methods, oxygen is required both for the chemical oxidation of the substrate material as well as for new cell synthesis and metabolic processes of the bacterial cells. The oxygen requirement for the chemical oxidation of the substrate material in the treatment process is often referred to as the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) whereas the oxygen requirement for the removal of the substrate via the consumption of substrate for new cell synthesis and the maintenance of metabolic processes of the bacterial cells is referred to as the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
Unlike prior art systems, where the biosolids are included as part of the waste activated sludge (WAS), some of the biosolids are transported along the RAS line (28) from the clarifiers (22) to the activated sludge basin (20). Along the way, a prescribed amount of the liquid including the sludge and biosolids is diverted to the sludge ozonation reactor (30) for ozonation. However, the diverted stream need not be treated or modified prior to entering the reactor (30). The present wastewater treatment system (12) and process involves use of a high selectivity treatment reactor (30) designed to provide for the realization of a high selectivity reaction scheme. In the illustrated embodiment, the high selectivity treatment reactor is preferably a plug flow reactor (30) which takes a sidestream (32) from the RAS line (28).
The total sludge volume flow rate through the plug flow reactor (30) preferably ranges from about 1 times the equivalent volumetric flow rate of the waste activated sludge (WAS) to about 40 times the equivalent volumetric flow rate of the waste activated sludge (WAS). This range of between about 1 to 40 times the equivalent volumetric flow of the waste activated sludge (WAS) establishes in part, the optimum gas to liquid ratio within the plug flow reactor (30). Preferably, the gas to liquid ratio should be less than or equal to 1.0. Total sludge volumetric flow rate is adjustable and is preferably controlled in conjunction with ozone-enriched gas flow and ozone concentration in the ozone enriched gas flow in the plug flow reactor, to achieve the desired level of reduction in biosolids while minimizing required ozone dosage.
As seen in
The ozone-enriched gas is preferably supplied to the illustrated embodiment at nominal pressures and typically pressures lower than the operating pressures within the portion of the plug flow reactor (30) proximate injecting devices (42). In this manner, the ozone-enriched gas is ingested into and through the injecting devices (42) by a vacuum draw generated by the pressure drop across the injecting devices (42). However, one skilled in the art can appreciate embodiments where the ozone-enriched gas is supplied at pressures higher than the pressure within the plug flow reactor (30) or other gas-liquid contacting enclosure.
The gas injector system (40) also includes a suitable controlling means or mechanism (not shown) that allows operative control of the injection rate, timing, and volume of ozone-enriched gas. Control of the gas injection rate, injection timing, and volume of ozone-enriched gas is targeted to provide efficient gas-liquid contacting and to promote optimal dissolution of ozone into the liquid stream flowing through the plug flow reactor (30). More particularly, control of the gas injecting system is preferably adjusted to be within a prescribed range of gas flow to liquid flow ratio, wherein the gas flow is ascertained from the injection rate, timing and volume of gas through the injecting devices (42) and the liquid flow represents the flow of sludge through the plug flow reactor (30). The preferred range of gas to liquid ratios is less than or equal to about 1.0. This gas to liquid ratio ensures that the gas or ozone is suitably dispersed in the liquid and further ensures that there is not an excess of gas in the fluid mix. Excessive back-mixing and churn is minimized. More importantly, the above-described gas to liquid ratio together with other related flow characteristics operate to minimize excessive back-mixing and churn as well as avoid stratification of the respective flows.
Having passed through the plug flow reactor (30), the ozonated sludge is returned to the plant RAS line (28) via a return line (50). Alternatively, the ozonated sludge or liquid stream exiting the plug flow reactor (30) may be returned to the activated sludge basin (20) in a separate line from the rest of the RAS flow, or may be returned to a different portion of the wastewater treatment plant. Generally, if the main RAS flow is going to an anoxic or anaerobic basin, then it may be preferable for the ozonated sludge (which is now highly oxygenated also) to go to an oxic or aerobic basin. Otherwise the oxygen content of the ozonated sludge could disrupt the conditions required in the anoxic or anaerobic stages.
At the end of the RAS line (28) or return line (50) is an optional ejector mechanism, eductor, or exit nozzle arrangement (not shown) adapted to return the ozonated sludge at the surface or at a sufficient depth in the activated sludge basin (20) and to ensure good mixing of the ozonated sludge with the bulk liquid in the activated sludge basin (20). The ejector mechanism or exit nozzle arrangement (not shown) also serves to promote recovery of oxygen in the above-identified process.
The operating principles behind the disclosed sludge ozonation treatment system involve the contacting of the biosolids and dissolved ozone in a plug flow reactor, in which the primary contact and reaction of the oxidant (dissolved ozone) and the biosolids occurs. The present process requires the effective gas-liquid contacting between the liquid stream of sludge or mixed liquor and an ozone-enriched gas to promote efficient dissolution of ozone in the liquid stream. Effective gas-liquid contacting is achieved with properly designed plug flow reactors and ozone-enriched gas injection techniques.
In the reaction between the ozone-enriched gas and the biosolids in the plug flow reactor, the cell walls of the bacterial cells are breached or weakened as a result of the ozone induced chemical oxidation of the cellular walls of the bacteria. This breaching of the bacteria cell walls is known as lysis and it leads to the release of the cellular content of the bacterial cells. The cellular content is generally a liquid matrix which is comprised of proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and other sugars, DNA, RNA and organic ions. As a result of the lysis, the solid cells of the biosolids, which would otherwise have been accumulated and discharged in the solids handling process, are transformed to substrate (COD) components and subsequently consumed by the bacteria in the activated sludge treatment basin.
A plug-flow reactor is used to achieve a high selectivity of the lysis reaction by providing for a narrow range of contact time between excess bacteria cells or biosolids and dissolved ozone, so that ozone is used only for or predominately for oxidation process leading to bacteria cell lysis (“primary reaction”). Ideally, the ozone dosage and liquid-gas contact time is limited so as not to further oxidize the cell contents (“secondary reactions”). This provides for the most efficient use of ozone, leading to the maximum sludge reduction at the minimum ozone dosage. Preferred contact time ranges between about 10 to 60 seconds.
The ozone dosage ingested into the sludge is also controllable either by adjustments in ozone concentration in the gas flow or adjustments in flow rate of ozone-enriched gas injected into the sludge or both. Ozone dosage control is targeted to achieve the desired cell lysis activity at minimum ozone usage.
Turning now to
Table 1 shows another comparison of biosolids production in a wastewater treatment facility using the above described ozonation process with biosolids production in the same wastewater treatment facility without use of the present sludge ozonation reactor and associated process.
Also, Table 2 shows a comparison of the sludge reduction performance of presently disclosed sludge ozonation system and process to various other reported sludge ozonation examples. As seen therein, the Removal Factor (i.e. kg Total Sludge removed per kg of Ozone used) of the presently disclosed sludge ozonation system far exceeds the apparent Removal Factor of systems disclosed in prior art literature.
Still another pre-processing or pre-treatment technique that may be employed with the disclosed embodiments of the invention involves passing the sludge through a digester or other means for sludge stabilization or solids handling prior to diversion to the plug flow reactor. Still other sludge pre-treatment techniques compatible with the present sludge ozonation system and process would include the addition of solubilizing agents to the sludge, application of ultrasonic waves, homogenization, and other mixing or agitation means. Also, the use of chemical agents that facilitate the lysis of the bacteria cells or enhance the capacity for digestion of the sludge could be used.
In those embodiments of the present sludge ozonation system and process where the initial gas-liquid contacting occurs in the RAS line (28) or upstream of the plug flow reactor (30), the ozone-enriched gas may be supplied to the headspace above the liquid stream or may be supplied under pressure to a prescribed mixing region at a prescribed orientation relative to the liquid stream (e.g. the impeller region of a mechanically agitated gas-sludge contactor device or injecting devices such as nozzles, spargers, and diffusers which are oriented at a prescribed angle and distance vis-à-vis the liquid surface.)
For activated sludge treatment systems employing a membrane bioreactor configuration, the alternate arrangement would likely be similar to that illustrated in
The efficient and cost effective ozonation of sludge in the above-described embodiments requires the presence of three process conditions (i) the use of the ozone predominately for the lysis or breaching of the cells i.e., achieving a high selectivity for the lysis reaction; (ii) limiting exposure of the totally or partially lysed cells to additional ozone within the reactor, as this could lead to the complete release of the cellular contents in the reactor and the subsequent costly chemical oxidation of the released substrates by the additional ozone, rather than by the much cheaper option of bio-oxidation of the released substrates by the bacterial cells in the activated sludge basin; and (iii) the realization of a very narrow range of residence time distributions for the bacterial cells within the reactor.
By the use of a plug flow reaction approach, all of these desirable process conditions can be realized within the reactor or contactor. The plug flow reaction approach is attained specifically by designing for the sludge-ozone flow to occur with minimal back-mixing, and for the contacting to occur mostly within a mostly tubular configuration. Specifically, the illustrated embodiments have a prescribed or controlled residence time and the achievement of high selectivity of the lysis reaction. In the above-described embodiments, a plug-flow reaction is used to achieve a high selectivity of the lysis reaction by providing for a narrow range of contact time between cells and dissolved ozone (i.e. narrow residence time distribution), so that ozone is used only for the reactions leading to cell lysis (“primary reactions”), and so that ozonation does not continue so as to further oxidize the cell contents (“secondary reactions”) nor to oxidize the products of the secondary reactions (“tertiary reactions”). This provides for the most efficient use of ozone, leading to the maximum biosolids or sludge reduction at the minimum ozone dosage.
As described with respect to the illustrated embodiments, one or a multiplicity of gas injection points are employed to match the rate of ozone supplied for dissolution to the rate of reaction of biosolids with the dissolved ozone along the prescribed length of the plug flow reactor. This avoids over or under supply of ozone, promoting efficient use of ozone for cell lysis while avoiding use of ozone for oxidation of cell contents.
As indicated above, chemical agents or gases other than ozone could be applied in the high selectivity reactor either directly to the RAS or to a sidestream of activated sludge. Other chemical agents such as chlorine, pH adjusting-agents, biocides, odor control agents, or even other gas mixtures such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, ozone, and mixtures thereof, could be suitable to carry out the desired treatment process to the sludge flow in the high selectivity treatment reactor.
In utilizing the presently disclosed embodiments of the present sludge treatment process, it is desirable to control selected parameters, either through design of the system or in operation of the system. Preferably, the rate of ozone supplied for dissolution is correlated to the rate of reaction of biosolids with the dissolved ozone along the length of the plug flow reactor. This correlation of the ozone supply with the rate of biosolids reaction within the plug flow reactor avoids over-supply or under-supply of ozone and thereby promotes the efficient use of ozone for bacteria cell lysis while avoiding the use of ozone gas for the secondary reactions.
The plug flow reactor with ozone injection is designed and operated in a manner such that a single pass of sludge through the plug flow reactor achieves a nearly complete and substantially uniform lysis of unneeded or excess bacterial cells. Preferably, by varying the volume of sludge that is diverted and processed through the plug flow reactor, closely managing the residence time distribution, or varying the ozone dosage, it is possible to control the amount of sludge that is reduced. Alternatively, the high selectivity reactor can be designed and operated in a manner where several passes through the reactor are required to achieve the desired sludge removal. Also, since the residence time obtained in a Batch Reactor System is controlled within a narrow range as with the plug flow reactor, it is possible to attain good reaction selectivity with a batch reactor in lieu of a plug flow reactor.
Typical values for the Food-to-Microorganism (F/M) ratio, i.e., the ratio of the grams of substrate material entering into the activated sludge basin on a daily basis compared to the quantity in grams of bacterial cells in the activated sludge basin, range from about 0.04 to 2.0 grams substrate material per day/gram of bacterial cells, depending on the type of the activated sludge process that is utilized. Likewise, the yield of newly synthesized bacterial cells following the bacterial consumption of substrate material is about 0.2 to 0.6 kg of biosolids per kg of substrate material consumed. Thus, using the present process for ozonation of sludge, one would model or empirically determine the amount of sludge to be diverted to the plug flow reactor, the residency time, and the amount of ozone to be injected into the reactor that is necessary to reduce between about 0.2 to 0.6 kg of sludge times the average mass (in kg) of new substrate material introduced into the activated sludge basin per day. From an economic standpoint, one can calculate the cost savings of eliminating the solids handling associated with the volume of biosolids against the cost of the ozone consumed in the process.
The above-identified methods and systems for the treatment of sludge using ozone can be utilized alone or in conjunction with other sludge reduction techniques. Moreover, each of the specific steps involved in the preferred process, described herein, and each of the components in the preferred systems are easily modified or tailored to meet the peculiar design and operational requirements of the particular activated sludge treatment system in which it is used and the anticipated operating environment for given activated sludge treatment process.
For example, the source gas used in conjunction with the ozone generation system could comprise air, air enriched with oxygen, pure oxygen gas, or nearly pure oxygen gas. However, because the core activated sludge treatment process also has a basic oxygen requirement, the use of nearly pure or pure oxygen gas as a source gas is preferred. In addition, the use of pure or nearly pure oxygen source gas and the injection of the ozone-enriched gas in or near the plug flow reactor could be controlled in a manner such that all or a substantial fraction of the overall oxygen requirement for biological treatment in the activated sludge process in the activated sludge basin is provided by the sludge ozonation system.
From the foregoing, it should be appreciated that the present invention thus provides a method and system for the treatment of sludge using ozone-enriched gas. While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and processes associated therewith, numerous modifications and variations can be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims or sacrificing all its material advantages.
This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/848,151 filed Sep. 29, 2006.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60848151 | Sep 2006 | US |
