BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an integrated cylinder head or workpiece and plurality of valve guides or elements, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a two-step valve guide element in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2
a is a cross-sectional view of the element shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 2
b is a cross-sectional view of a valve guide or element in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the guide defines a hole having a polygonal cross-section.
FIG. 3 is an elevation view of a guide formation mechanism configured to produce a rough pre-formed valve guide or element, particularly illustrating two forms and an insertable two-step pin;
FIG. 3
a is a plan view of the mechanism shown in FIG. 3, particularly showing the forms in a disengaged position, and in an engaged position by hidden line;
FIG. 4 is an elevation and partially cross-sectional view of the guide, workpiece, tool, and tool holder, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein said tool and guide present a disengaged condition;
FIG. 4
a is an elevation view of a guide, in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the guide presents a straight wall opening;
FIG. 4
b is an elevation view of a guide, in accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the guide presents a tapered wall opening;
FIG. 5 is an elevation and partially cross-sectional view of the guide and tool shown in FIG. 4 in a dual engaged condition, wherein both the first and second tool sections engage the guide; and
FIG. 6 is an elevation and partially cross-sectional view of the guide and tool shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, in a ream engaged condition, wherein only the second tool section engages the guide.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
As illustrated and described herein, the present invention relates to a system 10 for and method of manufacturing/machining the finished valve-guides of a cylinder head or workpiece 12 (see, FIG. 1) in a single pass. In automotive manufacture, valve-guides and seats are typically produced as part of the porting process, wherein the passageways of the engine cylinder heads are created. In this process, production of the valve-guides and seats involves a multi-step process, wherein a separately produced valve guide is integrated with the cylinder head 12, initially pilot bored, and then enlarged and finished to specifications. The present invention presents a single-pass method of performing the pilot and finishing steps. As previously mentioned, it is appreciated by those ordinarily skilled in the art that the inventive system 10 improves upon conventional methods and systems by eliminating a second-pass during the boring process, and the costs associated therewith. Though described and illustrated herein with respect to the automotive manufacturing process, it is also appreciated that the system 10 and method of the present invention may be utilized in any machining process where it is desirous to combine multi-passes into a single-pass to produce a finished borehole.
The system 10 includes a guide formation mechanism 14 configured to produce an innovative valve-guide or element 16 (see, FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 3, the preferred formation mechanism 14 is configured to produce a tubular guide 16 utilizing a powder metallurgy process wherein forms 18 and a pin 20 are cooperatively configured to receive a dry powder or pellets in an engaged position (shown by hidden line in FIG. 3) and produce a cast when heat and/or pressure is applied to the powder or pellets. As shown in FIGS. 4, 4a, and 4b, the guide 16 may be formed, so as to defined a straight wall, tapered, or, more preferably, a multi (e.g. two)-step opening.
Alternatively, the guide 16 may be formed by rough boring a solid cylindrical die, wherein a first bore presents a first diameter and extends through a portion of the longitudinal depth, and a second concentric bore extends through the full depth. It is appreciated that separately forming the cylinder heads 12 and guides 16 enables a more cost effective integrated unit to be produced, while providing the added structural and resistance capacity at the fuel/air interface. For example, the cylinder heads 12 may be formed from raw aluminum castings or aluminum alloy, while the guides 16 may consist of a harder and more corrosion resistive metal, such as steel.
As previously mentioned, the mechanism 14 is preferably configured to produce a guide 16 that defines a two-step opening, and includes a two-step pin 20 to that end. As shown in FIG. 2, the concentrically aligned opening longitudinally extends along the full depth of the guide 16, so that the guide 16 presents two adjacent sections 16a,b having differing inside diameters, and circular cross-sections (see FIG. 2a). In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 2b, the guide 16 may define an opening having a polygonal cross-section, in which case the term “diameter” shall mean the average diameter of the cross-section, unless otherwise specified. The guide 16 and workpiece 12 are oriented during integration, so that the section defining the smaller inside diameter is further from the interior or more specifically, center of gravity of the workpiece 12 (see, FIG. 1). Thus, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, section 16a of the guide 16 is radially exterior to section 16b, and presents the first hole section as described herein.
The system 10 further includes a combination cutting tool 22 adapted for use with a conventional milling, transfer line, or CNC machine, such as manual, 2-axis, and 3-axis vertical machining centers, and their equivalents. The tool 22 generally presents a multi-step milling and/or reaming bit. In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the tool 22 presents a two-step bit having first and second sections 24,26 of differing diameters. The first section 24 is preferably adjacent the distal end of the tool 22, when secured by a tool holder 28, and presents a smaller cross-sectional diameter than the remaining bit diameter. Alternatively, the first tool section 24 may be spaced from the end by a non-cutting section, such as a guide hole probe (not shown). As typical, the tool holder 28 more particularly includes a spindle 30, and drive means (also not shown) for rotating the spindle 30. The first tool section 24 preferably presents a milling section configured to cut or shave the guide 16 along at least a fraction of the pre-formed opening depth in both the radial and longitudinal directions, and may present any suitable configuration or length. For example, the first section 24 may present a ball end, ¼-rounding, 2-flute, 3-flute, 4-flute, 5-flute, or a 6-flute section, depending upon the intended application.
The preferred second tool section 26 is located generally adjacent the first tool section 24, and is configured to ream the pre-formed opening and/or previously milled pilot borehole of the guide 16. More preferably, the second tool section 26 further presents a longitudinal cutting surface 26a along the longitudinally perpendicular step to enable further milling of the guide 16. The boreholes formed by the first and second tool sections 24,26 define their respective operating diameters (typically defined by the maximum width of the tool or flutes along the tool section).
More preferably, the guide hole sections 16a,b and tool sections 24,26 are cooperatively configured so that the first tool section 24 presents an operating diameter larger than the diameter of the first hole section 16a, and smaller than the diameter of the second hole section 16b. The second tool section 26 presents an operating diameter that is larger than the diameter of the second section 16b, so as to ream the pre-formed opening and pilot borehole. Finally, so as to initially provide concurrent tool section engagement with the guide 16, the length of the first hole section is greater than the length of the first tool section 24. It is appreciated that such dual engagement further limits deflection during the critical initial stages of the boring process, and that disengagement by the first tool section 24 with the larger second hole section 16b increases the life of the first tool section 24.
Where polygonal cross-sections are defined by the guide 16, the first tool section 24 presents an operating diameter larger than the maximum inside diameter of the first hole section 16a, and smaller than the minimum diameter of the second hole section 16b, and the second tool section 26 presents an operating diameter larger than the maximum diameter of the second hole section 16b. Similarly, where tapered wall openings are defined, the hole and tool sections are likewise configured.
In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG. 4, where the second hole section 16b of the guide 16 presents a diameter, D1, the first hole section 16a presents a diameter, D2, that is 0.6 mm to 1.3 mm less than D1, the first tool section 24 presents a diameter, D3, that is 0.3 to 0.7 mm less than D1, and the second tool section 26 presents a diameter, D4, equal to D1 plus 0.7 mm. Where the first hole section 16a of the guide 16 presents a length, L1, the first tool section 24 presents a length, L2, that is at least 0.3 mm less than L1. For example, the first tool section may present an operating diameter of 5.0 mm, while the second hole section presents an average diameter of 5.3 mm, the second tool section presents an operating diameter of 6.0 mm, and the first hole section presents an average diameter of 4.7 mm. The relationship between the diameters could vary but D1 is greater than D2 and D3 is smaller than D4. In addition, D3 is larger than D2 and D4 is greater than D1. In addition, D3 is smaller than D1 so that the diameter D3 does not touch the wall of D1 while D4 is cutting and generating the finish size for the guide bore. The difference (D1−D3) is affected by the manufacturing capability of pressing the guide as closed to the theoretical position as possible by the previous operations. The mis-location between the guide and the spindle position to finish the bore is absorbed by the clearance (D1−D3) so that the front of the tool never touches the wall of D1. In general, D1−0.3≧D3≧D2+0.3 and D4≧D1+0.6.
Thus, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, to perform the single-pass finished bore process of the present invention, the preferred tool 22 and guide 16 are initially positioned and oriented, so as to achieve a pre-engaged condition wherein the first and second hole and tool sections are concentrically aligned (see, FIG. 4). Upon manual or robotic actuation by a user, the rotating tool 22 is linearly translated along the longitudinal axis relative to the guide 16, so as to engage and shave or cut material from the guide 16. As shown in FIG. 5, once the first tool section 24 is fully inserted into the guide 16, the tool 22 and guide 16 achieve a dual engaged condition wherein the first and second tool sections are engaged with and shaving or cutting the guide 16. The length of the first hole section 16a is configured so that the dual engaged condition duration is sufficient to minimize tool deflection to within tolerable levels. Finally, where differing hole section diameters are presented, and the first tool section 24 clears the first hole section 16a, the tool 22 and guide achieve a ream engaged condition, where only the second tool section 26 engages the guide 16 (see, FIG. 6).
The tool 22 continuously translates and reams through the full depth of the guide 16 to produce the finished bore, and is subsequently withdrawn. More preferably, the tool 22 additionally reams the borehole in a reverse process during withdrawal, so as to further refine the finished bore. The bore hole presents the design diameter within tolerances.
The preferred forms of the invention described above are to be used as illustration only, and should not be utilized in a limiting sense in interpreting the scope of the present invention. Obvious modifications to the exemplary embodiments and methods of operation, as set forth herein, could be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of the present invention as pertains to any system or method not materially departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
Patent Application
20070269282
