Patent Application
20230054776
The present invention relates to a system and medical device for safely performing minimally invasive percutaneous procedures. More specifically, it relates to a system and medical device to access internal organs, tissues and cavities without the risk of fluid and/or gas loss. In particular, it provides devices and methods of using these devices to prevent or reduce the risk of pneumothorax or haemothorax during procedures requiring transthoracic needle access. Also contemplated are methods of delivering a tissue apposing viscoelastic hydrogel plug to a target depth in a body organ, tissue or space.
A number of surgical procedures require puncturing an instrument through the body to gain access to a target treatment region, such as puncturing the thoracic wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity. The most common example is transthoracic needle lung biopsy where a special needle is used to obtain a sample of tissue from a suspected cancerous tissue mass. This procedure, which is presented schematically in
Methods to prevent pneumothorax are of great interest because of the concomitant morbidity and hospital expenditures. Numerous attempts have been described in scientific literature and have focussed on plugging the biopsy needle tract with an adhesive or plug as the biopsy needle is being withdrawn. A number of different substances have been injected with this purpose including gelatine sponge slurry, fibrin adhesive, autologous blood, supernatant serum and autologous blood mixture, and collagen foam. These efforts have proven ineffective and have not been widely adopted. Their lack of efficacy may be as a result of the physical properties of the substances injected and the lack of control over their injected location. Additional references which may be suitable for lung sealing are outlined in US6,592,608B2 and US6,790,185B1. This technology is commercially available as the Biosentry™ device from Surgical Specialties Corp (MA, USA www.biosentrysystem.com). Other publications relevant to lung and tissue sealing include US2016120528A, US2006025815A, US2013338636A, US2006009801A, US6770070B, US2017232138A, US2002032463A, and US2009136589A.
There is a need in the art to provide a medical device, system and method which helps overcome at least one of the above-referenced problems. These challenges will be addressed by the devices, systems and methods disclosed herein.
The present invention provides a device and methods for sealing a channel in tissue created during a minimally invasive procedure including minimally invasive percutaneous needle access and keyhole surgery. The invention may provide a device and methods for sealing a channel in tissue during procedures requiring percutaneous needle access of body tissues for diagnosis or treatment. The present invention may address the need for a device and method for reducing the risk of fluid and/or gas leak during procedures requiring percutaneous needle access, including needle biopsy, tissue localisation, fiducial marker placement and ablation procedures including microwave, radiofrequency and cryo-ablation, Particular organs of interest prone to fluid and air leak include the lung, the liver and the kidney. The present invention may address the need for a device and method for reducing the risk of bleeding during liver and kidney access for diagnosis and/or treatment. The present invention may address the need for preventing or reducing the risk of pneumothorax and haemothorax during transthoracic needle access procedures.
Optionally in any aspect, the methods involve delivering an injectable viscoelastic shear-thinning hydrogel to a target location in the lung tissue just distal of the visceral pleura. The physical properties of the viscoelastic hydrogel prevent it from infiltrating the lung tissue and instead the hydrogel pushes the tissue away from the delivery needle, forming a closed annular sealing plug which embraces the delivery needle close to or abutting the visceral pleura within the lung. The hydrogel plug is generally annular when delivered but can have other shapes, depending on the shape, number and positioning of the hydrogel outlets on the needle. The use of a hydrogel outlet on the side of the needle is desirable for achieving the annular sealing plug. Shear thinning viscoelastic hydrogels have been found to be ideal for this purpose when they exhibit the required stiffness after needle delivery to avoid tissue infiltration. A coaxial cannula may then be advanced along the delivery needle and through the sealing plug so that the sealing plug forms an airtight seal against the coaxial cannula. A lung biopsy needle may then be passed through the coaxial cannula and a biopsy taken of a suspected lesion without any leakage of air from the lung. Upon withdrawal of the coaxial cannula from the lung, the viscoelasticity of the sealing plug causes it to quickly fill the tract left by withdrawal of the cannula and press against the visceral pleura sealing the hole in the pleura.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for sealing a channel in tissue (for example a channel created during a minimally invasive percutaneous procedure) comprising:
In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G') of at least 400 Pa in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a tan δ (G"/G′) from 0.1 to 0.8 in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is configured to exhibit an in-vivo residence time of at least 1, 2 or 3 weeks. This enables the gel to persist in tissue, while the tissue needle tract in the tissue heals. Generally, one week is sufficient, but at least two weeks in-vivo residence time is preferred. Hydrogels formed from, or comprising, crosslinked polymers help with in-vivo residence time. For example, by creating a composite hydrogel containing 4-5% non-crosslinked hyaluronic acid and crosslinked gelatin particles (crosslinked by dehyrothermal treatment) an in-vivo residence time of at least two weeks in a lung needle biopsy tract was achieved.
The injectable viscoelastic hydrogel (hereafter “viscoelastic hydrogel” or “hydrogel” or “gel”) is generally a tissue apposing hydrogel of sufficient properties that limits its infiltration of tissue so that it pushes the tissue away. In this way the hydrogel can create its own discrete space inside a tissue or organ. To achieve this the properties must be present on entering the target injection site. Typically, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of at least 400 Pa (e.g. 800-6000 Pa), and a tan δ (G"/G′) from 0.1 to 0.8 in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
For improved tissue opposing properties and to form a uniform plug surrounding the needle, it is also preferable that the viscoelastic hydrogel portrays an axial compressive stiffness of equal to or greater than lung parenchymal tissue, as measured using an axial compression testing machine, for example by using a Zwick universal testing machine with a 5N load cell at a strain rate of 3 mm/min. The viscoelastic hydrogel should preferably have a compressive modulus of greater than 200 Pa, preferably greater than 400 Pa, and more preferably greater than 800 Pa.
Optionally in any embodiment, the injectable viscoelastic hydrogel is a shear thinning gel. For example, the viscoelastic hydrogel may be configured to have a low viscosity under higher shear stress or shear rates (i.e. during injection through a needle), and a higher viscosity (under lower shear stresses or shear rates) after removal of shear stress (i.e. once delivered to a target location in the body. This enables these materials to create a singular hydrogel plug at the site of delivery. Materials which possess these properties are outlined in the review articles ‘Shear-thinning hydrogels for biomedical applications’, Soft Matter, (2012) 8, 260, ‘Injectable matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering’ Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2007) 59, 263-272, and ‘Recent development and biomedical applications of self-healing hydrogels’ Expert Opin Drug Deliv (2017) 23: 1-15. Typically, the shear thinning viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of less than 200 Pa, preferably less than 100 Pa in dynamic viscoelasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz and 100% strain.
Optionally, in any embodiment, the hydrogel is self-healing. This refers to the hydrogel’s ability to spontaneously form new bonds between molecules when old bonds are broken within the material.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 2-6% hydrogel forming polymer (w/v). This concentration has been found to be ideal to allow injectability through a lung needle and provide tissue apposition properties, especially when the polymer is hyaluronan.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel forming polymer is a glycosaminoglycan. Optionally in any embodiment the glycosaminoglycan is a hyaluronan or a salt thereof.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hyaluronan is a high molecular weight hyaluronan with a molecular weight in excess of 1000 kDa (1 MDa).
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is not crosslinked.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is crosslinked.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a colloidal hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel is formed by hydrating biocompatible polymer particles which are preferably insoluble in biological fluid. Optionally in any embodiment, the degradation period of the polymer particles is preferably less than 1 year, more preferably less than 6 months, and more preferably less than 2 months. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel is comprised of a polymer of biological origin, for example gelatin, collagen, fibrin or hyaluronic acid. Optionally in any embodiment, the polymer is crosslinked. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel comprises about 0.2-30%, 15-28%, or 20-27% hydrogel forming polymer (w/v). Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of greater than 400 Pa, more preferably greater than 800 Pa, more preferably greater than 1000 Pa in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a multi-phase, for example a biphasic hydrogel, comprised of a colloidal hydrogel dispersed in a continuous phase hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the continuous phase hydrogel may be formed by a hyaluronan hydrogel, and may be present at a concentration of 1-6%, preferably 2-5%. Optionally in any embodiment the hyaluronan hydrogel may be non-crosslinked or lightly crosslinked. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel may be present at concentrations of 0.2 to 30%, 8 to 20%, 8 to 15%, 8 to 12%, or about 10% hydrogel forming polymer (w/v). Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel is formed from hydrated polymer particles of <100 µm in average particle size (for example 5-99, 20-80, or 30-80 microns. Optionally in any embodiment the colloidal hydrogel is insoluble in aqueous solution. Optionally in any embodiment the colloidal hydrogel is formed from crosslinked polymer particles. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel is a gelatin hydrogel comprising dehydrothermally (DHT) crosslinked gelatin powders having an average particle size (D50) of about 10-100, 20-50 or 30-40 microns. Optionally in any embodiment, the biphasic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of greater than 400 Pa, more preferably greater than 800 Pa, more preferably greater than 1000 Pa, and a tan δ (G”/G′) from 0.1 to 0.6 in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C. Optionally in any embodiment, the biphasic hydrogel portrays an axial compressive stiffness of equal to or greater than lung parenchymal tissue, as measured using an axial compression testing machine
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is de-aerated which means it has been removed of air and/or gas or in other words de-gassed.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel comprises a therapeutic agent.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is biodegradable.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is comprised of 2-6%, preferably 3-5% high molecular weight hyaluronan (w/v). Optionally in any embodiment, the hyaluronan hydrogel may be combined with 0.2 to 30% colloidal hydrogel to form a biphasic hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the colloidal hydrogel may be comprised of hydrogel forming polymer particles. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel forming polymer particles are gelatin particles, collagen particles or hyaluronan particles.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel described herein may be provided in separate components, for example in multiple syringes and the means can be provided to allow mixing of the components prior to injection through the syringe.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and methods described herein include an initial step of providing the viscoelastic hydrogel as a dehydrated or semi-dehydrated powder, and reconstitution of the powder in a suitable fluid to form the viscoelastic hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a microporous hydrogel which can be described as hydrogels with interconnected pores that can mechanically collapse and recover reversibly. When the hydrogel is delivered via injection with a needle and syringe, water is squeezed out from the pores, which causes the hydrogel to collapse, allowing it to pass through the needle. Once the hydrogel has left the needle and the mechanical constraint imposed by the needle walls is removed, the hydrogel can recover its original shape almost immediately in the body. These hydrogels generally behave like a foam and can be reversibly compressed at up to 90% strain without any permanent damage to the network.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is provided in a syringe configured for fluidic connection to a proximal end of the hydrogel delivery needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the syringe comprises 200 µL to 5000 µL of viscoelastic hydrogel, 200 µL to 2000 µL of viscoelastic hydrogel, or 200 µL to 1000 µL of viscoelastic hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle diameter can range from 10-24 gauge, preferably from 16-20 gauge. This is the typical needle size range for lung diagnostic procedures. Larger delivery needles (10-16 gauge) may be employed for other procedures including therapeutic procedures such as lung, live and kidney ablation. Smaller needles greater than 20 gauge or larger than 10 gauge may be used for other medical procedures.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel outlet is spaced proximal to the piercing tip of the needle. The position of the hydrogel outlet on a side of the needle enables formation of a closed annular sealing plug around the needle, and the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel allow the annular sealing plug to re-shape upon removal of the device whereby the hole in the middle of the sealing plug is filled in. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel outlet is spaced from preferably 1 to 15 mm or more preferably 3-8 mm, from a piercing tip of the needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a plurality of hydrogel outlets disposed on a side of the needle. The hydrogel outlets may be disposed in a radial fashion around the circumference of the needle. The hydrogel outlets may be circular in profile, in which case their size can range from 0.3-1.5 mm in diameter depending on the diameter of the hydrogel delivery needle. The hydrogel outlets may also take non-circular and elongated profiles.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel outlet consists of a radiolucent region on the delivery needle where sufficient material has been removed through cutting or erosion process to provide a contrast in radiopacity between the delivery needle and the hydrogel outlet.
Optionally in any embodiment, the coaxial cannula consists of an aperture proximal to its distal tip. This aperture may form a radiolucent region on the coaxial cannula by removing sufficient material about the circumference of the cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, radiolucent regions of both the delivery needle and coaxial cannula are aligned when the delivery needle and cannula are engaged. This will provide a marking function about this radiolucent region during radiographic guidance and allows the viscoelastic hydrogel to be injected at this location.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel outlet and coaxial cannula aperture may be created using a laser cut profile or pattern which removes a portion of material from the delivery needle wall to create a pathway through which the hydrogel material can flow to the intended target. Removal of a significant amount of material will provide radiolucency to this portion of the device and will provide visual feedback on the position of the hydrogel outlet under CT guidance or other imaging modality. The radiolucency (less radiopaque) is achieved by removal of a significant amount of material from the needle walls using the laser cut pattern without affecting the structural integrity of the needle. Laser cut profiles comprising circumferential triangles and similar structures to those employed in coronary stents can be employed to maintain structural stability. Alternative material eroding technology may also be employed to create the cut pattern.
Optionally in any embodiment, the medical device comprises an adjustable positioning mechanism configured to limit the advancement depth of the hydrogel delivery needle through the coaxial cannula as indicated by a measurement scale forming part of the medical device, and typically forming part of the positioning mechanism.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism comprises a fixed housing attached to the hydrogel delivery needle, a movable hub mounted to the needle for axial movement along the hydrogel delivery needle relative to the fixed housing and having a distal-most face configured to abut a proximal face of the coaxial cannula luer lock.
Optionally in any embodiment, the graduation scale is provided with the adjustable positioning mechanism and is configured to indicate an injection depth P of the hydrogel outlet, and whereby the hydrogel outlet is positioned a distance P+X distal to the distal-most tip of the coaxial cannula when the distal-most face of the positioning mechanism fully abuts the proximal face of the coaxial cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism comprises a cannula depth guide configured to indicate an insertion depth of the coaxial cannula relative to the delivery needle at which insertion depth the distal-most end of the cannula is advanced over the delivery needle by a distance Y to cover the hydrogel outlet, wherein the positioning mechanism is configured such that adjustment of the positioning mechanism to define a predetermined insertion depth of the hydrogel outlet P+X proportionally adjusts the predetermined cannula insertion depth Y indicated by the cannula depth guide.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide comprises an arm that is axially coupled to the fixed housing of the positioning mechanism for movement therewith and that extends distally of the movable hub.
Optionally in any embodiment, a visible mark is provided on the delivery needle proximally to the piercing tip, where the distance between the visible mark and the tip (distance denoted as H) is equal to the length of the coaxial cannula (length of coaxial cannula = H). This visible mark may be used to indicate when the distal end of the coaxial cannula is adjacent to the piercing tip when the delivery needle is inserted through the lumen of the coaxial cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system further comprises a core needle with penetrating distal tip configured for insertion through the inner lumen of the coaxial cannula and attachment to the coaxial cannula luer lock.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system further comprises a syringe configured for fluidic connection to the hydrogel delivery needle, and in which the viscoelastic hydrogel is provided in the syringe.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a medical device suitable for delivering a substance to a target location within tissue comprising a coaxial cannula having a lumen and a hydrogel delivery needle configured for advancement through the lumen of the coaxial cannula, the hydrogel delivery needle comprising a distal piercing tip, a hydrogel outlet, and a positioning mechanism associated with the hydrogel delivery needle that is axially adjustable to define a predetermined insertion depth of the needle outlet relative to distal most end of the coaxial cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism may be retro-fitted to the hydrogel delivery needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the medical device is provided with a measurement device including a measurement scale configured to provide a means of determining the insertion depth of the needle outlet relative to the distal-most end of the coaxial cannula. The measurement device can include a ruler, scale, callipers, micrometre or other mechanical or digital measurement mechanism.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism comprises a fixed housing attached to the hydrogel delivery needle, a movable hub mounted to the fixed housing for axial movement along the axis of the needle and fixed housing and having a distal-most end configured to abut a proximal end of the coaxial cannula, wherein the fixed housing is configured to cooperate with the movable hub for relative axial movement to define the predetermined needle adjustment depth.
Optionally in any embodiment, the fixed housing and/or movable hub comprise a measurement scale and graduations configured to allow the user adjust the predetermined needle insertion depth. A micrometer scale or Vernier scale may be employed with the positioning mechanism with one element of the scale provided to the fixed housing and the second element of the scale provided to the movable hub.
Optionally in any embodiment, the fixed housing and movable hub are coaxially coupled together, typically in a threaded engagement.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism includes a locking screw (mechanism) operable to lock the fixed housing and movable hub together.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism is associated with a proximal end of the delivery needle and is axially adjustable to define a predetermined insertion depth of the delivery needle outlet relative to the coaxial cannula at which insertion depth the hydrogel outlet is spaced a predetermined distance from a distal-most end of the coaxial cannula, wherein the positioning mechanism comprises a cannula depth guide configured to indicate an insertion depth of the cannula relative to the needle at which insertion depth the distal-most end of the cannula is advanced over the needle by a predetermined distance to cover the hydrogel outlet, wherein the positioning mechanism is configured such that adjustment of the positioning mechanism to define a predetermined insertion depth of the needle proportionally adjusts the predetermined cannula insertion depth and is indicated by the cannula depth guide.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide comprises an arm that is attached to the fixed housing of the positioning mechanism for movement therewith and that extends distally of the movable hub.
Optionally in any embodiment, a length of the arm distal of the movable hub is preferably equal to the cannula insertion depth.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide is configured to act as a guide for distal axial movement of the cannula over the delivery needle when the predetermined cannula insertion depth has been reached.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide comprises an axially adjustable cannula extension member having a distal-most end that abuts the proximal end of the cannula and a proximal end that extends proximally of the movable hub of the positioning mechanism, whereby distal movement of the cannula extension member effects distal movement of the cannula over the needle. The positioning mechanism is configured such that when the fixed housing and movable hub are adjusted to define the predetermined needle insertion depth, the distance between the proximal end of the movable hub of the positioning mechanism and the proximal end of the cannula depth guide is preferably equal to the predetermined cannula insertion depth. The cannula extension member is coaxially mounted on the needle for axial movement relative to the needle and includes an elongated slot to accommodate coupling between the fixed housing and movable hub of the positioning mechanism.
Optionally, in any aspect, the invention employs imaging, for example a CT (computed tomography) scan, to correctly position the hydrogel delivery needle to deliver hydrogel just distal of the surface of the lung (the visceral pleura). A coaxial cannula may be inserted into the intercostal muscle of the chest wall with its distal-most end proximal of the parietal pleura. After the core of the coaxial cannula has been removed, an image may be taken which provides a distance P from the distal-most end of the cannula to the surface of the lung (or the pleural cavity). A hydrogel delivery needle having an adjustable depth positioning mechanism may then, prior to insertion into the cannula, be adjusted so that when fully advanced through the cannula the hydrogel outlet will be spaced a distance P+X from the distal-most end of the cannula, where the distance X is a predetermined distance within the lung tissue distal to the surface of the lung (the visceral pleura). The hydrogel delivery needle is then fully advanced through the cannula and hydrogel is delivered at the target location forming a closed annular seal around the needle. The coaxial cannula may then be advanced along the needle and through the seal with the cannula preferably covering the hydrogel outlet in the advanced position. The position mechanism of the hydrogel delivery needle may have a cannula depth guide to help a user advance the cannula over the needle such that it covers the hydrogel outlet by advancing the cannula a distance Y which is greater than P+X. The positioning mechanism may be configured so that its adjustment to correctly position the needle during advancement of the needle through the cannula proportionally adjusts the cannula depth guide.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism is configured to position the hydrogel outlet on the needle a distance (P+X) of preferably 3 to 30 mm or more preferably 5 to 20 mm from the distal-most end of the cannula when the needle is fully advanced into the cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the device comprises a cannula depth lock configured to fix the axial position of the coaxial cannula relative to the patient. The cannula depth lock can be positioned adjacent to the patient’s skin and may be fixed to the patient’s skin using skin adhesive. The coaxial cannula can be inserted through the cannula depth lock and the cannula depth lock can be locked to the cannula by a tightening screw, collet or other means, which fixes the coaxial needle preventing it from being inserted any further into the patient.
Optionally in any embodiment, the device comprises a locking arm configured for coupling the cannula depth lock to the delivery device to fix the axial position of the delivery device relative to the patient. The locking arm may be attached to any part of the positioning mechanism, and may be removable.
Optionally in any embodiment, the proximal end of the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a luer lock configured for attachment to a substance delivery device, for example a pump or syringe containing a reservoir holding the substance such as a hydrogel.
In another aspect, there is provided a system comprising a medical device according to the invention and a core biopsy needle configured for advancement through the coaxial cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system comprises a core needle configured for advancement through the coaxial cannula and for use in generating a biopsy track through tissue. The core needle is typically comprised of a single elongated rod with a piercing tip and comprises a male luer lock attached at its proximal end. The male luer lock is configured to attach to the female luer lock of the coaxial cannula. When the male and female luer locks are attached, the piercing tip of the core needle extends from the distal most tip of the coaxial cannula, typically by a distance of 1-6 mm.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system comprises a viscoelastic hydrogel (for example, a viscoelastic hydrogel of the invention) suitable for injection through the hydrogel delivery needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a shear thinning hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a hyaluronan hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of greater than 400 Pa, more preferably greater than 800 Pa, more preferably greater than 1000 Pa, and a tan δ (G"/G′) from 0.1 to 0.6 in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 3-6% hydrogel forming polymer (w/v).
The invention provides a method of delivering a viscoelastic hydrogel (for example, a viscoelastic hydrogel of the invention) to a target location in the lung of a patient adjacent the visceral pleura of the lung, the method comprising the steps of:
Optionally in any embodiment, the distance P is determined by measuring a distance from the distal-most end of the cannula to the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity can be defined by the interface between the lung and the chest wall. A predefined distance inside the lung X can be added to the measured distance P to target a known depth of injection inside the lung.
Optionally in any embodiment, the method may include an additional step of advancing the coaxial cannula distally over the hydrogel injection needle and through the sealing plug.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism may include a cannula depth guide configured to indicate a predetermined insertion depth of the cannula relative to the needle at which insertion depth the distal-most end of the cannula is advanced over the needle by a distance greater than X to cover the hydrogel outlet, in which the step of advancing the coaxial cannula distally over the hydrogel injection needle and through the sealing plug is guided by the cannula depth guide.
Optionally in any embodiment, the method may include an initial step of imaging the thoracic wall of the patient to determine a suitable depth for insertion of the coaxial cannula into the thoracic wall so that the needle resides between 1-15 mm from the parietal pleura.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is a viscoelastic hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a hydrogel outlet disposed on a side of the needle.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of performing a lung needle biopsy, comprising the steps of:
Optionally in any embodiment, after the removal of the hydrogel delivery needle and prior to advancement of the biopsy needle, the method includes the steps of insertion of a core needle into the coaxial cannula, advancement of the core needle and coaxial cannula to the biopsy site within the lung, and removal of the core needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, prior to removal of the hydrogel delivery needle, the method includes the steps of advancing the hydrogel delivery needle to the biopsy site within the lung, and then advancing the coaxial cannula over the hydrogel delivery needle to the biopsy site within the lung.
Optionally in any embodiment, the step of advancing the coaxial cannula distally over the hydrogel injection needle to the biopsy site in the lung is guided by the cannula depth guide.
Optionally in any aspect, the invention provides a method of performing a lung needle biopsy procedure comprising the steps of:
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of performing a lung nodule localisation procedure comprising the steps of:
In another aspect, the invention provides a method comprising delivery of a viscoelastic hydrogel (for example, a viscoelastic hydrogel of the invention) into a lung of a patient adjacent the visceral pleura of the lung to form a sealing plug wholly within the lung that abuts the visceral pleura.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a shear thinning hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a hyaluronan hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a high molecular weight hyaluronan hydrogel with a molecular weight in excess of 1000 kDa.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a hydrogel outlet disposed at the distal-most tip of the needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a hydrogel outlet disposed on a side of the needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle comprises a plurality of hydrogel outlets disposed on a side of the needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the sealing plug has a volume of 100 to 3000 µl of hydrogel, 100 to 1000 µl of hydrogel, or 200 to 900 µl of hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the methods of the invention involve delivering a volume of 100 to 3000 µl of hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the methods involve delivering a volume of 100 to 1000 µl of hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the methods involve delivering a volume of 200 to 900 µl of hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the methods involve delivering a volume of 200 to 500 µl of hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is delivered into the lung through a needle having a piercing tip and a hydrogel outlet disposed on a side of the needle spaced apart from piercing tip.
In another aspect, the invention provides a viscoelastic hydrogel (for example, a viscoelastic hydrogel of the invention) for use in forming a sealing plug in a lung of a patient to prevent pneumothorax during a lung needle biopsy procedure, in which the sealing plug is delivered to the lung adjacent and abutting a visceral pleura.
Optionally in any embodiment, the biopsy needle is passed through the sealing plug during the needle biopsy procedure.
Optionally in any embodiment, a coaxial cannula is passed through the sealing plug, and the biopsy needle is passed through the sealing plug via the coaxial needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the target location in the lung is located 0.2 to 6.0 mm distal of the visceral pleura.
Optionally in any embodiment the target location for delivery of the hydrogel material is into the pleural cavity. In this instance the hydrogel outlet will reside inside or across the pleural cavity.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle may have a hydrogel outlet at the tip of the needle as opposed to the side. It is also possible to have both a hydrogel outlet at the tip of the needle and/or on the side of the needle. The delivery device and system described herein may also provide an effective solution to prevent bleeding during procedures requiring minimally invasive percutaneous access to other organs such as the liver and kidney. These procedures may include diagnosis or treatment of part or all of these organs.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and viscoelastic hydrogel described herein can be used to separate tissue during a surgical procedure. This may be required to create a pathway through tissue for an instrument or to protect tissue from unwanted stimuli which as tumour ablation or radiotherapy. For this purpose a greater volume of viscoelastic hydrogel may be delivered, for example 1-25 ml.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and/or the viscoelastic hydrogel described herein can be used as to fill voids in tissue or organs.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and/or the viscoelastic hydrogel described herein can be employed in the prevention of adhesion between adjacent tissues and organs.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and/or viscoelastic hydrogel described herein can be employed as a drug delivery vehicle. The viscoelastic hydrogel may be loaded with a drug or any other substance having physiological activity which will slowly diffuse from the hydrogel after its implantation into the body and the diffusion rate can be conveniently controlled by changing the compositional parameters of the hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, the system and viscoelastic hydrogel described herein can be used as an embolic agent for occlusion of an artery or vein. The viscoelastic hydrogel can be deployed into an artery or vein to occlude the flow of blood, either on a temporary or permanent basis. In this manner, the hydrogel can be used to treat venous diseases, for example aneurysm, varicose veins, insufficient veins, dilated veins and ectasias.
In an alternative embodiment, the delivery device may be employed to deliver non-viscoelastic hydrogels, or other substances, to a target location in the lung, the thoracic cavity or in other organs, cavities, and vessels of a patient. These substances can include biocompatible polymer agents, particles, spheres, small expandable balloons, cell laden constructs, therapeutic agents, chemotherapy agents and suspensions.
Optionally in any embodiment, the devices and components described herein may be created using biocompatible materials including polymers, metals and ceramics. Polymers can include Polyether ether ketone, Polyethylene terephthalate, Nylon, polyimides, polyurethanes, polyesters, Pebax® and copolymers thereof. Metals may include stainless steel, nitinol, titanium and cobalt chrome. The needles and cannula may also comprise fully or partially flexible laser cut sections and braided sections to provide flexibility. The needles and cannula may also be both elongated and flexible such as in catheter type assemblies.
In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the system, or the system as a whole can be provided sterile for clinical use. The hydrogel filled syringe can be prepared through an aseptic formulation, mixing, filling and packaging process. The hydrogel filling syringe may also be terminally sterilized through a heat or steam sterilization process for e.g., autoclaving. Sterilization of the system can also be performed via sterilization processes known in the field including sterilization by ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, gamma ray and electronic beam.
Optionally in any embodiment, the components of the system can be provided in packaging suitable for sterilization including, but not limited to, a pouch, a blister pack, a bag, a procedure set, a tub, a clamshell, a skin pack, a tray (including lid), a carton, a needle sheath. The components of the system can all be assembled as a single packaged device. Alternatively, multiple packages containing the different components of the system can be prepared and sterilized separately. The components of the system can include but are not limited to the coaxial cannula with core needle, the hydrogel delivery needle, the cannula depth lock, locking arm, one or more syringes filled with viscoelastic hydrogel, empty syringes, hypodermic needles, scalpels, skin markers, radiopaque guides, scissors, biopsy needles, surgical drapes, antiseptic solution, swabs, swab holders, sponges, saline solution and histology tissue containers.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide can be configured for retro-fitting to the hydrogel delivery needle. This is useful as it allows the cannula depth guide to be put on when needed and removed when not needed.
Optionally in any embodiment, the cannula depth guide may comprise an engagement or locking feature configured to lock the delivery needle to the coaxial cannula at its second position.
Optionally in any embodiment, the methods described herein include an initial step of flushing the syringe with gel (or saline or water) prior to insertion of the needle into the body. The syringe may also be flushed with the hydrogel prior to insertion into the body.
Optionally in any embodiment, the piercing tip of the delivery needle is designed to prevent bleeding on insertion into the lung, for example it may have a non-cutting atraumatic needle tip profile, for example a pencil tip style needle or similar will help prevent bleeding.
Optionally in any embodiment, the piercing tip is designed with a sharpened bevel profile to minimise disruption of the parietal and visceral pleural layers as the needle is being advance through to the lung.
Optionally in any embodiment, the tip of the delivery needle may be blunt. Optionally in any embodiment the hydrogel outlet may be positioned distal to the blunt tip. Optionally in any embodiment the tip of the delivery needle may be configured with a veress needle tip that combines a spring activated blunt core and a sharp piercing tip.
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery needle is a single lumen. Optionally in any embodiment the delivery needle is comprised of a multi-lumen tube. The multi-lumen tube may be a single tube, or may be comprised of multiple individual tubes within another lumen (for example a stainless steel needle). The tubes may be connected to different delivery outlets. For example, one tube may be connected to a delivery outlet that is distal to the needle tip, whereas the other lumen may be connected directly to the needle tip. Individual delivery lumens may be used to deliver the hydrogel, deliver instruments, take measurements (pressure, temperature, impedance), extract tissue (for example FNA or core biopsies). The tubes may also be used to delivery crosslinking agents, chemotherapy agents and cellular solution (for example stem-cells).
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery needle may be comprised of a single tube. Optionally the single tube may comprise a tissue penetrating tip. Optionally the delivery needle may be comprised of two or more tubes bonded together, whereby the distal tube may form a tissue penetrating tip. The various tubes used to comprise the delivery needle can be made from radiodensity contrasting materials, for example stainless steel or polymer.
Optionally in any embodiment, the delivery needle can be provided with a central lumen to allow it to pass over a guidewire. The guidewire can be provided for access to body cavities or lumens.
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery needle and coaxial cannula can be given atraumatic and friction prevention properties by use of surface coatings and surface modifications such as polytetrafluorinated ethylene and silicone-based coatings. Optionally in any embodiment, the coaxial cannula can be provided with a bevel cut profile, fillet cut or chamfer cut on its distal-most tip to ease the force of insertion through the bodies tissues.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle and coaxial cannula can be provided with external graduation marks on their exterior surfaces to monitor the depth of insertion into tissue and also to determine the position of the coaxial cannula in relation to the delivery needle. These depth graduations can be created using laser marking or ink pad printing or similar. Spacing of 5-10 mm between graduation marks are typical.
Optionally in any embodiment, the methods described herein include an aspiration step to ensure no major blood vessel is punctured. This aspiration step may be conducted when the delivery needle is inserted into the target location and before the hydrogel plug is injected. This may be desirable so as to limit or prevent any hydrogel from entering into the vasculature which may result in a pulmonary embolism. Aspiration of dark blood would be an indication that a major blood vessel has been punctured.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel filled syringe employed can be configured to require aspiration before injection of the hydrogel material. To achieve this, a mechanism can be built into the syringe to restrict the forward actuation of the syringe plunger until a retracting aspiration actuation has been performed.
Optionally in any embodiment the system describe herein may include an additional empty syringe for the purpose of performing the aspiration step.
Optionally in any embodiment the device may contain a 2- or 3-way medical stopcock fluidically attached to the delivery device. Any or both of the hydrogel filled syringe and the aspiration syringe may be attached to the delivery device via the medical stopcock which can be actuated to change and restrict the fluid delivery path between aspiration syringe and hydrogel filled syringe. This may provide the advantage of allowing a faster aspiration and injection step and reduce the time spend in the lung prior to injection of the hydrogel plug.
Optionally in any embodiment, the syringe is an ergonomic syringe for improved deliverability. Examples are described in US20090093787A1 ‘Ergonomic Syringe’ and US6616634 B2 ‘Ergonomic Syringe’. The system may also include an ergonomic syringe adapter which can be mounted onto the syringe. An example is described in USD675317 S1 ‘Ergonomic syringe adapter’. The syringe may include a mechanism to inject the viscoelastic hydrogel under high pressure. This may be in the form of a syringe assist device
Optionally in any embodiment, the coaxial needle may have an internal sealing/valve feature that prevents any gel from entering the coaxial needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel delivery needle can be employed as a core needle within the coaxial needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the positioning mechanism also comprises a firing mechanism, for example a spring-loaded firing mechanism, to quickly advance the delivery needle through the coaxial cannula to a predetermined depth. The required distance can either be a set distance for penetration depth, or can be adjustable to take into account the coaxial cannula position in relation to the target injection site. The device can be positioned using measurements taken through imaging.
The system, device and methods of the invention may employ a coaxial needle with a core that has a radiolucent marker for more accurate determination of position.
Optionally in any embodiment, a locking feature may be provided with the positioning mechanism of the delivery needle to enable the positioning mechanism to be locked and unlocked from the delivery needle. This feature would allow the positioning mechanism to be independent of the delivery needle so that it can be used with delivery needles of different lengths and be compatible with coaxial cannulas of different lengths.
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery device can be provided in an elongated and flexible configuration so that it can be passed through an endoscope to perform injections at predetermined injection depths via an endoscope. The elongated members can include both the coaxial cannula and delivery needle elements of the delivery device.
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery device can be provided with one or multiple energy delivery elements that can deliver sufficient energy into a target location so as to bring about a therapeutic effect. The elements can be positioned at the distal-most tip of the needle, or proximal to the distal-most tip. The delivered energy can be in the form of electrical, radiofrequency, thermal (including heating and cooling effect), microwave, short wave or acoustic energy. The energy delivering device can be connected at its proximal end to a power source which can include control and feedback capabilities. Irrigation channels can be incorporated in the delivery device to provide coolant to the treatment site during treatment. A typical application of this treatment would include cancer ablation.
Optionally in any embodiment the delivery device can be provided with sensors to provide feedback as to the local and/or surrounding tissue parameters including electrical, chemical, optical, acoustic, mechanical and thermal. Sensors can be disposed proximate, distal to and proximal to the hydrogel outlet.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of performing a lung procedure (for example a lung biopsy or a lung ablation procedure), comprising the steps of:
In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is delivered adjacent the visceral pleura of the lung. In one embodiment, the lung procedure needle is a biopsy needle. In one embodiment, the lung procedure needle is a tissue ablation probe.
In another aspect, the invention provides a composite viscoelastic hydrogel comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed polymer phase. In one embodiment, the dispersed phase is colloidal polymer. Examples include gelatin or collagen. In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises 2-20% colloidal polymer. In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises 5-15% colloidal polymer. In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises 8-12% colloidal polymer. In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 10% colloidal polymer. In one embodiment, the colloidal polymer comprises gelatin or collagen. In one embodiment, the continuous phase polymer comprises or consists of HA (or another glycosaminoglycan). In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 2-6% continuous phase polymer (i.e. HA). In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 3-5% continuous phase polymer (i.e. HA). In one embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 4-5% continuous phase polymer (i.e. HA). In one embodiment, the continuous phase polymer (i.e. HA) is not cross-linked, or is lightly cross-linked.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a composite viscoelastic hydrogel comprising a continuous polymer phase comprising 2-6% polymer (i.e. HA), and a dispersed polymer phase comprising 2-20% colloidal polymer (i.e. gelatin) in the form of crosslinked polymer microbeads typically having an average dimension of less than 100 microns.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a composite viscoelastic hydrogel comprising a continuous polymer phase comprising 2-6% HA, and a dispersed polymer phase comprising 5-15% colloidal polymer in the form of crosslinked polymer microbeads having an average dimension of less than 100 microns.
All publications, patents, patent applications and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes as if each individual publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and the content thereof recited in full.
The high efficacy demonstrated by exemplary embodiments disclosed herein is due to the unique viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel delivered. A hydrogel has both flow and elastic properties. Elasticity is reversible deformation; i.e. the deformed body recovers its original shape. The mechanical properties of an elastic solid may be studied by applying a stress and measuring the deformation of strain. Flow properties are defined by resistance to flow (i.e. viscosity) and can be measured by determining the resistance to flow when a fluid is sheared between two surfaces. The physical properties of a gel by viscoelasticity can be expressed by dynamic viscoelastic characteristics such as storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), tangent delta (tan δ) and the like. Storage modulus characterizes the firmness of a composition and describes the storage of energy from the motion of the composition. Viscous modulus is also known as the loss modulus because it describes the energy that is lost as viscous dissipation. Tan δ is the ratio of the viscous modulus and the elastic modulus, tan δ=G“/G′. A high storage modulus and a low loss modulus indicate high elasticity, meaning a hard gel. Reversely, a high loss modulus and a low storage modulus mean a gel with high viscosity.
When the hydrogel described herein is used as a biomedical material, e.g., a biodegradable hydrogel plug for use in the periphery of the lung to prevent pneumothorax, it is considered that the increased stiffness and storage modulus of the gel can bring about improvement in sealing and barrier effect between tissues. It would also contribute to a prolonged duration (increased retention) at the target site, especially if the elasticity is greater than the elasticity of the surrounding tissues. The flowable nature of the hydrogel is due to its high Tan δ and at rest this allows for improvement in apposition with the surrounding tissue. This flow property also provides the hydrogel with its self-healing ability.
Therefore, it is preferably desirable that the gel for such use have well-balanced elasticity and viscosity. If the hydrogel zero shear viscosity is too high and if the gel does not portray sufficient shear thinning properties, it may become too difficult to inject through the delivery device into the target site. The gel may not readily appose surrounding tissue to form a barrier against fluid leak. Also, the gel may not readily flow back into the needle tract once the needle has been removed. On the other hand, if tan δ exceeds 0.8, the gel behaves like a solution, and it may infiltrate the surrounding tissue or be ejected from the needle tract. That is, the hydrogel described herein is regarded to have the most suitable physicochemical and rheological properties as a viscous plug for lung biopsy.
The term “viscoelastic hydrogel” therefore refers to a hydrogel that exhibits viscoelastic properties. It generally has a storage modulus (G′) of preferably greater than 400 Pa, more preferably greater than 800 Pa and even more preferably greater than 1000 Pa.The viscoelastic hydrogel may exhibit a tangent delta (tan δ; G"/G′) of from 0.01 to 0.8, preferably from 0.1 to 0.5 and more preferably from 0.2-0.5 in dynamic viscoelasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz. Preferably, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a loss modulus (G″) of from 200 to 6000 Pa, more preferably from 400 to 2000 Pa, in dynamic viscoelasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz at 25° C. The viscoelastic hydrogel may be free of crosslinking, lightly crosslinked, or strongly crosslinked to provide appropriate characteristics, for example to increase its storage modulus (G′) or to increase its in vivo residence time.
As used herein, the term “shear thinning” as applied to a hydrogel means that when shear stress is applied to the hydrogel, the storage modulus (G′) reduces, the tan δ increases and the overall viscosity reduces. This property provides injectable properties to the hydrogel. And allows it to be injected through a narrow-gauge needle, such as used in minimally invasive procedures such as lung biopsy (17-20 gauge) or lung ablation (10-14 gauge). The shear thinning hydrogel described herein typically exhibits a range of a storage modulus (G′) of 1-100 Pa, preferably from 1-50 Pa in dynamic viscoelasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz and 100% strain. Furthermore, the hydrogel described herein has self-healing properties and retain their high storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) when the shear strain is removed.
The hydrogel described herein possess shear thinning capabilities. That is, when shear stress is applied, the storage modulus (G′) reduces, the tan δ increases and the overall viscosity reduces. This property allows the gels to be injected through a narrow gauge needle, such as used in minimally invasive procedures such as lung biopsy. The gel described herein portrays the physical properties with ranges of a storage modulus (G′) of less than 100 Pa, preferably less than 50 Pa in dynamic viscoelasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz and 100% strain. Furthermore, the gels described herein portrays rapid thixotropic recovery properties and retain their high storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) immediately on removal of the high shear rate.
The measurement of the dynamic viscoelasticity and dynamic viscosity was made with a rheometer Model AR2000 manufactured by TA Instruments under the following conditions.
As used herein, the term “self-healing” as applied to a viscoelastic hydrogel of the invention refers to the ability of the hydrogel to reform together. “Self-healing” may also be described as the ability of the hydrogel to spontaneously form new bonds when old bonds are broken within the material. As an example, when an annular sealing plug of viscoelastic hydrogel is delivered around a delivery needle, a self-healing viscoelastic hydrogel will flow back together once the needle is removed to form a non-annular sealing plug, typically consisting of a single-bodied cohesive matrix.
Optionally in any embodiment the sealing hydrogel plug should be able to self-heal a channel through its centre independent of its in vivo environment. By this we refer to the ability of the hydrogel to fill the channel through a time dependent viscoelastic flow mechanism.
Optionally in any embodiment the sealing hydrogel plug should be able to self-heal a channel through its centre dependent on its in vivo environment. Stresses from the in vivo environment imposed on the hydrogel plug may improve its ability to self-heal in a shorter duration compared to an uninterrupted plug.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel should be able to self-heal under its own weight without any influence from the surrounding environment. This may be demonstrated by creating a singular mass of the hydrogel, for example a sphere of the hydrogel created using approximately 0.5 ml of hydrogel. A cylindrical channel can be created through the centre of the sphere by passing a 17 gauge needle through its centre and retracting the needle. The sphere with the cylindrical channel through its centre can be placed at rest on a bench with the axis of the cylindrical channel perpendicular to the bend. The size of the channel can be monitored over time. Referring to the viscoelastic hydrogels described in this invention, specifically hydrogels comprising 2-6% hyaluronic acid, the following are the observations: initially the channel in the ball will be visible, but over time (1-15 mins, depending on the hydrogel formulation) this channel will close over as the hydrogel self-heals. This is as a result of the time dependent flow of the hydrogel.
Optionally in any embodiment, part or all of the viscoelastic hydrogel is comprised of a hyaluronan hydrogel. The hyaluronan polymer forms a continuous phase throughout the three-dimensional matrix. Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a high molecular weight hyaluronan hydrogel. Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a shear thinning hydrogel (viscosity decreases under shear strain). Examples of polymer materials that may be employed to make a viscoelastic hydrogel include hyaluronan, especially high molecular weight hyaluronan. Other hydrogel materials suitable for use in the present invention are outlined in the review articles ‘Shear-thinning hydrogels for biomedical applications’, Soft Matter, (2012) 8, 260, ‘Injectable matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering’ Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2007) 59, 263-272, and ‘Recent development and biomedical applications of self-healing hydrogels’ Expert Opin Drug Deliv (2017) 23: 1-15.
As used herein, the term “hyaluronan” or “hyaluronic acid” or “HA” refers to the anionic non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan that forms part of the extracellular matrix in humans and consists of a repeating disaccharide →4)-β-d-GlcpA-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→, or any salt thereof. Hyaluronan is the conjugate base of hyaluronic acid, however the two terms are used interchangeably. When a salt of hyaluronic acid is employed, the salt is generally a sodium salt, although the salt may be employed such a calcium or potassium salts. The hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan may be obtained from any source, including bacterial sources. Hyaluronic acid sodium salt from Streptococcus equi is sold by Sigma-Aldrich under the product reference 53747-1G and 53747-10G. Microbial production of hyaluronic acid is described in Liu et al (Microb Cell Fact. 2011; 10:99). The term also includes derivatives of hyaluronic acid, for example hyaluronic acid derivatised with cationic groups as disclosed in US2009/0281056 and US2010/0197904, and other types of functionalised derivatives, such as the derivatives disclosed in Menaa et al (J. Biotechnol Biomaterial S3:001 (2011)), Schante et al (Carbohydrate Polymers 85 (2011)), EP0138572, EP0216453, EP1095064, EP0702699, EP0341745, EP1313772 and EP1339753.
Hyaluronic acid can be categorised according to its molecular weight. High molecular weight (preferably>1000 kDa (1 Mda)), medium molecular weight (preferably 250-1000 kDa), low molecular weight (preferably 10-250 kDa), and oligo hyaluronic acid (preferably<10 kDa). The effect of molecular weight on hyaluronic acid hydrogel viscosity has previously been reported. The stiffness and viscosity of the final gel is dependent on both molecular weight and solution concentration. In studying the rheological properties of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weights, Rheological and cohesive properties of hyaluronic acid J Biomed Mat Res, 76A, 4, Pg 721-728, Falcone et al found that high molecular weight hyaluronic acid is considerably more cohesive than low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It has been shown that the presence of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid hydrogels at a wound site leads to reduction in scarring. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid has been shown to be anti-inflammatory, enhanced angiogenesis and enhanced immunosuppression. Jiang et al found that high molecular weight hyaluronic acid has been shown to protect from epithelial apoptosis in lung injury “Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan” Nature Medicine (2005) 11, 11 1173-1179. Furthermore, inhalation of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid has been used to treat lung conditions such as bacterial rhinopharyngitis, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis and asthma. In some embodiments, the hyaluronic acid compositions of the hydrogel are free from crosslinking and are free from other therapeutic agents. Hyaluronic acid based hydrogels with characteristics potentially suitable for this application are described in US9492474B2. ‘Compositions of hyaluronan with high elasticity and uses thereof. This document describes a material, Elastovisc™, comprised of high concentration and molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Its intended use is for injection into joints to relieve pain and treat osteoarthritis.
As used herein, the term “hyaluronan hydrogel” preferably includes a three-dimensional network of hyaluronan polymers in a water dispersion medium. The hyaluronan polymer forms a continuous phase throughout the three-dimensional matrix. Optionally in any embodiment, the hyaluronan polymers are non-crosslinked. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is free of a crosslinking agent. Optionally in any embodiment, the matrix is formed with a homopolymer, typically a hyaluronic acid homopolymer. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is a single gel system that is substantially free of other polymers. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel is pH balanced or buffered to match the pH of the physiological environment. Optionally in any embodiment, the matrix is lightly crosslinked. Any crosslinking agent known to crosslink hyaluronic acid may be used for this purpose. Crosslinking agents may include epichlorohydrin, divinyl sulfone, l, 4-bis (2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane (or I, 4-bis (glycidyloxy) butane or 1,4 butanediol diglycidyl ether = BDDE), the I, 2-bis (2,3-epoxypropoxy) ethylene, I- (2,3-epoxypropyl) -2, 3-epoxy cyclohexane.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel may be comprised of ‘multicomponent’ hydrogel which refers to at least two hydrogels that are evenly blended and dispersed together to form a homogenous hydrogel mixture. Each hydrogel will form a continuous phase throughout the hydrogel mixture. This construct may also be referred to as a semi-interpenetrating polymer (hydrogel) network or interpenetrating polymer (hydrogel) network comprised of two or more hydrogels. As an example, a hyaluronan hydrogel (concentration may range from 1-5%) may be blended with a methylcellulose hydrogel (concentration may range from 3-15%). In the same manner, more than two hydrogels may be combined to form a single cohesive network whereby each hydrogel provides improved properties to the overall network. The properties of each hydrogels may be provided to increase stiffness and viscosity, to provide improved injectability (shear thinning), to provide improved self-healing, to prolong the residence (biodegradation) time of the hydrogel in vivo, to provide haemostatic properties, to provide antibacterial properties, to provide anti-inflammatory properties, to provide anti-coagulant properties, to provide pro-coagulant properties, to provide colour and marking capability (under visible and radiographic detection), to provide some diagnostic or therapeutic effect (for example chemotherapy), to provide resistance to extremes of heat (hot and cold), to provide improved biocompatibility, and to improve manufacturability and preparation of the overall hydrogel. One or more of these hydrogels may be crosslinked to provide improved properties, for example to increase the residence time of the hydrogel in vivo
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a “colloidal hydrogel”, which refers to a composition comprised of small hydrogel sub-units that combine to form a homogenous cohesive matrix. In a colloidal hydrogel the solution or dispersion medium that is referred to is typically water or saline but may be another biocompatible fluid. The colloidal hydrogel is typically formed by hydrating nano-sized or micronized biocompatible polymer particles, for example nano-particles, micro-particles, micro-capsules, micro-fibres, micro-spheres, and/or fragmented particles. The particles may be regular or irregular in shape and size. Exemplary polymers include proteins selected from gelatin, collagen (e.g. soluble collagen), albumin, haemoglobin, dextran, fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, elastin, keratin, laminin, casein and derivatives and combinations thereof. The polymer may comprise a polysaccharide, such as a glycosaminoglycan (e.g., hyaluronic acid, hylan or chondroitin sulphate), a starch derivative, a cellulose derivative, a hemicellulose derivative, Xylan, agarose, alginate, chitosan, and combinations thereof. As a further alternative, the polymer may comprise a non-biologic hydrogel-forming polymer, such as polyethylene glycols, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl polymers, polylactide-glycolides, polycaprolactones, polyoxyethylenes, and derivatives and combinations thereof. These particles may be capable of being crosslinked by varies means known in the art including both physical (heat, cold, radiation) and chemical crosslinking. As an example, the crosslinked polymer may comprise of a dehydrothermally crosslinked gelatin powder whereby the gelatin is rendered insoluble by dehydration at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period. Typically temperatures in excess of 100° C. are used for this process and dry heat or vacuum heating can be employed. The degree of crosslinking resulting from increased dehydration of the gelatin powder influences the degree of swelling by water absorption. Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel comprises about 0.2-30%, 15-28%, or 20-25% hydrogel forming polymer (w/v).
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is a “biphasic” hydrogel, which refers to a hydrogel formed by combining (through mixing or blending) a colloidal hydrogel with a continuous phase hydrogel. The colloidal hydrogel will form an evenly dispersed phase in the continuous hydrogel phase. A variety of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers can be used to form the continuous hydrogel phase. Glycosaminoglycans, for example hyaluronan and its derivatives form one example. The hyaluronan may be preferably non-crosslinked or possibly lightly crosslinked so as to retain its viscoelastic properties, especially its shear thinning and self-healing ability .Optionally in any embodiment, the hyaluronan may be provided at concentrations of 1-6%, preferably 3-5%. Optionally in any embodiment, the hyaluronan would dominate the rheological properties of the biphasic hydrogel. A variety of biodegradable polymers are also suited to form the colloidal hydrogel phase as outlined previously (collagen and gelatin are two examples). The colloidal hydrogel phase can be added in sufficient quantities to provide the advantage of increased residence time of the hydrogel in vivo. This can allow the necessary time to provide for healing of the tissue. An additional benefit is that an increased residence time can provide a long-term marking function of the biopsy side for use under video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) surgery. A suitable polymer is one that is insoluble in an aqueous environment and can be achieved by crosslinking of the polymer through conventional means. An example would be dehydrothermally crosslinked gelatin. It should be noted that by introducing a too large amount of the colloidal hydrogel phase, it may jeopardize the injectability and self-healing ability of such compositions. Optionally in any embodiment, the “biphasic” hydrogel can comprise a colloidal hydrogel at concentrations of 0.2-30%, 15-28%, or 20-25% of hydrogel forming polymer (w/v).
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits a storage modulus (G′) of greater than 400 Pa, more preferably greater than 600 Pa, more preferably greater than 800 Pa, more preferably greater than 1000 Pa. Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel exhibits tan δ (G"/G′) from 0.01 to 0.8, more preferably 0.1 to 0.6 in dynamic viscoelasticity measured by a rheometer at 1 Hz and 1% strain rate at 25° C.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel may be provided as a powder that is reconstituted in a physiologically acceptable fluid, for example water, saline, autologous blood, or autologous plasma prior to the surgical procedure. Synthetic fluids such as low molecular weight PEG and glycerol may also be employed. The powder may be comprised of any suitable biocompatible polymer or combinations of polymers. In one embodiment, the powder may be provided in the hydrogel delivery needle. In one embodiment, the powder may be provided in a syringe with a suitable reconstitution fluid provided in a second syringe. In one embodiment, the powder has an average particle size of 1-500, 10-100 or 30-40 microns. The powder may be both regular or irregular in both shape, morphology and size distribution and may be formed through milling or other means known in the art. In certain instances, powder hydration can be controlled by varying the level of de-hydration of the powder particles such as in the case of collagenous based materials, for example collagen or gelatin.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel described herein may be provided in separate components, for example in multiple syringes and the means can be provided to allow mixing of the components prior to injection through the syringe. Crosslinking agents can be provided in one or more of these components to provide the material characteristics necessary to achieve a shear thinning and self-healing hydrogel. Mixing can be achieved by reciprocating the contents between the syringes and a static mixer can be employed to speed up this process.
In any embodiment the viscoelastic hydrogel composition can be provided in a physiological buffer, e.g., a phosphate buffer or a bicarbonate buffer. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is between pH 7 and pH 9 or between pH 7.5 and pH 8.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is 8.0. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is 7.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is 8.5. If needed, acid (such as HCL) or base (such as NaOH) can be added to the composition to attain the desired pH. In a specific embodiment, the hyaluronic acid hydrogel described herein consists essentially of hyaluronic acid present at a concentration of 50 mg/ml (or about 5% W/V, and having an average molecular weight of between 1-2 Mda. Ranges intermediate to the recited values are also intended to be part of this invention. For example, hyaluronan content in the compositions described herein may be between about 3% and about 15% (weight/volume), between about 3% and about 10% (weight/volume), about 3.5% and about 9% (weight/volume), about 4% and about 8% (weight/volume), or about 5% and about 7% (weight/volume). It should further be appreciated that the amount of hyaluronan in a particular volume may also be expressed by alternative means (e.g., gram/litre or mol/litre). A person of ordinary skill in the art would know how to convert the various means of expressing the amount of hyaluronan in a particular volume
As used herein, the term “sealing plug”, “hydrogel plug” or “gel plug” refers to a single body of viscoelastic hydrogel, for example hyaluronic acid hydrogel, that is suitable for delivery through a needle to a locus in the lung and which has sufficient viscoelasticity to push away the tissue surrounding the needle and coalesce to form a single closed annular sealing plug around the needle. The viscoelastic properties and stiffness of the gel prevents infiltration of the tissue, allowing the gel to precisely oppose the tissue and form an effective seal around the needle and subsequently cannula thereby preventing air from lungs leaking past the plug. The viscoelastic behaviour of the hydrogel allows the annular plug to coalesce upon removal of the cannula filling the hole in the annular plug and bearing against the visceral pleura to seal it after withdrawal of the coaxial cannula.
Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel plug should exhibit “limited-swelling” behaviour which means that its bulk size should not increase by any profound extent when placed in vivo, for example below the surface of the lung to prevent pneumothorax. A hydrogel plug that swells by a significant degree may cause unwanted physiological or biological effect. Some swelling of hydrogels in vivo is to be expected but in order to preserve the native tissue, swelling of the hydrogel plug should be limited. Swelling can be characterised by forming a predetermined size of hydrogel sphere, for example rolling 500 µl of hydrogel into a sphere, and by placing this ball of hydrogel into an aqueous solution. This volume 500 µl will initially equate to a sphere with a diameter of approx. 10 mm. The aqueous solution may be a saline or simulated body fluid solution and it may also contain the correct enzyme activity that is found in vivo. The size and shape and dissolution of the ball of hydrogel can then be monitored over a prolonged period of time. The swelling ratio can be determine from:
Preferably the selling ratio should not exceed 250%, more preferably it should not exceed 150%, and more preferably it should not exceed 130%. Sample degradation can be determined by comparing the dry weight of the polymer over time. Dry weight can be determined by lyophilising the samples. The degradation rate can be inferred from the remaining weight of the hydrogel:
Different polymeric materials with thermo-responsive, shear-thinning, shape memory and biological properties can be combined to yield composite hydrogels with improved properties for this application. Improvements can include enhanced biocompatibility, injectability, viscosity, altered biodegradation, drug attachment, tissue adhesion, cohesiveness, sealing ability stability, hydrophilicity. Gelatin and hyaluronic acid are two examples. Substances which can be combined with these polymer include methylcellulose, oxidized cellulose, carboxylmethyl cellulose, and carboxylic acid.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is formed from a thermoresponsive substance. A range of thermoresponsive hydrogels suitable for this purpose have been described previously by Klouda: ‘Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications: a seven year update’ Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015 97(PtB) 339-49, and by Ruel-Gariépy: ‘In situ-forming hydrogels - review of temperature-sensitive systems’ Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005 58 409-426. Of particular note are Poloxamers, a family of nonionic triblock copolymers with a centre block of hydrophobic polypropylene oxide (PPO) flanked by two hydrophilic polyethyleneoxide (PEO) blocks. The Food and Drug Administration has designated poloxamer 407 as an inactive ingredient for different types of preparations. At solution concentrations above 20%, poloxamer 407 undergo thermoreversible gelation between room and body temperatures. The addition of hyaluronic acid to poloxamer solutions to form thermoresponsive hydrogels for drug delivery applications has been described by Moyol et al: ‘A novel poloxamer/hyaluronic acid in situ forming hydrogel for drug delivery: rheological, mucoadhesive and in vitro release properties’ Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008 70 199-206.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel can be formed by mixing a quantity of a thermoresponsive hydrogel with a quantity of shear thinning hydrogel such as hyaluronic acid to increase the final stiffness of the hydrogel, influence its biodegradation and its biocompatibility. This addition will provide the additional benefit that it will have little impact on the injection force required to inject the hydrogel through the delivery needle.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel can include contrast medium which refers to an additive that can be included in the gel in an appropriate amount that allows the hydrogel to be contrasted against the surrounding tissue. In this way, the hydrogel plug and injected location can be visually identified and/or targeted for example during the surgical procedure or during a follow up surgical procedure. Identification can be visual or through guidance systems such as CT scans, ultrasound or fluoroscopy. Additives which can be added to the hydrogel in varying concentrations to achieve effective visual contrast include ionic and non-ionic contrast medium, methylene blue, indigo carmine, toluidine blue, lymphazurine, hemotoxylin, eosin, indocyanine green (ICG), India ink, carbon based powders such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes and graphene, and ceramic powders such as aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, and calcium phosphates. The hydrogel may also comprise additional detectable marking agents. The detectable marking agent suitable for use in the hydrogel described herein may include any composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means. A wide variety of appropriate detectable markers are known in the art, which include luminescent labels, radioactive isotope labels, and enzymatic labels. These marking agents can be mixed with the hydrogel or chemically conjugated to the hydrogel molecules.
Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel can comprise of a therapeutic agent or biologically active agent. Therapeutic agents which may be linked to, or embedded in, the hydrogel include, but are not limited to, analgesics, anaesthetics, antifungals, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, anthelmintics, antidotes, antiemetics, antihistamines, antihypertensives, antimalarials, antimicrobials, antioxidants, antipsychotics, antipyretics, antiseptics, antiarthritics, antituberculotics, antitussives, antivirals, cardioactive drugs, cathartics, chemotherapeutic agents, a colored or fluorescent imaging agent, corticoids (such as steroids), antidepressants, depressants, diagnostic aids, diuretics, enzymes, expectorants, hormones, hypnotics, minerals, nutritional supplements, parasympathomimetics, potassium supplements, radiation sensitizers, a radioisotope, sedatives, stimulants, sympathomimetics, tranquilizers, urinary anti-infectives, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators, vitamins, xanthine derivatives, and the like. Optionally in any embodiment, the hydrogel described herein comprises one or more anesthetics. Exemplary anesthetics include, but are not limited to, proparacaine, cocaine, procaine, tetracaine, hexylcaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, benoxinate, mepivacaine, prilocalne, mexiletene, vadocaine and etidocaine. Optionally in any embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel can further comprise foaming agents, foam stabilizers, surfactants, thickeners, diluents, lubricants, wetting agents, plasticizers.
Optionally in any embodiment, part or all of the viscoelastic hydrogel can be “biodegradable” and configured to degrade over time in-vivo. Different phases or components of the viscoelastic hydrogel can be configured to degrade at different rates. Biodegradable substances are preferably eliminated by the body without causing an inflammatory or immune response. For the viscoelastic hydrogel described herein, the period of time for full biodegradation can be less than 1 year, preferably less than one month, more preferably less than 1 week, and more preferably less than 72 hours. The added benefit of a quick degradation period is that it allows the lung tissue to return to normal and prevents excess scar tissue formation at the delivery site. Also, limiting residence time and scar tissue formation ensures that the delivery of the hydrogel plug does not interfere with follow up radiological analysis of the suspected lung lesion. Non-crosslinked systems may result in a faster in vivo residence period compared to crosslinked systems. The high molecular weight (>1000 kDa) and high concentration (40-60 mg/ml) hyaluronic acid hydrogels described herein have a degradation period of less than 1 week and also less than 72 hours. Longer degradation periods are possible by modifying the native hyaluronic acid molecular structure via crosslinking or by other means. Longer degradation periods are also possible by combining the hyaluronic acid hydrogel with one or more hydrogels or colloidal hydrogels to form a composite hydrogel. One of the hydrogels will remain at the target site for a longer period while the other is removed. For example, the hyaluronic acid hydrogel may be combined with a crosslinked polymer (for example hyaluronan, hylan, collagen or gelatin) to form a composite hydrogel. The cross-linked polymer can be configured to have a residence time of greater than 1 week, and often greater than 2 weeks by the use of various crosslinking modalities known in the art. Cross-linkers employed as part of the implantable material precursors can include aldehydes, polyaldehydes, esters, and other chemical functionality suitable for cross-linking protein(s). Physical crosslinking methods can also be employed, for example subjecting the polymers to heat, cold or radiation. Crosslinking agents can be added to improve cohesion, rigidity, mechanical strength and barrier properties.
As used herein, the term “in-vivo residence time” as applied to a sealing plug of viscoelastic hydrogel refers to the period of time that sealing plug of 0.1-1 ml, preferably 0.2-0.8 ml and more preferably 0.3-0.5 ml that persists in lung tissue in-vivo without any significant loss of structure integrity. The in-vivo residence time should be sufficient to allow healing of the hole in the visceral pleura to occur, and ideally to allow for healing in the surrounding lung tissue to occur. Methods of approximating the in-vivo residence time of hydrogels are described below. To achieve an appropriate in-vivo residence time to allow healing to occur, the hydrogel can be comprised of certain unmodified materials (including proteins) that have a longer residence time. Examples include collagen, oxidised cellulose, starch, extracellular matrix (ECM). Crosslinked hydrogels as described herein have been found to have an in-vivo residence time of more than two weeks. Optionally, the shear-thinning viscoelastic hydrogel may have an in-vivo residence time of at least 1 week, preferably at least 2 weeks, and ideally at least 3 weeks.
In any embodiment, the positioning mechanism can be adjustable to vary the depth of insertion of the delivery needle through the coaxial cannula when fully advanced through the cannula (in a first adjustment), and then guide the insertion depth of the coaxial cannula over the needle (in a second subsequent adjustment). The first movement positions the needle in the tissue to deliver the substance (hydrogel) into the lung to form a sealing plug, and the second adjustment advances the cannula over the needle through the sealing plug covering the hydrogel outlet. The positioning mechanism can be pre-set to define a predetermined insertion depth X. The predetermined insertion depth X is generally the depth at which the hydrogel outlet on the needle is located at a target position in the lung tissue, for example just distal of the visceral pleura. The positioning mechanism generally includes a cannula depth guide that is configured to provide an indication to a user of a cannula insertion depth Y at which depth the distal-most end of the cannula has passed through the sealing plug. The positioning mechanism is configured such that when a user adjusts the depth of insertion of the needle, the cannula depth guide is also adjusted. In any embodiment, the positioning mechanism may comprise a movable hub that is axially movable along the needle from a distal position which provides a first insertion depth and a proximal position which allows a second insertion depth greater than the first insertion depth. The positioning mechanism may comprise a fixed housing attached to the hydrogel delivery needle, a movable hub mounted to the needle for axial movement along the needle and having a distal-most end configured to abut a proximal end of the coaxial cannula, wherein the fixed housing is configured to cooperate with the movable hub for relative axial movement to define the predetermined needle adjustment depth. The positioning mechanism may comprise a cannula depth guide comprised of an arm that is attached to the fixed housing of the positioning mechanism for movement therewith and that extends distally of the movable hub. The length of the arm distal of the movable hub is preferably equal to the cannula insertion depth. Generally, the cannula is first inserted into the muscle tissue proximal to the pleural cavity, and then an image is taken to determine the distance P between a distal-most end of the cannula and the pleural cavity along the target direction in the lung. This distance P is then used to adjust the positioning mechanism using a scale 20,16A on the positioning mechanism such that when the needle is fully inserted in the cannula the hydrogel outlet is disposed at the target position a distance P+X. This adjustment automatically adjusts the cannula depth guide to provide an indication to a user of a cannula insertion depth Y.
Optionally in any embodiment, the procedures described herein require imaging guidance, for example an image generated by CT scan, fluoroscopy or ultrasound. The methods described herein may involve taking one of more images of lung/intercostal muscle to assist with the procedure. An image may be initially taken to determine an initial insertion depth of the cannula. An image may be taken when the coaxial cannula is in its first position in order to determine a distance P from the distal-most end of the cannula to the intended organ along the desired needle trajectory. The methods described herein may involve taking an additional image of the lung, to determine the distance to advance the cannula into the target organ so that the cannula is positioned at the tip of the delivery needle. Generally, these images will be taken under the guide of an interventional radiologist and a radiographer.
The invention will now be described with reference to specific examples. These are merely exemplary and for illustrative purposes only: they are not intended to be limiting in any way to the scope of the monopoly claimed or to the invention described. These examples constitute the best mode currently contemplated for practicing the invention.
The mechanism of pneumothorax resulting from a transthoracic needle biopsy is illustrated in
Referring to
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
For a number of reasons it may be difficult to position the delivery device as outlined above. Firstly, fluoroscopic guidance may not be available to the clinician so that the delivery needle 4 with marker band 32 cannot be accurately positioned. Secondly, it may be harmful to expose the patient to too many CT scans and resulting high radiation dose to achieve accurate placement of the needle marker band 32. Furthermore, delayed placement of the hydrogel plug may lead to potential pneumothorax while the needle is in the lung tissue unprotected. In order to quickly, easily and accurately target the required depth of injection in the lung for the viscoelastic hydrogel to achieve an effective seal, a positioning mechanism is provided with the hydrogel delivery needle 4 as will be described hereafter.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In other instances and for other surgical procedures, for example when targeting different organs, P can represent the distance from the distal-most tip of the coaxial cannula to any tissue interface, body cavity, organ or vessel exterior surface.
The delivery needle 4 is inserted through the coaxial cannula 2 into the lung tissue D. The hydrogel outlet 6 is positioned a distance X distal of the pleural cavity E, or a distance P+X from the distal-most tip of the coaxial cannula 2A. Typical distances for X are 0.1-6 mm, preferably 1-4 mm,
The hydrogel outlet 6 is also located a distance T from the proximal side of the needle piercing tip 5, equivalent to the proximal side of the ground region of the piercing needle tip. Typical distances for T are 0.5-15 mm, preferably 1-7 mm.
The distal-most tip 2A of the coaxial cannula 2 is positioned a distance Y from proximal side of the needle tip 5 equivalent to the proximal side of the ground region of the needle tip. The total distance for Y ≈ P+X+T.
There are a number of advantages of having the hydrogel outlet 6 located a distance from the needle tip 5 in relation to procedures requiring transthoracic needle access. If the hydrogel outlet 6 was at the end of a conventional needle with bevel point tip, the sharp point of the needle would lie very close to the visceral pleura and periphery of the lung in order to deliver the hydrogel plug to the correct position. During this time, there would be a high chance that the sharp bevel tip could lacerate the visceral pleura and lung tissue which is constantly moving due to respiration. It is therefore necessary to position the sharp needle tip some distance from the visceral pleura E. Additionally, having the hydrogel outlet 6 a distance from the distal tip 5 also has the advantage of creating a uniform and concentric gel plug 7 seal around the delivery needle 4.
Without being bound to any theory,
Based on the results presented in both
Example 1: A biphasic viscoelastic hydrogel comprising hyaluronic acid and crosslinked gelatin was created using the following method. Type A porcine derived gelatin (300 Bloom) was dissolved fully in water at 7% w/v at 40° C. and allowed to set at 4° C. overnight. The resulting gel were subsequently freeze dried by freezing at -40° C. and drying at 25° C. under a constant vacuum of 0.1 mbar. The dried constructs were then heated under vacuum conditions (0.001 mbar) for 24 hours at 140° C. to induce crosslinking. The sponge was then roughly diced before being milled to form a fine powder using a cryo-mill (Model: 75 Spex SamplePrep, LLC.). The powder was sieved using a 125 µm sieve and the resultant powders had a powder particle size distribution of D×10=7.4 µm, D×50=32.8 µm, D×90=95 µm as measured using a Mastersizer 3000 laser diffraction particle size analyser (Malvern Panalyticlal ltd). The dehydrothermally crosslinked gelatin powder was mixed with sodium hyaluronate powder (molecular weight: 1.8-2 MDa) and the powder mixture was hydrated with phosphate buffered saline solution at the following concentration: Gelatin: 130 mg/ml, Sodium hyaluronate:35 mg/ml. The resulting hydrogel was loaded into a syringe. The hydrogel was employed to prevent pneumothorax during a CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy procedure as outlined in
Example 2: A biphasic viscoelastic hydrogel comprising hyaluronic acid and crosslinked gelatin was created using the following method. A type A porcine derived gelatin powder (300bloom) was ground to a fine powder using a cryo-mill (Model: 75 Spex SamplePrep, LLC.). The powder was sieved using a 125 µm sieve and the resultant powders had a powder particle size distribution of Dx10=5.4 µm, D×50=35.5 µm, D×90=90 µm as measured using a Mastersizer 3000 laser diffraction particle size analyser (Malvern Panalyticlal ltd). The resultant fine powder was heat treated under vacuum conditions (0.001 mbar) for 24 hours at 160° C. to induce crosslinking. The DHT crosslinked gelatin powder was mixed with sodium hyaluronate powder (molecular weight: 1.8-2 MDa) and the powder mixture was hydrated with phosphate buffered saline solution at the following concentration: Gelatin: 100 mg/ml, Sodium hyaluronate: 45 mg/ml. The resulting hydrogel was loaded into a syringe. The hydrogel was employed to prevent pneumothorax during a CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy procedure similar to that outlined in
Using the above method, various concentrations of the biphasic gel were evaluated rheologically and experimentally. The measurement of the dynamic viscoelasticity and dynamic viscosity of the hydrogels was made using a rheometer Model AR2000 manufactured by TA Instruments under the following conditions.
In a preferred embodiment, the viscoelastic hydrogel is capable of preventing pneumothorax during procedures requiring transthoracic needle access by being injected just below the visceral pleura of the lung and by having the following properties:
The foregoing description details presently preferred embodiments of the present invention. Numerous modifications and variations in practice thereof are expected to occur to those skilled in the art upon consideration of these descriptions. Those modifications and variations are intended to be encompassed within the claims appended hereto.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18151100.7 | Jan 2018 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 16/961,224, filed Jan. 10, 2019, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/050597, filed Jan. 10, 2019, which designates the U.S., published in English, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 or 365(c) to European Application No. 18151100.7, filed Jan. 10, 2018. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16961224 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 17809187 | US |
