System and methods for improved spreadsheet interface with user-familiar objects

Abstract

An electronic spreadsheet system includes a notebook interface having a plurality of notebook pages, each of which may contain a spread of information cells, or other desired page type (e.g., Graphs page). Methods are provided for rapidly accessing and processing information on the different pages, including displaying a plurality of page identifiers for selecting individual pages, and further including a preferred syntax for referencing information. Additional methods are provided for editing cells and blocks of cells.

Description

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of information processing by digital computers and, more particularly, to the processing and presentation of information by program applications, particularly electronic spreadsheets.

Before computers, numerical analyses, particularly financial ones, were usually prepared on an accountant's columnar pad or spreadsheet, with pencil and calculator in hand. By organizing data into columns and rows, spreadsheets afford the rapid assimilation of information by a reader. The task of preparing a spreadsheet on paper, however, is not quite so fast. Instead, the process tends to be very slow, as each entry must be tediously calculated and entered into the spreadsheet. Since all calculations are the responsibility of the preparer, manually prepared spreadsheets are also prone to errors. Hence, preparation of spreadsheets by hand is slow, tedious, and unreliable.

With the advent of microcomputers, a solution was forthcoming in the form of "electronic spreadsheets." Better known simply as "spreadsheets," these software programs provide a computerized replacement for the traditional financial modeling tools: the accountant's columnar pad, pencil, and calculator. In some regards, spreadsheet programs are to those tools what wordprocessors are to typewriters. Spreadsheets offer dramatic improvements in ease of creating, editing, and using financial models.

A typical spreadsheet program configures the memory of a computer to resemble the column/row or grid format of an accountant's columnar pad, thus providing a visible calculator for a user. Because this "pad" exists dynamically in the computer's memory, however, it differs from paper pads in several important ways. Locations in the electronic spreadsheet, for example, must be communicated to the computer in a format which it can understand. A common scheme for accomplishing this is to assign a number to each row in a spreadsheet, and a letter to each column. To reference a location at column A and row 1 (i.e., the upper-lefthand corner), for example, the user types in "A1". In this manner, the spreadsheet defines an addressable storage location or "cell" at each intersection of a row with a column.

Data entry into an electronic spreadsheet occurs in much the same manner that information would be entered on an accountant's pad. After a screen cursor is positioned at a desired location, the user can enter alphanumeric information. Besides holding text and numeric information, however, spreadsheet cells can store special instructions or "formulas" specifying calculations to be performed on the numbers stored in spreadsheet cells. In this fashion, cell references can serve as variables in an equation, thereby allowing precise mathematical relationships to be defined between cells. The structure and operation of a spreadsheet program, including advanced functions such as functions and macros, are documented in the technical, trade, and patent literature. For an overview, see e.g., Cobb, S., Using Quattro Pro 2, Borland-Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1990; and LeBlond, G. and Cobb, D., Using 1-2-3, Que Corp., 1985. The disclosures of each of the foregoing references are hereby incorporated by reference.

Electronic spreadsheets offer many advantages over their paper counterparts. For one, electronic spreadsheets are much larger (i.e., hold more information) than their paper counterparts; electronic spreadsheets having thousands or even millions of cells are not uncommon. Spreadsheet programs also allow users to perform "what if" scenarios. After a set of mathematical relationships has been entered into a worksheet, the spread of information can be recalculated using different sets of assumptions, with the results of each recalculation appearing almost instantaneously. Performing this operation manually, with paper and pencil, would require recalculating every relationship in the model with each change made.

While electronic spreadsheets offer significant productivity gains in the task of complex data modeling, none has been as intuitive to use as ordinary paper and pencil--objects already familiar to the user. Instead, the user must master many complex and arbitrary operations. To find the proper command for a task at hand, for example, the user must hunt through a complex menuing system, with the desired choice often buried under several menus. Even simple tasks can pose a significant challenge to the user. To change the punctuation format of a number in one prior art spreadsheet, for example, the user must traverse several nodes of a menu tree, carefully selecting among cryptic menu choices along the way. A mistake at any one of the nodes can lead to harsh consequences, including the loss of valuable data.

Finding this approach to be unworkable, many users memorize frequently-needed commands instead. To accomplish the foregoing task, for example, the user would memorize the command: /Worksheet Global Default Other International. As one can only memorize just so many arbitrary commands, however, the user typically masters only a very small subset of available commands and features. And without constant practice, these commands tend to be quickly forgotten. Moreover, many useful and needed commands are sufficiently hidden in layers of menus that they are never discovered by the user. All told, the non-intuitive interfaces of prior art spreadsheets have led to steep learning curves for users. Even after mastering a particular spreadsheet interface, the user typically only knows a fraction of available commands and features, most of which are easily forgotten.

Even with advances in computer and software technology, electronic spreadsheets have not necessarily become easier to use. Instead, technological advances have been largely employed to build more complex functions and modeling features into spreadsheets, often with more complicated menu trees; or worse yet, a staggering array of icons which leave the user even more bewildered. Thus, while prior art spreadsheets have continued to increase in functionality, they have also greatly increased in complexity for the user.

Three dimensionality is one such example. Three-dimensional spreadsheets allow the user to create a worksheet having cells arranged in a 3-D grid. In this manner, the user can manipulate multi-dimensional ranges, i.e., solid blocks of cells. This feature has distinct advantages. For example, the user can build a worksheet consisting of multiple two-dimensional spreads, define 3-D ranges that span these spreads, and copy a range of rows and columns into each of many 2-D spreads at once. This feature eases difficult choirs, such as consolidation of multiple spreads.

Despite its advantages, three-dimensionality, as presently implemented, is an advanced feature beyond the grasp of many spreadsheet users. This is not a necessary result of a three-dimensional model per se but, instead, has resulted from poor implementations of the model in prior art spreadsheet programs. One popular implementation of the model in the prior art, for example, requires the user to manipulate each additional spread of a three-dimensional spreadsheet as a separate window in a graphical windowing environment. This approach is far from intuitive, however. In particular, this approach requires the user to master actions which have no counterpart in everyday activities. While three-dimensional spreadsheets provide additional functionality, they serve to illustrate how non-intuitive implementations of new technology greatly add to the complexity of the user interface.

What is needed is application software which maintains a highly intuitive interface. Moreover, the application should implement advanced features, such as three dimensionality, by employing interface objects which are familiar to the user. In this manner, the user will not have to master an elaborate and/or awkward environment but, instead, may rely upon his or her own common fund of knowledge. The present invention fulfills this and other needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Application software, such as electronic spreadsheets, have found wide application in the processing and presentation of information. Despite their computational power, however, these programs require users to master complex interfaces, adopting abstract representation models which are beyond the grasp of ordinary users. As a result, much of the computational power of these applications goes un-utilized by end users.

The present invention, in contrast, provides system and methods having a highly intuitive interface for users. More particularly, the present invention provides interface objects which are familiar to the user. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an electronic spreadsheet system includes a notebook interface having a plurality of notebook pages, each of which contains a spread of information cells, or other desired page type (e.g., Graphs page).

Methods are provided for rapidly accessing and processing information on the different pages, including, for example, displaying a plurality of page identifiers for selecting individual pages. Additional methods are provided for editing cells and blocks of cells. In this fashion, the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention provides a convenient means for organizing and presenting information. Moreover, the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention readily accommodates complex data (e.g., consolidation across multiple spreads); yet, at the same time provides the user with a highly intuitive interface, one which employs interface objects which are familiar to the user.

The present invention also includes system and methods for conveniently inspecting and setting the properties of object. A method for accessing an objects property, in accordance with the present invention, includes receiving a request from the user for inspection of an object; accessing properties for the object; and displaying the properties to the user. From the displayed properties, the user may alter the characteristics of the object, as desired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a computer system in which the present invention may be embodied.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of a software system of the present invention, which includes operating system, application software, and user interface components.

FIG. 1C is bitmap screen shots illustrating the basic architecture and functionality of a graphical user interface in which the present invention may be embodied.

FIG. 2A is a screen bitmap illustrating a spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIG. 2B is a bitmap of a tool bar component of the spreadsheet of the present invention.

FIG. 2C is a screen bitmap illustrating a notebook window from the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 2D-E are bitmaps illustrating page identifiers for rapidly accessing and manipulating individual pages of the notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-C illustrate navigation (i.e., access of desired information) in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-E are screen bitmaps illustrating the selection of information cells in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIG. 4F is a screen bitmap illustrating the operation of grouping one or more desired pages in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIG. 4G is a screen bitmap illustrating drag-and-drop editing in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 4H-J are a series of screen bitmaps illustrating the model copy method of the present invention.

FIG. 4K is a set of bitmaps illustrating the operation of moving and copying a notebook page.

FIGS. 4L-M are screen bitmaps illustrating the presentation of information in a notebook of the present invention.

FIG. 5A is a screen bitmap illustrating exemplary objects of the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 5B-E are bitmaps illustrating property inspectors of the present invention, for the objects of FIG. 5A.

FIGS. 6A-K are bitmaps illustrating different states (and accompanying panes) for the property inspector of FIG. 5E, each state depending on a particular property of the object being inspected.

FIG. 7A is a screen bitmap illustrating a graph window of the present invention, with different graph objects available for property inspection.

FIGS. 7B-H are bitmaps illustrating exemplary property inspectors of the present invention for the graph objects of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram illustrating the structure and operation of a spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIGS. 8A-C illustrate the correspondence between a page table data structure and pages which are displayed on the screen to the user.

FIGS. 8D-F illustrate the referencing of information in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention.

FIG. 9A is a flowchart illustrating a method of the present invention for interpreting information references.

FIG. 9B is a flowchart illustrating a method of the present invention for drag and drop editing.

FIG. 9C is a flowchart illustrating a method of the present invention for model copying.

FIG. 10A is a block diagram illustrating a system class hierarchy of the present invention, which is employed for property inspection.

FIG. 10B is a block diagram illustrating the correspondence between a parent object and a child object, and their respective property lists.

FIG. 10C is a flowchart illustrating a method for inspecting and setting properties of objects, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 10D is a flowchart illustrating a set property method of the present invention (substep from the method of FIG. 10C).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

System Hardware

As shown in FIG. 1A, the present invention may be embodied on a computer system such as the system 100, which comprises a central processor 101, a main memory 102, an input/output controller 103, a keyboard 104, a pointing device 105 (e.g., mouse, track ball, pen device, or the like), a display device 106, and a mass storage 107 (e.g., hard disk). Additional input/output devices, such as a printing device 108, may be included in the system 100 as desired. As illustrated, the various components of the system 100 communicate through a system bus 110 or similar architecture. In a preferred embodiment, the computer system 100 includes an IBM-compatible personal computer, which is available from several vendors (including IBM of Armonk, N.Y.).

Illustrated in FIG. 1B, a computer software system 150 is provided for directing the operation of the computer system 100. Software system 150, which is stored in system memory 102 and on disk memory 107, includes a kernel or operating system 151 and a shell or interface 153. One or more application programs, such as application software 152, may be "loaded" (i.e., transferred from storage 107 into memory 102) for execution by the system 100. The system 100 receives user commands and data through user interface 153; these inputs may then be acted upon by the system 100 in accordance with instructions from operating module 151 and/or application module 152. The interface 153, which is preferably a graphical user interface (GUI), also serves to display results, whereupon the user may supply additional inputs or terminate the session. In a preferred embodiment, operating system 151 is MS-DOS, and interface 153 is Microsoft.RTM. Windows; both are available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Application module 152, on the other hand, includes a spreadsheet notebook of the present invention (as described in further detail hereinbelow).

Interface: User-familiar Objects

A. Introduction

The following description will focus on the presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are embodied in spreadsheet applications operative in the Microsoft Windows environment. The present invention, however, is not limited to any particular application or any particular environment. Instead, those skilled in the art will find that the system and methods of the present invention may be advantageously applied to a variety of system and application software, including database management systems, wordprocessors, and the like. Moreover, the present invention may be embodied on a variety of different platforms, including Macintosh, UNIX, NextStep, and the like. Therefore, the description of the exemplary embodiments which follows is for purposes of illustration and not limitation.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, the system 100 includes a windowing interface or workspace 160. Window 160 is a rectangular, graphical user interface (GUI) for display on screen 106; additional windowing elements may be displayed in various sizes and formats (e.g., tiled or cascaded), as desired. At the top of window 160 is a menu bar 170 with a plurality of user-command choices, each of which may invoke additional submenus and software tools for use with application objects. Window 160 includes a client area 180 for displaying and manipulating screen objects, such as graphic object 181 and text object 182. In essence, the client area is a workspace or viewport for the user to interact with data objects which reside within the computer system 100.

Windowing interface 160 includes a screen cursor or pointer 185 for selecting and otherwise invoking screen objects of interest. In response to user movement signals from the pointing device 105, the cursor 185 floats (i.e., freely moves) across the screen 106 to a desired screen location. During or after cursor movement, the user may generate user-event signals (e.g., mouse button "clicks" and "drags") for selecting and manipulating objects, as is known in the art. For example, Window 160 may be closed, resized, or scrolled by "clicking" (selecting) screen components 172, 174/5, and 177/8, respectively.

In a preferred embodiment, screen cursor 185 is controlled with a mouse device. Single-button, double-button, or triple-button mouse devices are available from a variety of vendors, including Apple Computers of Cupertino, Calif., Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and Logitech Corporation of Fremont, Calif., respectively. More preferably, screen cursor control device 105 is a two-button mouse device, including both right and left "mouse buttons." Programming techniques and operations for mouse devices are well documented in the programming and hardware literature; see e.g., Microsoft Mouse Programmer's Reference, Microsoft Press, 1989, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

B. Spreadsheet Notebooks

In contrast to conventional applications, even those operative in a windowing environment, the present invention includes user-familiar objects, i.e., paradigms of real-world objects which the user already knows how to use. In an exemplary embodiment, system 100 includes a spreadsheet notebook interface, with such user-familiar objects as pages and tabs. In this manner, complexities of the system are hidden under ordinary, everyday object metaphors. By drawing upon skills which the user has already mastered, the present invention provides a highly intuitive interface--one in which advanced features (e.g., three-dimensionality) are easily learned.

1. General interface

Shown in FIG. 2A, a spreadsheet notebook interface of the present invention will now be described. The spreadsheet notebook or workbook of the present invention includes a notebook workspace 200 for receiving, processing, and presenting information, including alphanumeric as well as graphic information. Notebook workspace 200 includes a menu bar 210, a tool bar 220, a current cell indicator 230, an input line 231, a status line 240, and a notebook window 250. The menu bar 210 displays and invokes, in response to user inputs, a main level of user commands. Menu 210 also invokes additional pulldown menus, as is known in windowing applications. Input line 231 accepts user commands and information for the entry and editing of cell contents, which may include data, formulas, macros, and the like. Indicator 230 displays an address for the current cursor (i.e., active cell) position. At the status line 240, system 100 displays information about the current state of the workbook; for example, a "READY" indicator means that the system is ready for the user to select another task to be performed.

The tool bar 220, shown in further detail in FIG. 2B, Comprises a row or palette of tools which provide a quick way for the user to choose commonly-used menu commands or properties. In an exemplary embodiment, tool bar 220 includes cut, copy, and paste buttons 221, a power button tool 222, a graph tool 223, alignment buttons 224, a style list 225, font buttons 226, insert/delete buttons 227, a fit button 228, and action buttons 229. Buttons 221 cut, copy and paste data and objects to and from Windows clipboard. The same actions are also available as corresponding commands in the Edit menu (available from menu bar 210). Tool 220 creates "powerbuttons" which allow a user to run spreadsheet macros; in a specific embodiment, powerbuttons appear as floating objects in a layer above spreadsheet cells. In a similar fashion, the graph tool 223 creates floating graphs that appear above spreadsheet cells.

Other tools are available for formatting cells. Alignment buttons 224 place cell entries flush left, centered, or flush right, as desired. The style list 225 specifies the style for the active block and may be selected from a plurality of pre-defined styles (e.g., normal, currency, fixed, percent, and the like). The font buttons 226 effect font changes, including toggling bold and italic fonts, as well as increasing and decreasing font (point) size. The insert and delete buttons 227 permit the user to insert or delete blocks, rows, columns, and pages (described in further detail hereinbelow), as desired. The fit button 228 allows the user to quickly tailor a column's width to match its widest cell entry. Action buttons 229 provide automated spreadsheet operations, including sorting and summing operations. For example, a Sort button, when invoked, performs a sort on data in a currently active block. A sum button, on the other hand, totals the values in any block of cells by generating an @SUM function, just outside a selected range of blocks.

2. Notebook and pages

Notebook 250, shown in further detail in FIG. 2C, provides an interface for entering and displaying information of interest. The notebook 250 includes a plurality of spreadsheet pages, such as page 251 (Page A). Notebook 250 also includes a "Graphs page" for readily accessing all the graphs created for the notebook. Each page may include conventional windowing features and operations, such as moving, resizing, and deleting. In a preferred embodiment, the notebook 250 includes 256 spreadsheet pages and one Graphs page, all of which are saved as a single disk file on the mass storage 107. In accordance with the present invention, workspace 200 may display one or more notebooks, each sized and positioned (e.g., tiled, overlaping, and the like) according to user-specified constraints. When a single notebook is used, notebook 250 will typically occupy a majority of workspace 200.

Each spreadsheet page of a notebook includes a 2-D spread. For example, spreadsheet page 251 includes a grid in row and column format, such as row 252 (row 3) and column 255 (col. F). At each row/column intersection, a box or cell (e.g., cell C4) is provided for entering, processing, and displaying information in a conventional manner. Each cell is addressable, with a selector 253 being provided for indicating a currently active one (i.e., the cell that is currently selected).

As shown in FIGS. 2C-E, individual notebook pages are identified by page identifiers 260, preferably located along one edge of the notebook 250. In a preferred embodiment, each page identifier is in the form of a tab member (e.g., members 261a, 262a, 263a) situated along a bottom edge of the notebook. Each tab member may include representative indicia, such as textual or graphic labels, including user-selected titles representing the contents of a corresponding page. In FIG. 2D, the tab members 260 are set to their respective default names. For example, the first three tab members (members 261a, 262a, 263a) are respectively set to A, B, and C. In a preferred embodiment, however, tab members are typically given descriptive names provided by the user. As shown in FIG. 2E, for example, the first three tab members have now been set to "Contents" (tab member 261b), "Summary" (tab member 262b), and "Jan" (tab member 263b). In a similar manner, the remaining tabs are set to subsequent months of the year. In this manner, the user associates the page identifiers with familiar tabs from an ordinary paper notebook. Thus, the user already knows how to select a page or spread of interest: simply select the tab corresponding to the page (as one would do when selecting a page from a paper notebook).

In addition to aiding in the selection of an appropriate page of information, the user-customizable page identifiers aid in the entry of spreadsheet formulas. For example, when entering a formula referring to cells on another page, the user may simply use the descriptive page name in the formula itself (as described hereinbelow), thus making it easier for the user to understand the relationship of the cell(s) or information being referenced.

3. Navigation in a notebook

Referring now to FIGS. 3A-C, movement (i.e., location of desired information cells) within a spreadsheet notebook of the present invention is illustrated. To move to different pages in the notebook, the user simply selects the corresponding tab from tabs 260. To move to Page B, for example, the user selects (e.g., with keyboard 104 or pointing device 105) tab 262a; similarly, Page C is reached by selecting tab 263a. Continuing the example, the user may return to Page A by selecting tab 261a. Thus instead of finding information by scrolling different parts of a large spreadsheet, or by invoking multiple windows of a conventional three-dimensional spreadsheet, the present invention allows the user to simply and conveniently "flip through" several pages of the notebook to rapidly locate information of interest.

Notebook 250 also includes supplemental tools for navigation between pages, including a tab scroller 271 and a fast-forward button 272. The tab scroller (shown in two different states: 271a and 271b) permits access to identifiers for pages which are not currently visible on the screen device 106. If a desired identifier or tab is not currently in view, the user simply activates the tab scroller 271 to reveal additional tabs. The fast-forward button 272, on the other hand, provides immediate access to the last pages of the notebook, including the Graphs page. As shown in FIG. 3A and B, after invoking the fast-forward button 272a, the page identifiers for the last pages (e.g., tabs 261c, 262c, 263c, 265) are accessible. To switch back to the previously active spreadsheet page, the user may select or click the fast-forward button 272c again. For navigation within a spreadsheet page, horizontal and vertical scrollbars 278, 259 are provided; general features and operations of basic scroller or sliders are described in Windows user and programming literature, including Microsoft's Windows Software Development Kit.

4. Selections and aggregate operations within a notebook

The selection of desired information cells in the notebook of the present invention is now described. For selecting a plurality of information cells, both 2-D blocks (e.g., block 254 of FIG. 2C) and 3-D blocks of cells may be defined. A 2-D block is a rectangular group of one or more cells and is identified by block coordinates, such as the cell addresses of its upper-left and bottom-right corners. Similarly, a 3-D block represents a solid block (e.g., cube) of cells.

A 2-D block is specified by selecting, with mouse 105 or keyboard 104, opposing corners. In FIG. 2C, for example, the block 254 is defined by corner cells C5 and F14. Additional selection examples are illustrated in FIGS. 4A-E. For example, column B (col. 411) is selected by clicking column heading 410; similarly, row 3 (row 421) is chosen by clicking row heading 420. Selection may be additive (i.e., additional selections are appended to the current ones), as shown by selection of a row 420 and a column 410 in FIG. 4C. To facilitate the selection of all cell members (e.g., block 431), a select-all button 430 is also provided. In addition to these "contiguous" blocks, non-contiguous block selection (e.g., selection of blocks 441, 442) is provided by use of a status key (e.g., CTRL-, ALT-, or SHIFT-) plus a mouse event (e.g., click and drag operations).

Selection of 3-D cell blocks, i.e., cell ranges spanning more than one page, occurs in a similar fashion. To extend the block 254 (of FIG. 2C) into a 3-D block, the user specifies an additional or third dimension by selecting an appropriate page identifier. If the user selects the D tab while the block 254 is selected (e.g., with a SHIFT or other status key), the 2-D block is extended into a 3-D block spanning from Pages A to D. Additional 3-D operations may be performed by utilizing a method of the present invention for grouping pages, which will now be described.

Pages may be selected or grouped together, thereby providing a means for changing multiple pages simultaneously. In much the same manner as cells from a spread are grouped into 2-D blocks, a range of pages are grouped by specifying beginning and ending members. As shown in FIG. 4F, a range from Page A to Page K may be achieved by selecting tabs A (261) and K (267) from identifiers 260, for example, while depressing a key (e.g., status key). A grouping indicator 268 is displayed for indicating members of a group; groupings may also be annotated with user-specified labels. Once grouped, a page of the group may have its operations (e.g., selection, data entry, and the like) percolate to the other members of the group, as desired. A non-contiguous selection of pages may also be selected (even across different pages); for example, a selection of Pages A and D, but not B and C, may be achieved by selecting tabs A and D while depressing a second key (e.g., CTRL- key). Furthermore, groups may overlap (i.e., a page can be in more than one group), as desired. By selectively activating a group mode (e.g., by toggling group button 273), groupings may be temporarily turned off, in which case events are not percolated to other members of the group.

With group mode active, an activity in a page which is a member of a group can also affect similarly situated cells of the other pages of the group. For example, information entered in a cell on one page of the group can also propagate to the same (relative) cell in other pages of the group; data entry may be "drilled" (propagated) to other group pages by concluding data entry, for example, with a "Ctrl-Enter" keystroke (instead of a "Enter" command). For instance, an entry into cell C4 of Page A may also conveniently and automatically appear in cell C4 of pages B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, and K, for an A-K grouping. Similarly, block or aggregate operations may propagate across member pages. For example, a block operation (e.g., Block Fill) for cells A1 to C4 in Page A in an A-D grouping would also operate (in this case, fill information) in the same cells (i.e., from A1 to C4) for Page B to Page D.

Employing the user-specified page identifiers of the present invention, a simple nomenclature is available for specifying these solid blocks of information. In a preferred embodiment, a solid block is specified by: ##STR1## For example, a solid block may be defined as A . . . D:A1 . . . C4, in which case the block spans from cells A1 to C4, and spans across Pages A-D. By permitting alias names (i.e., user-supplied alternative labels), the present invention allows the block to be specified as 1989 Sales . . . 1992 Sales: A1 . . . C4; or even 1989 Sales . . . 1992 Sales: First Quarter . . . Third Quarter. Additionally, the present invention readily accommodates notebook information as well, for example, [TAX]1989 Sales . . . 1992 Sales: First Quarter . . . Third Quarter, thus permitting information to be linked across various notebooks. Wildcard Characters (e.g., * and ?) may also be employed for cell, page, and notebook identifiers, as desired. Thus, the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention provides a 3-D interface which readily accommodates real-world information in a format the user understands (instead of forcing the user to adapt his or her information to fit an arbitrary spreadsheet model).

5. Advanced Editing

Whether 2-D or 3-D in nature, blocks of cells may be easily copied and cut. (i.e., moved) using drag-and-drop editing techniques of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4G for a 2-D block, for example, a method for copying a block of cells includes (1) selecting a source block by dragging a range of cells (e.g., mouse button-down events coupled with mouse movement across the range; close selection with a button-up event), (2) dragging the block (e.g., click within block, followed by repeated mouse button-down events), and (3) dropping the block (e.g., mouse button-up event at desired target location). In a similar fashion, 3-D blocks may be dragged and dropped.

In typical cut and copy operations, relative and absolute cell addressing is employed, as is known in the art (see e.g., Using 1-2-3). According to the present invention, however, a "model copy" technique for copying blocks is also provided. Model copying, illustrated in FIGS. 4H-J, is useful when the user is copying a block that contains absolute references to cells within the copied block. In FIG. 4H, a small spread model 496 is shown which contains a formula to figure the monthly payment for a 30-year loan at different interest rates; a reference to the loan amount was entered as absolute so that when the formula is copied, it continues to refer to cell B1. The user may want to calculate (at the same time) monthly payments for different loan amounts and, thus, might copy the model, with the loan amount changed (shown in FIG. 4I as spread 497). However, in this approach the absolute reference still refers to row 1; to correct this, the user would typically manually edit each formula to refer to B6 instead of B1.

With model copying of the present invention enabled (e.g., by default or through a user dialog), however, the problem is solved. In particular, absolute references adjust to the new location of the referenced cell, as shown by spread 498 in FIG. 4J; however, absolute references remain absolute to make future copies absolute. For instance, should the user make more copies of the formula, the reference to cell B6 is still absolute. In this manner, model copying of the present invention saves the user time-consuming and error-prone editing of formulas.

As shown in FIG. 4K, notebook pages may be copied or moved using the drag-and-drop editing techniques of the present invention (a dialog box is also provided as an alternative). As shown, for example, the "Salads" page is moved by selecting its tab identifier 264a from the identifiers 260; in a preferred method, the identifier is selected by dragging it downward (mouse button-down plus downward movement) with the mouse cursor. Next, the identifier is dragged to a desired new position (mouse button-down plus left and right movement). Once positioned at a desired location (as indicated by in-transit tab identifier 264b), the page is then "dropped" (mouse button-up) into position. Similarly, a "copy" operation may be effected by coupling the above operation with a status key (e.g., CTRL-); in a preferred method of copying, only the page information (not its tab identifier) is copied to a target location.

Additional editing operations may be easily accomplish using the page identifiers of the present invention. For example, an additional page may be inserted by selecting a desired tab and entering "INS" (keyboard or mouse). Similarly, a notebook page may be deleted by coupling the selection of a corresponding page tab to a delete command.

6. Advantages

In contrast to prior art spreadsheet implementations, use of the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention is easily ascertained by the user. The notebook interface of the present invention provides a convenient means for organizing many spreadsheets together into one file. This permits the user to load (into memory 102) all related information with a single command, without having to remember a variety of different file names. Moreover, the notebook interface 250 encourages a user to spread data out among multiple pages, thus better organizing one's data. In FIG. 4L, for example, spreadsheet page 300 illustrates the conventional method for grouping unrelated information onto a single spreadsheet. As shown in column B, the incorporation of unrelated information into a single spread leads to unnecessary whitespace padding of information. In FIG. 4M, in contrast, related information is grouped on separate pages 351, 352 (e.g., with their own columns, Col. B.sub.1 and Col. B.sub.2) of notebook 350. Not only does this eliminate grouping of disparate information, with its disadvantages (e.g., padding data entries), but it also encourages better organization of information.

Inspecting and Setting the Properties of Objects

A. Disadvantages of Prior Techniques

Standard windowing interfaces depend heavily on a clunky system of pull-down menus. While pull-down menus are an improvement over command-line (e.g., MS-DOS) interfaces, they are non-metaphoric or non-analogous to ordinary objects, i.e., ones familiar to the user. Thus, prior art windowing GUIs are no more intuitive or useful to the user than other menuing systems.

Perhaps the biggest weakness of pull-down menus is the requirement that the user must know beforehand which menu contains the item or function of interest. If the user does not know which pull-down menu, submenu, or dialog box contains the item he or she is seeking, the user will spend an inordinate amount of time checking the contents of each in an effort to hunt down the needed item. And often the search is in vain. Moreover, since functions for a given object (e.g., text object) are often scattered over several disparate menus, the user is discouraged from interacting and experimenting with the object.

One approach to overcoming this problem has been the implementation of "smart icons." This interface technique employs screen buttons painted with icons which are supposed to tell the user what the buttons do. This approach, however, often makes the interface problem even worse because the meaning of the icons are not easily grasped. Thus, the approach is often no more helpful than hiding the desired function deep inside a menuing system. Worse, some button images are so small or so numerous that it is hard to see the icons well enough to discern what they mean.

B. Property Inspectors

1. Introduction

Overcoming this problem, the present invention provides "property inspectors" for inspecting and setting the properties of objects. Property inspectors of the present invention examine an object of interest to the user and tell the user what can be done to it. In this manner, the present invention requires the system and its interface components (e.g., menus or dialog boxes), not the user, to know what functions are being sought or may be of immediate interest to the user. Moreover, property inspectors of the present invention require the program to present functions to the user when and where he or she requests them, rather than making the user hunt for them when they are needed. Thus, the user need only know which data item or object he or she wants to inspect or manipulate.

In the spreadsheet notebook, for example, there are many kinds of objects which one can use. Examples include cells, blocks of cells, pages, notebooks, graphs and their elements (including bars or axes), dialog boxes, and even the application program itself. Each of these objects has properties, which are characteristics of that particular object. For example, blocks of cells have a font property that can be set to bold, so that the text of entries in the block appear in boldface type. A property of a workbook page, on the other hand, is the name that appears on its tab. Each notebook has its own palette property for controlling available colors. Application properties, for instance, include system defaults, such as a default storage directory or file extension. Thus in any system, the user has a variety of objects available, each of which has its own set of properties.

Property inspection of the present invention provides the user with immediate access to an object's properties. If the object of interest is a spreadsheet cell, for example, the property inspector of the present invention produces a menu that includes font, color, border, size, and other display properties, along with formula properties which may be modified. If, on the other hand, the object is a graph, the property inspector will display a menu to change its color, shape, borders, and other features of a spreadsheet graph. Moreover, inspection menus are state or context-sensitive, i.e., constructed on-the-fly to reflect the current state of the object. If an object's properties change so that what a user can do to it also changes, the property inspector of the present invention will create a new and appropriate menu reflecting those changes.

A variety of user events, including keyboard and mouse events, may be employed to invoke property inspection and setting. In a preferred method of the present invention, however, an object is inspected by selecting the object with a screen cursor, i.e., clicking (generating a mouse event) on the object. Since, according to the present invention, property inspection may be available across different modes of operation (i.e., generally available at all times), the generated mouse event or signal is preferably one which does not launch or otherwise invoke routine object actions. Instead, the mouse signal should be one which the user will easily associate with inspection of an object. In a two or three mouse button embodiment of the present invention, therefore, the generated mouse signal is most preferably from the lesser-used or right mouse button (e.g., Windows' WM.sub.-- RBUTTONDOWN). In this manner, the user associates object actions with left button signals and object inspection with right button signals.

2. Exemplary Embodiments

Referring now to FIGS. 5A-E, the inspecting and setting of object properties, in accordance with the present invention, is illustrated. In FIG. 5A, a notebook application window 500 is shown. Window 500 includes a variety of objects which may be inspected by the property inspector of the present invention. The top-most object is the application itself: application object 510. By selecting the application object (e.g., by right mouse clicking on the application title bar), various properties for the application may be inspected and set. As shown in FIG. 5B, inspection of the application object 510 invokes application inspector 515, which lists the various properties of the application object; the user may now inspect and set the properties of the object, as desired.

Referring back to FIG. 5A, the next level which may be inspected is the notebook object 520. User inspection of this object, e.g., by right mouse clicking on the notebook title bar, invokes the active notebook property inspector 525 of FIG. 5C. In a manner similar to the application property inspector, the notebook property inspector 525 includes all the properties and corresponding options which may be set for the notebook 520.

Notebook object 520 includes a plurality of page objects, which may themselves be inspected. To inspect the page object 550, for example, the user brings the page tab into view (if it is not already displayed), then right clicks the tab page. This action invokes the active page property inspector 535, as shown in FIG. 5D. With access to page properties, the user can control the page name, overall page protection, line color, colors in cells that meet certain conditions, default label alignment, whether zeroes are displayed, default column width, row and column borders, gridline display, and the like. To assign a more descriptive name to a page, for example, its tab is inspected and the option "NAME" is selected from the page property inspector (or, as shown, it is selected by default). After the user enters a new name, the new name appears on the page tab. Other page properties, most of which affect the appearance of data or screen elements, may be set in a similar manner.

Each page object may also contain other objects, including cell, blocks of cells, graph objects, and the like, each of which may be inspected. By right clicking the active block 530, the active block property inspector 545 is opened as shown in FIG. 5E. With block properties, the user can change alignment of entries, numeric format of values, block protection, line drawing, shading, font, text color, types of data allowed in a cell, row height, column width, and whether columns or rows are revealed or hidden; inspection of a single cell occurs in a similar manner (i.e., active block is one cell). In this manner, the user may select block properties which affect the appearance of cell entries or of rows or columns; additionally, properties which affect the way data can be entered into blocks, such as protection and data entry input, may be made.

Upon invocation of property inspection, a dialog box or property inspector is displayed, preferably at or near the object of interest. A different property inspector appears depending on the type of object which is inspected. At this point, the user may then select the property that he or she wishes to change from a list of object properties. The contents of the right side of the inspector (i.e., a "pane" within the inspector) change to correspond to the property one chooses, as shown. Then, the user chooses settings for the current property. If desired, the user can then choose and set other properties for the current object. In a preferred embodiment, the property inspector includes an example box, which shows the display result of the property the user has just set, before they are applied to the actual object.

Referring now to FIGS. 6A-K, the construction and operation of a property inspector dialog box, in accordance with the present invention, is described. For purposes of illustration, the following description will present active block property inspector 600; other inspector dialogs may be implemented in a similar fashion. Shown in FIG. 6A, the active block property inspector 600 includes an object property list 601 and property settings pane 602. For an active block, for example, relevant properties include Numeric Format, Font, Shading, Alignment, Line Drawing, protection, Text Color, Data Entry Input, Row Height, Column Width, and Reveal/Hide. Property settings pane 602 include the valid options or settings which a property may take. For the property of numeric format, for example, valid settings include fixed, scientific, currency, and the like. Property setting pane 602 may further include subproperties. For example, the currency setting 602a shown may also include a decimal place setting 602b. In this manner, property inspector dialog 600 presents a notebook dialog: property list 601 serves as notebook tabs (e.g., dialog tab 601a) and property settings panes 602 serves as different pages of the notebook dialog. Thus, the user may access numerous dialog options with the efficiency of a notebook.

Also shown, property inspector dialog 600 also includes an example window 605 and dialog controls 603. As new properties are selected and set, their net effect is shown. The example element in example window 605, for example, shows the effect of selecting a numeric format of currency with two decimal places. Thus, the user may experiment with changes before they are applied to the data object. After desired property changes are entered, control components 603 are invoked to either accept ("OK button") or reject ("CANCEL button") the new property settings; if desired, help may be requested.

As shown in FIGS. 6B-K, other properties of a cell block are accessed by selecting the desired property from the property list 601. Thus the active blocks property inspector 600 changes to inspector 620 for font properties, inspector 625 for shading properties, inspector 630 for alignment properties, inspector 635 for line drawing properties, inspector 640 for cell protection properties, inspector 645 for text-color properties, inspector 650 for data entry input properties, inspector 655 for row height properties, inspector 660 for column width properties, and inspector 665 for reveal/hide properties. In each instance, a new pane (i.e., one having the attributes of interest) is displayed in the inspector window.

Referring now to FIGS. 7A-H, the inspection (and setting) of properties for graphs is illustrated. Graph window 700 includes a plurality of graph objects, each of which may be customized through use of a corresponding property inspector of the present invention. To display a corresponding property inspector, the user invokes the inspector (e.g., right-clicks) for the part (object) of the graph he or she wishes to change. A right-click on the graph window object 710, for example, will invoke the graph window inspector 715; at this point, the user may inspect and set various properties of the graph window object. In a similar manner, other objects of the graph window may be inspected. For example, inspection of graph background 720 invokes inspector 725, Y-axis object 730 invokes inspector 735, X-axis 740 invokes inspector 745, area fill object 750 invokes inspector 755, bar series object 760 invokes inspector 765, and bar series object 770 invokes inspector 775.

Internal Operations

A. Introduction

Internal operations of the system 100 will now be described in detail. In general, operation is driven by methods of the present invention, which are invoked by Windows' message dispatcher in response to system or user events. The general mechanism for dispatching messages in an event-based system, such as Windows, is known in the art; see, e.g., Petzold, C., Programming Windows, Second Edition, Microsoft Press, 1990. Additional information can be found in Microsoft's Window Software Development Kit, including: 1) Guide to Programming, 2) Reference, Vols. 1 and 2, and 3) Tools, all available from Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. Of particular interest to the present invention are class hierarchies and methods of the present invention, which are implemented in the C++ programming language; see e.g., Ellis, M. and Stroustrup, B., The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, Addison-Wesley, 1990. Additional information about object-oriented programming and C++ in particular can be found in Borland's C++ 3.0: 1) User's Guide, 2) Programmer's Guide, and 3) Library Reference, all available from Borland International of Scotts Valley, Calif. The disclosures of each of the foregoing are hereby incorporated by reference.

B. Notebooks

Referring now to FIG. 8A, the internal structure and operation of spreadsheet notebooks of the present invention will be described. The spreadsheet notebook system of the present invention includes a system hierarchy 800, at the top level, having a notebook table 805 with entries or slots for accessing a plurality of notebooks. For example, the first slot addresses or points to notebook 810. In this manner, the system may track multiple notebooks.

Notebook structure 810, in turn, includes or accesses various data members for a particular notebook. For example, a "Name" field, stores the name assigned for the notebook. This name is displayed in the titlebar for the notebook and is used as the name for the corresponding disk file; the notebook name is also used to reference the notebook in formulas (e.g., contained in other notebooks). Notebook 810 also includes other data members, such as block names and fonts. Block names are text strings or labels which the user has defined for particular blocks of interest. Fonts, on the other hand, include font information (e.g., type and size) for the notebook. Other desired properties, specific to a notebook, may be included as desired. As exemplary construction of a notebook structure (class), in accordance with the present invention, is set forth in the microfiche Appendix A in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,895, the parent patent.

Of particular interest in the notebook structure 810 is the Pagetable field, which includes a pointer to a page table for the notebook. Pagetable 815 includes a plurality of slots or entries for accessing individual page structures of the notebook. Each page structure, in turn, contains or accesses information of interest to an individual page. As shown, for example, page 820 (pointed to by the first slot of the pagetable) includes or accesses: a sheet table (or Graphs page), a pagename, floating objects (e.g., graphs and buttons), page properties, pane, and the like.

The Sheettable field of the page 820 points to a sheet table 825. It, in turn, includes a plurality of the slots for accessing different column strips. As shown, for example, the first entry in the sheet table 825 accesses a column strip of cells 830. In turn, column strip 830 addresses individual information cells, each of which may have one of a variety of information types, including empty, integer, number (real), formula, label, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, column strip 830 may address up to 8,000 cells; those skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that column strip 830 may be set to any desired range (depending on the limits of one's target hardware).

Referring now to FIGS. 8B-C, the function of the page table of the present invention is illustrated. In FIG. 8B, two images are presented: a view image and a data image. The view image illustrates what the user sees on the screen 106; at startup, for example, only a single Page A (page 850) is active. As shown by the corresponding data image supporting this view image, pagetable 855 includes only a single reference, page A. In turn, page A references sheettable.sub.A, which supports the information cells required (e.g., they are currently needed for display) for the page. Thus, at startup, only a single page entry exists in the pagetable 855, even though the screen displays multiple page tabs.

Upon selection of Page F (e.g., by clicking tab F 860), the data image changes, however. As shown in FIG. 8C, remaining Pages B-F are initialized into the page table 865. In this example, Page F must now exist as a view object. Thus, Page F references supporting data structures (e.g., sheettable.sub.F). The intervening Pages (B-E), on the other hand, are initialized, but only to the extent that they can serve as place holders in the pagetable 865. In this manner, the underlying page table for a notebook instantiates underlying page data structures only as needed (e.g., for viewing or referencing by other pages), but, at the same time, provides on-demand access to pages.

A particular advantage of this design is the ease in which information may be referenced and presented. Even complex data models, such as those spanning multiple dimensions, may be represented in a clear fashion. Moreover, a syntax is provided by the present invention for intuitively referencing information.

Referring now to FIGS. 8D-F, the referencing of information in a spreadsheet notebook of the present invention is now described. Shown in FIG. 8D, a three-dimensional reference (i.e., identifier for a solid block of information cells) includes a notebook, starting page, ending page, starting cell and ending cell. As shown, the notebook (which is the same as the file name) is identified preferably by delimiters, such as brackets ([]). This is followed by page name(s), which may in fact be grouped. As shown, a range of pages has been defined from '89 Income to '92 Income; these are alias names which may correspond to pages A-D, for example.

Next, one or more cells of interest are identified. For example, a range from January to (. . . ) December is shown, which serve as aliases for blocks A1 to A12, for example. The block or cell information is separated from group or page information, for example, by a colon (:) identifier.

The hierarchy of this nomenclature is shown in FIG. BE. Specifically, a notebook references pages, which may be members of one or more user-defined groups. In turn, a page references cells, which may alternatively be referenced by alias identifiers. As shown in FIG. 8F, page and cell identifiers may be grouped to form even more succinct references. For example, Pages '89 Income to Income may be renamed as Four-Year Income. Similarly, the cell range from January to December may be renamed Entire Year. In this manner, information ranges in the spreadsheet notebook of the present invention are easily named and easily visualized by the user.

Depending on the context of the system, certain identifiers may be assumed and, thus, eliminated from a reference. Unless otherwise specified, for example, the notebook identifier is assumed to be the currently active notebook. Similarly, the page identifier may be assumed to be the currently active page, unless the user specifies otherwise. Thus, a valid reference need only include as much information (identifiers) as is necessary to access the desired information.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, a method for interpreting or parsing an information reference, in accordance with the present invention, is shown. Upon receiving a reference (e.g., text string) to information in a spreadsheet notebook, the method proceeds as follows. In step 901, a loop is established to tokenize (i.e., parse) the string into individual identifiers, which may then be processed. Each token is examined as follows. In step 902, the token is checked to determine whether it is a notebook identifier. In a preferred method, a notebook identifier is delimited, for example, by bracket symbols; alternatively, a notebook identifier may be realized simply by the position of the identifier relative to other tokens in the string, or by its relationship to disk (notebook) files on mass storage 107. If the notebook is successfully identified, the notebook identifier is returned at step 903, and the method loops back to step 901 for any additional tokens.

If it is not a notebook (no at step 902), however, then in step 904 the token is examined to determine whether it is a group name. Group names may be determined by accessing group names listed for the notebook (e.g., by accessing a group name string pointer from notebook structure 810), and/or by the token's context (e.g., preceding a ":" delimiter). If a group name is identified, it is returned at step 905, and the method loops for any remaining tokens. Otherwise (no at step 904), the token is examined to determine whether it is a page. In a manner similar to that for checking group names, a page may be identified by examining a notebook's page table, with corresponding page name accessed (dereferenced). The page is returned at step 907, with the method looping back to step 901 for remaining tokens.

If a page is not found (no at step 906), however, then at step 908 the token is examined to determine whether it defines a range. A range may include a named block of cells (e.g., "entire year") or, simply, two cell addresses separated by an appropriate identifier (e.g., A1 . . . B1). If a range is found, then it is returned in step 909, with the method looping for any remaining tokens. Otherwise (no at step 908), the identifier is examined to determine whether it is a cell. A token may be identified as a cell if it is of the appropriate column/row format (e.g., A1). If a cell is found, it is returned at step 911, with the method looping for any remaining tokens.

As shown (conceptually) at step 912, if any ambiguities remain, they may be resolved according to an order of precedence; for example, notebook >groupname> page and the like. At the conclusion of the method, a reference, if it is in proper form, will be successfully identified and may now be processed according to three-dimensional techniques.

Referring now to FIGS. 9B-C, other methods of the present invention are illustrated. In FIG. 9B, for example, a drag-and-drop edit method 920 of the present invention is shown. Its steps are as follows. In step 901, a block of cells is defined (e.g., by dragging a mouse cursor from one corner of the block to another). After a block has been selected, it is next grabbed with the mouse cursor (i.e., position the mouse cursor within the block and depress a mouse button). In steps 923 and 924, a loop is established to "drag" the block to a new location. In particular, while the mouse button is depressed, any movement of the mouse will cause the block to follow (animated on screen, e.g., by XOR technique). At step 925, the block is "dropped" into place by releasing the mouse button (button up signal). Dropping the block causes information from the source location to be copied into the target location. By coupling the method with a status key (e.g., SHIFT- or CTRL-), the technique supports either "cut" (erase original) or "copy" (leave original) modes of operation. Thus, for example, if a status key is not active as step 926, then in step 927 the original (at the source location) is deleted. Otherwise (yes at step 926), the original remains at the source location as well.

Referring now to FIG. 9C, a model copy method 940 of the present invention is illustrated. In step 941, a block is defined or selected (e.g., dragging a selection). In step 942, model copy is enabled or disabled (as desired); alternatively, model copy may be enabled by default. In step 943 if model copy has been enabled, then in step 945 absolute address references are copied as if they were relative address references, as previously described (with reference to FIGS. 4H-J). However, the address labels will remain absolute, so that they will be treated as absolute for future copying operations. Otherwise (no at step 943), absolute addresses are treated conventionally (i.e., referencing absolute addresses) in step 944. As shown in step 946, relative addresses are not affected, i.e., they continue to be treated relatively. In step 947, the copy operation is performed, employing the addresses as just determined, after which the method concludes.

Additional methods of the present invention are set forth in microfiche Appendix A in parent application No. 07/866,658, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,895.

C. Property Inspection

Referring now to FIGS. 10A-C, construction and operation of property inspection in accordance with the principles of the present invention will be described: As shown in FIG. 10A, user interface (UI) objects are constructed from a UI object class hierarchy 1000. As shown, class hierarchy 1000 includes as its base class an object class 1001. From object class 1001, a responder class 1002 is derived. As the child of class 1001, responder class 1002 inherits all properties of its parent and adds event handling capability. Both object class 1001 and responder class 1002 are abstract classes, i.e., objects are not instantiated from them directly. From responder class 1002, two child classes are derived: view class 1003 and window class 1004. From view class 1003, all screen objects (e.g., text, graphs, scrollbars, and the like) are created. From window class 1004, container objects are instantiated; in particular, window class 1004 provides container objects which hold the various view objects.

Associated with each class (and thus objects derived from each class) is a ClassInfo structure. ClassInfo, which is itself implemented as a separate class, contains information about a corresponding class and, thus, objects of that class. For example, it contains information about object type, name, number of properties, and the like. Of particular relevance to property inspection are two data members: a pointer to the parent and a property record pointer which points to an array of property records for an object of interest.

Referring now to FIG. 10B, the relationship between parent and child (and hence the importance of the pointer to the parent) is illustrated. In the system of the present invention, an object-oriented mechanism is employed whereby new objects may be created from existing objects (classes). As shown, for example, a child object 1030 may be derived from a parent object 1020. Also shown, each object has its own property record array or list. For example, the parent object 1020 has a property list 1025 describing its properties. Child object 1030, in turn, also has its own property list 1035; child object 1030 still inherits from parent object 1020, however. By means of the parent pointer, the child object 1030 also has direct access to its parent 1020 and, thus, the property list 1025 of the parent. In this manner, when an object is inspected, the system of the present invention may view back across the inheritance hierarchy to fetch all (ancestor) properties for the object, as needed.

The property record, on the other hand, describes an individual property for the object. The property record, which is implemented as a separate class, includes a name ID for the property and a pointer to the property object itself (which may be shared). For example, property record objects may be instantiated from the following exemplary C++ class definition:

__________________________________________________________________________class .sub.-- EXPORT.sub.-- PropRecordpublic:Property * pProp; // pointer to SHARED (!) property objectWORD nameID; // property name string ID // (PROPSTR.HPP, PROPSTR.CPP)WORD flags; // optional information about the property // ( HIDDEN, USE MENU, LINK ONLY, etc.)inline Property * getProp ( );inline LPSTR getName ( );inline PROPTYPE getType ( );inline WORD getNamesCnt ( );inline WORD getNameID ( );inline WORD getFlags ( );};__________________________________________________________________________

The property object, in turn, includes a type ID for identifying the property and also includes a pointer to a dialog for the property. An property object may be instantiated from the following exemplary C++ class:

______________________________________class .sub.-- EXPORT.sub.-- Propertypublic:static DWORD dwPropErr;static char far conversionBuffer [MAXPROPSTR];PROPTYPE typeID;WORD namesCnt;LPSTR pDialog;Property ( WORD id );virtual BOOL stringToValue ( LPSTR, PROPTYPEpt = 0 );virtual BOOL valueToString ( LPSTR, PROPTYPEpt = 0 );/*Convert the passed binary value to string using the conversionBuffer*/LPSTR convertToString ( LPSTR pS, PROPTYPE pt );/*Convert the string in conversionBuffer to binary value pointed by pS*/BOOL convertToBinary ( LPSTR pS, PROPTYPE pt );};______________________________________ Exemplary property types may include: ______________________________________ prop.sub.-- Undefined = 0, prop.sub.-- Text, prop.sub.-- Bool, prop.sub.-- Window, prop.sub.-- Color, prop.sub.-- Bitmap, prop.sub.-- List, prop.sub.-- Word, prop.sub.-- Int, prop.sub.-- Key, prop.sub.-- Double, . . .______________________________________ The pointer to the property dialog (LPSTR pDialog), on the other hand, indicates the appropriate dialog to be displayed to the user for the current property; the dialog displays the appropriate information (e.g., pane) for the property which the user may then use for inspecting and setting attributes of that property.

Referring now to FIG. 10C, a method 1050 for property inspection, in accordance with the present invention, is illustrated; additional disclosure is provided for the inspection of an exemplary object: a spreadsheet cell. In step 1051, the user indicates that he or she desires property inspection for an object. In a preferred method of the invention, the user will right-mouse click on the object of interest (as set forth hereinabove). To inspect a spreadsheet cell, for example, the user would position the mouse cursor over the cell and click the right mouse button. In this instance, the notebook which contains that cell will receive (i.e., will be the recipient of) a right-mouse button down message. The event will be processed by routing the message to a RightMouseDown method.

In step 1052, the object which the user clicked on is identified by the RightMouseDown method. Specifically, the method invokes a RouteMouseEvent method which returns the current view object (i.e., the object which the user has clicked on). This is accomplished as follows. Every view object contains a StartInspect method which returns an actual object for inspection. The object which appears on the screen to the user (i.e., view object) is not necessarily the object which will be inspected. For example, it would be computationally too expensive to have each cell of a spreadsheet be its own object. Instead, the present invention embraces the notion of surrogate or imaginary objects which may be inspected (using the properties of the screen or view object selected). In most instances, the StartInspect method will return an object for inspection which is the same as the view object. In those instances where it is not feasible to inspect an object which the user perceives on a screen, however, the method returns a surrogate object whose properties assume the attributes of the screen object.

An additional example illustrates this point. When inspecting a block of cells, for example, StartInspect returns a current block object which is a surrogate object, i.e., it does not have a visible expression on the screen. Instead, it is a substitute object which assumes the characteristics necessary to allow inspection of the screen object of interest. In this manner, it functions as a surrogate for the object which the user observes on the screen. If desired, objects may also be blocked from inspection at this step (e.g., by setting flags); in which case, the method terminates. At the conclusion of step 1052, the object of interest, either actual or surrogate, is ready for inspection.

Next, the user interface for inspection is built by a DoUI method of the present invention. The method proceeds as follows. The first property record for the object is accessed in step 1053. Preferably, DoUI is a virtually defined method, with each object (class) designed to include method steps for accessing the property reword according to that object's own particularities. The remaining property records for the object are also located (e.g., by traversing a list of records).

At step 1054, the dialog panes for each property are loaded (e.g., into memory 102, if not already present) for use by a compound dialog box. As previously described, the dialog associated with each property is accessible from the property record (by a pointer to the dialog). At this point, an empty property inspection window is displayed. Into the property inspection window, a corresponding pane for each property is loaded (substep 1054b), thus creating a display hierarchy. Using a getProperty method, each property is initially set to the attribute(s) contained in the retrieved property record; the getProperty method operates essentially the reverse of a setProperty method, which is described in detail hereinbelow. An associated screen button or label is provided for rapidly accessing a desired pane in the inspector window, in much the same fashion as one accesses pages in a notebook with tabs. In this manner, a property inspector is built from a dynamic list of properties (as opposed to a static list of properties which is determined beforehand), each of which may be rapidly accessed by the user.

While the property list loaded into an inspector window for each object is dynamically constructed, the panes supporting each property may be pre-built. For example, the pane supporting a color palette, since it is complex in design, will be built in advance.

However, the method of the present invention may dynamically build individual panes as well. Candidates for dynamic pane building include simple properties, especially those which may have only a Boolean or yes/no value. Referring back to FIG. 7B, for example, inspector 715 includes a snap-to-grid property. Instead of loading a preconstructed pane for this property, the method of the present invention dynamically constructs an appropriate pane (in this case, a simple check box), as shown in substep 1054a. An automatic list, on the other hand, is typically a simple group box (i.e., one having a plurality of radio buttons), which is preferably constructed dynamically, as shown by the inspector window 650 of FIG. 6H. In either case, the method may build appropriate inspector dialog components on-the-fly by simply examining a particular property and discerning its possible attributes. In a similar manner, "pick" lists of properties may be constructed and displayed, as shown in substep 1054c. A property pick list serves as an index to other property lists or other functions, as desired. By dynamically building inspectors for simpler properties, the method conserves system resources.

Construction of the inspector window is completed by inserting dialog controls (e.g., "OK", "CANCEL", and "HELP") for operating the dialog. In addition, an example window is displayed for indicating various changes to the properties of an object. This is accomplished by sending a message to the inspected object setting forth the current properties in the dialog; the inspected object returns an example or sample object which may then be displayed in the window. After changing a property, the dialog tab or button (e.g., tab 601a of FIG. 6A) corresponding to that property is updated (e.g., different font or screen color) for indicating that a change has been entered.

After constructing the property inspector dialog or window, at step 1055 the method enters a user event loop where the user inspects and sets various properties of the object by accessing the property (through the screen button or tab) and setting a new attribute. At the conclusion of the user event (e.g., by selecting "OK" or "CANCEL"), the user event is terminated.

At step 1056, the property list for the object being inspected is updated for any changes which occurred to the properties during the user event (of step 1055). This is accomplished by calling a setProperty method, which conceptually loops through each pane which has changed and updates the property list, accordingly. By way of illustration, the setProperty method may be defined as:

______________________________________virtual BOOL setProperty( LPSTR lpPropStr, LPSTR lpValueStr,PROPTYPE pt = 0 );______________________________________ The method receives the name of a property, either passed as a text string (lpPropStr) or as a handle (pt), and a value for that property, typically passed as a text string (lpValueStr).

Referring now to FIG. 10D, the general steps of a setProperty method 1070 are illustrated. In step 1071, the property text string is translated; alternatively, the property is referenced directly by passing a handle (i.e., integer or word value). At steps 1072-1073, the property is updated for the property value passed (e.g., by a CASE statement construct). If the property is not acted upon, it may be passed up the object's inheritance chain for action by an ancestor object, at step 1074. In this fashion, the values collected from the various property panes are used by the method to set the properties within the object.

While the foregoing outlines the general steps or framework for setProperty, the method is in fact defined as a virtual method. Thus, each class of objects may assume responsibility for setting its own properties. For an Annotate object (i.e., screen objects found in Graph windows), for example, an exemplary setProperty method may be constructed as follows:

__________________________________________________________________________BOOL Annotate::setProperty ( LPSTR lpPropStr, LPSTR lpValueStr, PROPTYPEpt )WORD w;if ((w = info.propIndex (lpPropStr, pt)) < annoEndProps) { if (info.ppProps [w].getType( ) > prop.sub.-- Compound) switch (w) { case annoFrame: getFrame (GlobalFrameProp.x,GlobalFrameProp.y, GlobalFrameProp.w,GlobalFrameProp.h); break; } if ((info.ppProps [w].getProp( ))->stringToValue (lpValueStr,pt)) { BOOL f = TRUE; switch (w) { case annoFrame: setFrame (GlobalFrameProp.x,GlobalFrameProp.y, GlobalFrameProp.w,GlobalFrameProp.h); break; case annoHidden: if (GlobalYesNoProp.index) hide (TRUE); else show (TRUE); break; case annoShow: if (GlobalYesNoProp.index) show (TRUE); else hide (TRUE); break; case annoId; if (pCW && pCW->infoPtr( )->objType = =ot.sub.-- Dialog) f = ((DialView*)pCW->getContentView( ))->setIdx (this, GlobalWordProp.w); else idx = GlobalWordProp.w; break; case annoAttach: flags.nochild = !GlobalYesNoProp.index; break; case annoPosition: *(WORD *)&flags = (*(WORD *)&flags & .about.(vfPOSITION .linevert split. vfLEFTREL .linevert split.vfTOPREL .linevert split. vfRIGHTREL .linevert split. vfBOTTOMREL .linevert split. vfTOPTYPE .linevert split. vfRIGHTTYPE )) .linevert split.GlobalPositionProp.flags; flags.bottomType = flags.topType; flags.leftType = flags.rightType; break; } if (f) callConnection (lpPropStr, lpValueStr, pt); return f; } else return FALSE;}else return Tracker::setProperty (lpPropStr, lpValueStr, pt);}__________________________________________________________________________ As shown, the override method processes properties specific for Annotate (e.g., change frame, ID, position, and the like). In the event that a property is not identified, the property is passed up the inheritance chain for appropriate processing (by a parent's setProperty method). In this manner, an individual object (e.g., an Annotate object) in the system is designed to know how to get (getProperty) and set (setProperty) its own properties.

After the update of step 1056, the method 1050 concludes. At this point, the system is ready for another inspection. Alternatively, the user may undertake other activities, as desired.

In parent application No. 07/866,658, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,895, is a microfiche Appendix A containing C++ source code listings, which provide a description of the invention suitable for use in a general purpose digital computer system, such as an IBM-compatible personal computer. A suitable compiler for compiling and linking C++ code is available from Borland International.

While the invention is described in some detail with specific reference to a single preferred embodiment and certain alternatives, there is no intent to limit the invention to that particular embodiment or those specific alternatives. For example, the property inspection of the present invention has been illustrated with mouse devices. Those skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that other input devices, including trackballs, joysticks, light pens, and the like, may be employed. Moreover, the present invention may be advantageously implemented in a variety of UI platforms other than Windows, including Macintosh, X-Windows, Motif, NextStep, OS/2, and the like. Thus, the true scope of the present invention is not limited to any one of the foregoing exemplary embodiments but is instead defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. In a computer system having a three-dimensional spreadsheet, said three-dimensional spreadsheet comprising a plurality of information cells arranged in a three-dimensional matrix, said information cells storing user-supplied data and formulas operative on said user-supplied data, each said information cell being uniquely identified by a three-dimensional cell address comprising three-dimensional coordinates, wherein at least one cell stores a formula having a cell address for referencing information stored by another cell, an improved method for creating a formula with cell references to information cells in said three-dimensional spreadsheet, the method comprising:

(a) dividing said three-dimensional matrix of information cells into a plurality of two-dimensional matrices, each of said two-dimensional matrices being represented on a display device as a page array of information cells, wherein cell references between cells on one page array are formed by specifying horizontal and vertical coordinates, and cell references between cells on different page arrays are formed by specifying horizontal, vertical, and page coordinates;

(b) displaying with each said page array of information cells a tab identifier, so that each tab identifier of a particular page array displays the page coordinate for that particular page array;

(c) receiving as input from a user a descriptive name for naming a page array;

(d) in response to step (c), assigning said descriptive name to the page coordinate for the named page array; and

(e) creating a formula having at least one cell reference to a cell on said named page array from a cell on a different page array, so that said at least one cell reference includes said descriptive name as the page coordinate for said named page array.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said displaying step includes:

displaying each tab identifier along a horizontal side of said plurality of two-dimensional matrices.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said displaying step includes:

displaying each tab identifier along a bottom side of said plurality of two-dimensional matrices.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said descriptive name includes at least one user-settable identifying character.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said descriptive name initially is set by said system to a default character.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein a particular formula stored on said second spreadsheet page includes a cell reference to a cell on said first spreadsheet page, and wherein said method further comprises the step, performed by said system in response to changing said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said first spreadsheet page to a user-supplied page name label, of changing the page identifier for the cell reference of said particular formula to said user-supplied page name label.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said formula stores said cell reference to the cell on said different spreadsheet page with a general format of: ##STR2##

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

receiving user input for selecting one of said plurality of said two-dimensional matrices; and

indicating to the user a currently-selected two-dimensional matrix by displaying the notebook tab for the two-dimensional matrix with a different appearance than notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step, performed by said system in response to user input, of grouping together desired ones of said two-dimensional matrices, so that a spreadsheet operation in any one two-dimensional matrix of the group propagates to other two-dimensional matrices of the group.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said grouping step comprises:

receiving user input for selecting a two-dimensional matrix;

receiving user input for selecting a second two-dimensional matrix, the user input defining a selection of two-dimensional matrices spanning from said first selected two-dimensional matrix to said second selected two-dimensional matrix;

receiving user input for instructing the system to group together two-dimensional matrices; and

grouping together all two-dimensional matrices spanning from said first selected two-dimensional matrix to said second selected two-dimensional matrix.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said receiving user input for selecting a first two-dimensional matrix comprises receiving user input for selecting the notebook tab for said first selected two-dimensional matrix.

12. In an electronic spreadsheet system for storing and manipulating information, a computer-implemented method of representing a three-dimensional spreadsheet on a screen display, the method comprising:

displaying on said screen display a first spreadsheet page from a plurality of spreadsheet pages, each of said spreadsheet pages comprising an array of information cells arranged in row and column format, at least some of said information cells storing user-supplied information and formulas operative on said user-supplied information, each of said information cells being uniquely identified by a spreadsheet page identifier, a column identifier, and a row identifier;

while displaying said first spreadsheet page, displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page, each said spreadsheet page identifier being displayed as an image of a notebook tab on said screen display and indicating a single respective spreadsheet page, wherein at least one spreadsheet page identifier of said displayed row of spreadsheet page identifiers comprises at least one user-settable identifying character;

receiving user input for requesting display of a second spreadsheet page in response to selection with an input device of a spreadsheet page identifier for said second spreadsheet page;

in response to said receiving user input step, displaying said second spreadsheet page on said screen display in a manner so as to obscure said first spreadsheet page from display while continuing to display at least a portion of said row of spreadsheet page identifiers; and

receiving user input for entering a formula in a cell on said second spreadsheet page, said formula including a cell reference to a particular cell on another of said spreadsheet pages having a particular spreadsheet page identifier comprising at least one user-supplied identifying character, said cell reference comprising said at least one user-supplied identifying character for said particular spreadsheet page identifier together with said column identifier and said row identifier for said particular cell.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page step includes:

displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a horizontal side of said first spreadsheet page.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page step includes:

displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a bottom side of said first spreadsheet page.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein said at least one user-settable identifying character for said first spreadsheet page is initially set by said system to a default name.

16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step, performed by said computer system in response to receiving user input, of changing said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said first spreadsheet page to a user-supplied page name label describing contents of said first spreadsheet page.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein a particular formula stored on said second spreadsheet page includes a cell reference to a cell on said first spreadsheet page, and wherein said method further comprises the step, performed by said system in response to changing said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said first spreadsheet page to a user-supplied page name label, of changing the page identifier for the cell reference of said particular formula to said user-supplied page name label.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said particular formula stores said cell reference to the cell on said first spreadsheet page with a general format of: ##STR3##

19. The method of claim 12, further comprising:

receiving user input for selecting one of said plurality of spreadsheet pages; and

indicating to the user a currently-selected spreadsheet page by displaying the notebook tab for said selected spreadsheet page with a different appearance than notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said indicating step includes displaying said notebook tab of said selected spreadsheet page as an extension of said selected spreadsheet page and displaying notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages as if extending out from under said selected spreadsheet page.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein said indicating step includes displaying said notebook tab of said selected spreadsheet page with a first screen background color and displaying said notebook tabs of others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages with a second screen background color.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein said first screen background color is white, and wherein said second screen background color is gray.

23. The method of claim 12, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers step includes displaying, at any given time, only spreadsheet page identifiers for some of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:

receiving user input for displaying a particular spreadsheet page identifier which is not currently displayed and, thereupon, displaying said particular spreadsheet page identifier.

25. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step, performed by said system in response to user input, of modifying values displayed in cells in said second spreadsheet page when displaying said second spreadsheet page.

26. The method of claim 12, further comprising the step, performed by said system in response to user input, of grouping together desired ones of said spreadsheet pages, so that a spreadsheet operation in any one spreadsheet page of the group propagates to other spreadsheet pages of the group.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein said grouping step comprises:

receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page;

receiving user input for selecting a second spreadsheet page, the user input defining a selection of spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page;

receiving user input for instructing the system to group together spreadsheet pages; and

grouping together all spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein said receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page comprises receiving user input for selecting the notebook tab for said first selected spreadsheet page.

29. An electronic spreadsheet system for storing and manipulating information comprising:

a computer having a processor and a memory, said memory storing said information in a three-dimensional spreadsheet;

a screen display for presenting said three-dimensional spreadsheet as a plurality of spreadsheet pages, each of said spreadsheet pages comprising an array of information cells arranged in row and column format, at least some of said information cells storing user-supplied information, each of said information cells being uniquely identified by a spreadsheet page identifier, a column identifier and a row identifier;

a storage device for storing said plurality of spreadsheet pages;

means for displaying a first spreadsheet page on said screen device and simultaneously displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page, each said spreadsheet page identifier being displayed as an image of a notebook tab on said screen display and indicating a single respective spreadsheet page, wherein at least one spreadsheet page identifier of said displayed row of spreadsheet page identifiers comprises at least one user-settable identifying character;

a first input means for receiving user input for requesting display of a second spreadsheet page in response to selection with said first input means of a spreadsheet page identifier for said second spreadsheet page;

means, responsive to said first input means, for displaying said second spreadsheet page on said screen display in a manner so as to obscure said first spreadsheet page from display while continuing to display at least a portion of said row of spreadsheet page identifiers; and

a second input means for receiving user input for entering a formula in a cell on said second spreadsheet page, said formula including a cell reference to a particular cell on another of said spreadsheet pages having a particular spreadsheet page identifier comprising at least one user-supplied identifying character, said cell reference comprising said at least one user-supplied identifying character for said particular spreadsheet page identifier together with said column identifier and said row identifier for said particular cell.

30. The system of claim 29, wherein said means for displaying a first spreadsheet page on said screen device and simultaneously displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page includes:

means for displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a horizontal side of said first spreadsheet page.

31. The system of claim 29, wherein said means for displaying a first spreadsheet page on said screen device and simultaneously displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page includes:

means for displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a bottom side of said first spreadsheet page.

32. The system of claim 29, wherein said at least one user-settable identifying character for said first spreadsheet page is initially set by said system to a default name.

33. The system of claim 29, further comprising:

means, responsive to user input, for changing said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said first spreadsheet page to a user-supplied page name label describing contents of said first spreadsheet page.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein a particular formula stored on said second spreadsheet page includes a cell reference to a cell on said first spreadsheet page, and wherein said system further comprises:

means, responsive to changes of said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said first spreadsheet page to a user-supplied page name label, for changing the page identifier for the cell reference of said particular formula to said user-supplied page name label.

35. The system of claim 34, wherein said particular formula stores in said memory said cell reference to the cell on said first spreadsheet page with a general format of: ##STR4##

36. The system of claim 29, further comprising:

means for receiving user input for selecting one of said plurality of spreadsheet pages; and

means for indicating to the user a currently-selected spreadsheet page, said indicating means including means for displaying the notebook tab for said selected spreadsheet page with a different appearance than notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

37. The system of claim 36, wherein said indicating means includes:

means for displaying said notebook tab of said selected spreadsheet page as an extension of said selected spreadsheet page; and

means for displaying notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages as if extending out from under said selected spreadsheet page.

38. The system of claim 36, wherein said indicating means includes:

means for displaying said notebook tab of said selected spreadsheet page with a first screen background color; and

means for displaying said notebook tabs of others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages with a second screen background color.

39. The system of claim 38, wherein said first screen background color is white, and wherein said second screen background color is gray.

40. The system of claim 29, wherein said means for displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers includes:

means for displaying, at any given time, only spreadsheet page identifiers for some of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

41. The system of claim 40, further comprising:

means for receiving user input for displaying on said screen display a particular spreadsheet page identifier which is not currently displayed; and

means, responsive to said means for receiving user input for displaying a particular spreadsheet page identifier which is not currently displayed, for displaying said particular spreadsheet page identifier.

42. The system of claim 29, further comprising:

means, responsive to user input, for modifying values displayed in cells in said second spreadsheet page while displaying on said screen display said second spreadsheet page.

43. The method of claim 29, further comprising:

means, responsive to user input, for grouping together desired ones of said spreadsheet pages, so that a spreadsheet operation in any one spreadsheet page of the group propagates to other spreadsheet pages of the group.

44. The system of claim 43, wherein said grouping means comprises:

means for receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page;

means for receiving user input for selecting a second spreadsheet page, the user input defining a selection of spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page;

means for receiving user input for instructing the system to group together spreadsheet pages; and

means for grouping together all spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page.

45. The system of claim 44, wherein said means for receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page comprises:

means for receiving user input for selecting the notebook tab for said first selected spreadsheet page.

46. In an electronic spreadsheet system for storing and manipulating information, a computer-implemented method of representing a three-dimensional spreadsheet on a screen display, the method comprising:

displaying on said screen display a first spreadsheet page from a plurality of spreadsheet pages, each of said spreadsheet pages comprising an array of information cells arranged in row and column format, at least some of said information cells storing user-supplied information and formulas operative on said user-supplied information, each of said information cells being uniquely identified by a spreadsheet page identifier, a column identifier, and a row identifier;

while displaying said first spreadsheet page, displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page, each .said spreadsheet page identifier being displayed as an image of a notebook tab on said screen display and indicating a single respective spreadsheet page, wherein at least one spreadsheet page identifier of said displayed row of spreadsheet page identifiers comprises at least one user-settable identifying character;

in response to first user input for selecting a spreadsheet page identifier for a second spreadsheet page, displaying said second spreadsheet page on said screen display in a manner so as to obscure said first spreadsheet page from display while continuing to display at least a portion of said row of spreadsheet page identifiers;

in response to second user input for entering a formula in a cell on said second spreadsheet page, said formula including a cell reference to a particular cell on another of said spreadsheet pages having a particular spreadsheet page identifier comprising at least one user-supplied identifying character, creating a cell reference comprising said at least one user-supplied identifying character for said particular spreadsheet page identifier together with said column identifier and said row identifier for said particular cell;

in response to third user input for requesting a change in said at least one user-supplied identifying character for said particular spreadsheet page identifier, (a) changing said at least one user-settable identifying character for the spreadsheet page identifier of said particular spreadsheet page, and (b) changing the page identifier for the cell reference of said particular formula to said at least one user-supplied identifying character, so changed; and

in response to fourth user input for grouping together desired ones of said spreadsheet pages, grouping together said desired ones of said spreadsheet pages so that a subsequent spreadsheet operation in any one spreadsheet page of the group propagates to other spreadsheet pages of the group.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page step includes:

displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a horizontal side of said first spreadsheet page.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers along one side of said first spreadsheet page step includes:

displaying said row of spreadsheet page identifiers along a bottom side of said first spreadsheet page.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein said at least one user-settable identifying character for said first spreadsheet page is initially set by said system to a default name.

50. The method of claim 46, wherein said particular formula stores said cell reference to the cell on said particular spreadsheet page with a general format of: ##STR5##

51. The method of claim 46, further comprising:

receiving user input for selecting one of said plurality of spreadsheet pages; and

indicating to the user a currently-selected spreadsheet page by displaying the notebook tab for said selected spreadsheet page with a difference appearance than notebook tabs for others of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

52. The method of claim 46, wherein said displaying a row of spreadsheet page identifiers step includes displaying, at any given time, only spreadsheet page identifiers for some of said plurality of spreadsheet pages.

53. The method of claim 52, further comprising:

receiving user input for displaying a particular spreadsheet page identifier which is not currently displayed and, thereupon, displaying said particular spreadsheet page identifier.

54. The method of claim 46, further comprising the step, performed by said system in response to user input, of modifying values displayed in cells in said second spreadsheet page when displaying said second spreadsheet page.

55. The method of claim 46, wherein said grouping step comprises:

receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page;

receiving user input for selecting a second spreadsheet page, the user input defining a selection of spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page;

receiving user input for instructing the system to group together spreadsheet pages; and

grouping together all spreadsheet pages spanning from said first selected spreadsheet page to said second selected spreadsheet page.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein said receiving user input for selecting a first spreadsheet page comprises receiving user input for selecting the notebook tab for said first selected spreadsheet page.