Patent Application
20090228484
Data is very important to individuals and businesses. Many businesses regularly back up data stored on computer systems to avoid loss of data should a storage device or system fail or become damaged. One current data backup trend is to backup data to disks and use tapes for long term retention only. The amount of disk space needed to store a month's backup can be very large, such as around 70 terabytes in some examples. The amount of data will likely only be increasing going forward.
One strategy for backing up data involves trying to back up data that has changed, as opposed to all of the data, and then using prior backups of unchanged data to reconstruct the backed up data if needed. In one approach, data may be divided into fixed size blocks. An MD5 hash or a SHA256 hash may be calculated on the data belonging to the fixed size block of data, resulting in an MD5 signature for each block of data. The MD5 signature may be searched against an in memory database or an embedded database of previous MD5 signatures.
The next time the file is backed up, signatures are generated for the blocks and searched against the database of signatures to find duplicates if any data has changed. Since the data being backed up may be very large, there can be a large number of signatures.
A computer implemented method obtains current signatures of data chunks and performs a proximity search of a library of previous signatures as a function of the likely location of corresponding data chunks. If a signature is found, the corresponding data chunk is identified as not requiring backup.
In a further embodiment, a computer implemented method obtains current signatures of data chunks in a desired block of data from a system domain having multiple blocks. Such current signatures are compared to previous signatures in the library corresponding to the same block of data to perform a proximity search. A subset of library signatures is loaded from a backup domain and a btree of such signatures is created. If a signature was not found in during the proximity search, it may be searched against the btree to determine whether or not a backup of the corresponding data chunk is desired.
A computer readable media has instructions for causing a computer to execute a method that obtains current signatures of data chunks and performs a proximity search of a library of previous signatures as a function of the likely location of corresponding data chunks. If a signature is found, the corresponding data chunk is identified as not requiring backup.
In yet a further embodiment, a system has a signature generator that generates current signatures of data chunks. A search engine performs a proximity search of a library of previous signatures as a function of the likely location of corresponding data chunks. The search engine further performs a search of the library of previous signatures for those current signatures not found in the proximity search.
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments which may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following description of example embodiments is, therefore, not to be taken in a limited sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
The functions or algorithms described herein may be implemented in software or a combination of software and human implemented procedures in one embodiment. The software may consist of computer executable instructions stored on computer readable media such as memory or other type of storage devices. The term “computer readable media” is also used to represent any means by which the computer readable instructions may be received by the computer, such as by different forms of wired or wireless transmissions. Further, such functions correspond to modules, which are software, hardware, firmware or any combination thereof. Multiple functions may be performed in one or more modules as desired, and the embodiments described are merely examples. The software may be executed on a digital signal processor, ASIC, microprocessor, or other type of processor operating on a computer system, such as a personal computer, server or other computer system.
To facilitate backing up large amounts of data, the data may be divided into chunks, and a signature generated for each chunk. The signature may be a hash over the chunk, and may also include other information, such as a length of the chunk in the case of variable size chunks, or further hashes over subsets of the data. When backing up data that has already been backed up, the signatures for the chunks of data are found and searched against a library of signatures corresponding to the previously backed up data. If a match is found it is determined that the corresponding chunk of data is duplicate to one already existing in a previous backup and need not be stored.
Since the library of signatures can be quite large for large data stores, there is a need to optimize the method used to identify the duplicate chunks of data. The search could be time consuming as there could be more than 109 signatures (for a 16 TB backup data) in an enterprise. Optimization utilizes an assumption that most of the changes to data are localized. If there are two backups of the same data where some of the data has been changed, then most of the duplicates will be near to the original data.
As a first pass as illustrated at 100 in
For a second pass illustrated at 200 in
The above method of searching for signatures ensures that the in memory map remains confined to a known fixed size within reasonable limits. The signature search doesn't have to be done on a huge list of signatures. The search is done on only 106+105 signatures and this helps expedite the search. The signature search is entirely in memory. Slower disk accesses during the search are minimized other than to load every 105 signatures. Whereas using a conventional Balanced tree would have a higher probability of utilizing many more disk accesses, reducing the search speed and throughput.
The second pass search operates to remove any left duplicities and further reduces the disk storage space needed for a backup.
Further detail of a method searching all the old signatures is illustrated in a flowchart 300 in
At 336, if the number of entries in the OLD_MAP is too large, the oldest new hashes are removed at 338. Next, at 340, which is also reached if the has is not found at 328, if the number of new hashes in the NEW_LIST is too large, new hashes in the NEW_LIST may be output to disk at 342, and an index of NEW_LIST is set to zero at 344 so that the new hash can be saved at the beginning of NEW_LIST.
At 346, which is also reached via a NO determination at 340, a NumOfNewKeys is incremented and then compared to a maximum at 348. If not too large, processing continues with new data at 320. If too large, old hashes are deleted from OLD_MAP at 350, and new old hashes are inserted at 352. The NumOfNewKeys is reset to zero at 354, and processing continues with new data at 320.
At 406, a first chunk of backup data of the current new backup is received. A session header is extracted from a first session chunk of the new backup at 408. Source is extracted at 410, along with a backup method, such as incremental, differential or full, from the session header of the new backup. At 412, a database is queried to fetch a session number of the last successful or incomplete backup corresponding to the same source and the same backup method and the same destination device.
At 414, a file name of a hash file of the last backup is constructed with a desired format. The hash file is opened at 416 under the directory of the destination device, and the first 106 has keys are read from the hash file of the last backup into a hash map in memory at 418. The term “last backup” is used to represent the last successful or incomplete backup corresponding to the same source and the same backup method and the same destination.
A hash file of a new backup is created at 420 with a selected file name under the directory of the destination device. At 422, a reference file of new backup is created under the directory of the destination device, and at 424 a data file of new backup is also created under the directory of the destination device. At 426, a parameter referred to as NumberOfflashEntriesWrittenToHashFileOfNewBackup is initialized to 0.
At 428, a first session chunk of new backup is fed to an Adler algorithm. At 430, the Adler algorithm finds out the natural boundaries for the current session chunk of new backup and divides the current session chunk into a plurality of MD5 chunks based on the natural boundaries. An D5 chunk represents one chunk separated by the Adler algorithm and is sized between 8 KB and 16 KB in one embodiment. At 432, a first MD5 chunk is obtained.
A hash key of 24 bytes is calculated for the current MD5 chunk at 434 and is searched for in a current hash map in memory at 436. If found at 438, the hash key is a duplicated key, and the corresponding ref file is updated to increase the ref count of the corresponding duplicated ref entry by 1. The corresponding duplicated hash entry is written to the hash file of new backup at 442.
If the hash key is not found at 438, it is a new and unique key in one embodiment. At 44, the new MD5 chunk is written to the data file of new backup, and at 446, the corresponding new ref entry is written to the ref file of new backup. At 448, the corresponding new has entry is written to the hash file of new backup. At 450, the corresponding new hash entry is inserted into the hash map in memory. At 452, the count of hash entries in the hash mp is checked, and if greater than 106+2*105 at 454, the oldest 105 hash entries from the hash file of new backup are read, and removed from the hash map at 456.
The method then continues in either case at 458, where the NumberOfHashEntriesWrittenToHashFileOfNewBackup is incremented by 1. It is then compared at 460 to determine whether it is greater than or equal to 105. If it is, at 462, the oldest 105 hash entries from the hash file of new backup are read, and removed from the hash map. At 464, the newest 105 hash entries from the hash file of last backup are read, and inserted into the hash map. At 466, NumberOfflashEntriesWrittenToHashFileOfNewBackup is decremented by 1.
In either event, the method continues at 468, were the next MD5 chunk is obtained from the Adler algorithm. If the next chunk is obtained at 470, the method returns to 434 to calculate the hash key for the current chunk. If the chunk is not obtained at 470, the next session chunk of the new backup is obtained at 472. Success at this point as indicated at 474 directs the method back to 430 to find the natural boundaries. If not successful at 474, the data file of new backup is closed at 476, the ref file of new backup and multiple involved ref files of previous backups are closed at 478. The hash files of both new backup and last backup are closed at 480, the hash map in memory is cleared and destroyed at 482, and the backup is ended at 484.
A block diagram of a computer system that executes programming for performing the above algorithm is shown in
Computer storage includes random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) & electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technologies, compact disc read-only memory (CD ROM), Digital Versatile Disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium capable of storing computer-readable instructions. Computer 510 may include or have access to a computing environment that includes input 516, output 518, and a communication connection 520. The computer may operate in a networked environment using a communication connection to connect to one or more remote computers. The remote computer may include a personal computer (PC), server, router, network PC, a peer device or other common network node, or the like. The communication connection may include a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN) or other networks.
Computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium are executable by the processing unit 502 of the computer 510. A hard drive, CD-ROM, and RAM are some examples of articles including a computer-readable medium.
The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b) to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The Abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
The following statements are potential claims that may be converted to claims in a future application. No modification of the following statements should be allowed to affect the interpretation of claims which may be drafted when this provisional application is converted into a regular utility application.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61033920 | Mar 2008 | US |
