Claims
- 1. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 99.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 96.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and D. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 96.0%.
- 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a sorbent regeneration subsystem.
- 3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a sorbent pretreatment subsystem wherein the sorbent is pretreated to activate the sorbent and improve the sorbent loading capacity and capture efficiency.
- 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 97.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 97.0%.
- 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 98.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 98.0%.
- 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 99.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%.
- 7. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 98.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 90.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and D. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 98.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 90.0%.
- 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 99.0%, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%, the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 92.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 92.0%.
- 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 94.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 94.0%.
- 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 95.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 95.0%.
- 11. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and D. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 60.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 60.0%.
- 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 70.0%, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 70.0%, the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 70.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 70.0%.
- 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 80.0%, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 80.0%, the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 80.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 80.0%.
- 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 90.0%, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 90.0%, the targeted NOX capture rate set point is at least 90.0% and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 90.0%.
- 15. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 99.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, and the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted sorbent; iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 96.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and iv. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of 96.0%; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 99.0% through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 96.0% through the formation of nitrate of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second bag house zone.
- 16. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 98.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, and the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted sorbent; iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 90.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and iv. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 98.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of 90.0%; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 98.0% through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 90.0% through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second bag house zone.
- 17. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0%, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, and the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted sorbent; iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0%, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and iv. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level, SOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%, and NOX is removed at a steady state removal rate of 60.0%; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0% through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of at least 60.0% through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second bag house zone.
- 18. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, and the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted sorbent; iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and iv. a controller for individually or simultaneously monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of NOX capture rate, SOX capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof, wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point of through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second bag house zone.
- 19. The process of any one of claims 15-18, further comprising the step of pre-treating the sorbent to activate the sorbent and improve the sorbent loading capacity prior to introducing the sorbent into the first and second bag houses.
- 20. The process of claim 17, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 70.0% with SOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 70.0% and the targeted NOX capture rate set point is 70.0% with NOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 70.0%.
- 21. The process of claim 17, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 80.0% with SOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 80.0% and the targeted NOX capture rate set point is 80.0% with NOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 80.0%.
- 22. The process of claim 17, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 90.0% with SOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 90.0% and the targeted NOX capture rate set point is 90.0% with NOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 90.0%.
- 23. The process of claim 17, wherein the targeted SOX capture rate set point is at least 99.0% with SOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0% and the targeted NOX capture rate set point is 99.0% with NOX being captured at a steady state removal rate of at least 99.0%.
- 24. An adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent, the feeder being configured to handle and feed sorbent; and B. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 25. An adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000m2/g; B. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant, where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a reaction product formed by a reaction between the target pollutant and the sorbent and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point, the target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the target pollutant, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the target pollutant free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 26. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 27. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 28. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point and NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 29. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of carbon from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing oxides of carbon where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of carbonates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect the capture of oxide of carbon at a targeted capture rate set point, the oxides of carbon being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form carbonates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of oxides of carbon, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of oxides of carbon free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 30. A system according to any one of claims 24-29, further comprising a section of pipe/duct acting as a reaction zone connected to an inlet of another reaction zone, the section of pipe/duct being configured for introduction and commingling of the gas and sorbent for sufficient amount of time to effect a reaction.
- 31. A system according to any one of claims 24-29, wherein the reaction zone is selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed, a pseudo-fluidized bed, a reaction column, a fixed bed, a pipe/duct reactor, a moving bed, a bag house, an inverted bag house, a bag house reactor, a serpentine reactor, and a cyclone/multiclone.
- 32. An adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent, the feeder being configured to handle and feed sorbent; B. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing at least first and second target pollutants, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of a first target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate, the first reaction zone being further configured to render the gas free of particulate matter so that the gas may be vented from the first reaction zone; and C. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing target pollutants, where gas from the first reaction zone is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of a second target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate, the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas free of particulate matter so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 33. An adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing at least a first target pollutant and a second target pollutant where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a first reaction product and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture the first target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the first target pollutant, the first target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the first reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the first target pollutant, the first reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first target pollutant free of reacted and unreacted sorbent and particulate matter so that the gas may be vented from the first reaction zone; and C. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first target pollutant from the first reaction zone where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a second reaction product and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of the second target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the second target pollutant, the second target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the second reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the second target pollutant, the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first and second target pollutants free of reacted and unreacted sorbent and particulate matter so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 34. An adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing at least a first target pollutant and a second target pollutant where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a first reaction product and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of the first target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the first target pollutant, the first target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the first reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the first target pollutant, the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first target pollutant free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the first reaction zone; and C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first target pollutant from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a second reaction product and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of the second target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the second target pollutant, the second target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the second reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the second target pollutant, the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first and second target pollutants free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 35. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the first reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas can be vented from the first reaction zone; and C. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first reaction zone where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 36. An adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/ g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; and C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 37. An adaptable system for the removal of first and second target pollutants, mercury compounds in particulate form, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and the gas containing a first target pollutant, a second target pollutant, mercury compounds, and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a second reaction product formed between the sorbent and the second target pollutant and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect capture of the first target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the first target pollutant and to capture the second target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the second target pollutant, the first target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form a first reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the first target pollutant, the second target pollutant being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form the second reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the second target pollutant, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by adsorption onto the sorbent, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of the first target pollutant and the second target pollutant free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury compounds, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 38. An adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury compounds in particulate form, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and the gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point and NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by adsorption onto the sorbent, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury compounds, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 39. An adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury compounds in particulate form, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. at least one bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and the gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point and NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by adsorption onto the sorbent, the bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury compounds, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 40. An adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury compounds in particulate form, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by adsorption onto the sorbent to substantially strip the gas of mercury compounds, the first reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and mercury compounds free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury compounds, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the first reaction zone; and C. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas vented from the first reaction zone where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 41. An adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury compounds in particulate form, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
A. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; B. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by adsorption onto the sorbent to substantially strip the gas of mercury compounds, the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and mercury compounds free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury compounds, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the first bag house; and C. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas vented from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level.
- 42. A system according to any one of claims 32, 33, 35, 37, 38 and 40, wherein the reaction zones of the system are selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed, a pseudo-fluidized bed, a reaction column, a fixed bed, a pipe/duct reactor, a moving bed, a bag house, an inverted bag house, a bag house reactor, a serpentine reactor, and a cyclone/multiclone.
- 43. The system of claim 25, wherein the system further comprises a reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent to the reaction zone of the system.
- 44. The system of any one of claims 32, 33, 35 and 40 wherein the system further comprises a reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone to the first reaction zone.
- 45. The system of any one of claims 32, 33, 35 and 40, wherein the system further comprises a first reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone for re-introduction into the first reaction zone and a second reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone for re-introduction into the second reaction zone.
- 46. The system of any one of claims 32, 33, 35 and 40, wherein the system further comprises a reacted sorbent feeder for receiving reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone, with reacted sorbent from the reacted sorbent feeder being introduced into the first reaction zone.
- 47. The system of any one of claims 25-29 and 32-41, wherein the system further comprises at least one sorbent preheater for preheating of sorbent.
- 48. The system of any one of claims 25, 32, and 33, wherein the reaction zone includes a filter having a sorbent filter cake having a bed thickness formed thereupon, further comprising a feedback pollutant controller for controlling the output level of target pollutants in the gas exiting the reaction zone and a controller input signal indicative of a target pollutant level, and a controller output controlling the overall filter cake thickness in the reaction zone, wherein the pollutant controller decreases the filter cake thickness to increase the target pollutant level and increases the filer cake thickness to decrease the target pollutant level.
- 49. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 24-29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38 and 40, wherein at least one reaction zone includes a filter having a sorbent filter cake having a bed thickness formed thereupon, further comprising a feedback pollutant controller for controlling the output level of target pollutant gases and a controller input signal indicative of a target pollutant level, and a controller output controlling the overall filter cake thickness in the reaction zone, wherein the pollutant controller decreases the filter cake thickness to increase the target pollutant level and increases the filer cake thickness to decrease the target pollutant level.
- 50. An adaptable system according to claim 48, wherein the pollutant controller controls the cleaning rate of the filters.
- 51. An adaptable system according to 24, 25, 32 and 33, wherein the system further comprises a controller for individual or simultaneous monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of target pollutant capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof.
- 52. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, and 40, further comprising a feedback differential pressure controller for controlling the differential pressure across the reaction zone, and a controller input signal indicative of the differential pressure across the reaction zone, and a controller output controlling the overall filter cake thickness in the reaction zone, wherein the differential pressure controller decreases the filter cake thickness to decrease the differential pressure and increases the filer cake depth to increase the differential pressure.
- 53. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 34, 35, 39 and 41, further comprising a feedback differential pressure controller for controlling the differential pressure across the bag house, and a controller input signal indicative of the differential pressure across the bag house, and a controller output controlling the overall filter cake thickness in the bag house, wherein the differential pressure controller decreases the filter cake thickness to decrease the differential pressure and increases the filer cake depth to increase the differential pressure.
- 54. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32 and 33, further comprising a pollutant sensor for measuring target pollutant level downstream of the reaction zone, and a pollutant controller for controlling the target pollutant level downstream of the reaction zone, wherein the pollutant controller is a feed back controller accepting a target pollutant level set point and outputting a signal to control the sorbent feeder rate, wherein the controller increases the feed rate signal to decrease the target pollutant level and decreases the feed rate signal to increase the target pollutant level.
- 55. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 34, 36, 39 and 41, further comprising a pollutant sensor for measuring the SOX or NOX level downstream of the bag house, and a pollutant controller for controlling the SOX or NOX level downstream of the bag house, wherein the pollutant controller is a feed back controller accepting a SOX or NOX level set point and outputting a signal to control the sorbent feeder rate, wherein the controller increases the feed rate signal to decrease the SOX or NOX level and decreases the feed rate signal to increase the SOX or NOX level.
- 56. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32 and 33, further comprising a reaction zone outlet temperature sensor and a reaction zone temperature feed back controller for controlling the reaction zone temperature, wherein the temperature controller accepts a set point, wherein the controller increases the reaction zone temperature in response to a reaction zone temperature less than the set point and decreases the reaction zone temperature in response to a reaction zone temperature greater than the set point.
- 57. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 34, 36, 39 and 41, further comprising a reaction zone outlet temperature sensor and a reaction zone temperature feed back controller for controlling the bag house temperature, wherein the temperature controller accepts a set point, wherein the controller increases the bag house temperature in response to a bag house temperature less than the set point and decreases the bag house temperature in response to a bag house temperature greater than the set point.
- 58. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32 and 33, wherein at least one reaction zone is a bag house reactor having a variable venturi for regulating fluidized bed depth within the bag house reactor and wherein the system further comprises a controller for monitoring and adjusting the position of the variable venturi by detecting the position of the variable venturi, comparing the position of the variable venturi against a variable venturi position set point, and adjusting the position of the variable venturi to attempt to match the variable venturi set point thereby increasing or decreasing a fluidized bed depth within the bag house reactor.
- 59. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32, 33, 35 and 37, wherein at least one reaction zone is a bag house, wherein the bag house is comprised of a plurality of fabric filters and a plurality of pulse valves for cleaning the filters, wherein the pulse valves accept a pulse signal to clean at least one filter, further comprising a differential pressure sensor for measuring the differential pressure across the bag house, wherein the system further comprises a feedback controller for monitoring and adjusting the differential pressure across the bag house, wherein the differential pressure controller inputs the measured differential pressure and accepts a differential pressure set point and generates an output signal to at least one pulse valve, wherein the differential pressure controller increases the frequency of pulse valve output signals in response to a differential pressure higher than set point and decreases the frequency of pulse valve output signals in response to a differential pressure lower than set point.
- 60. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 34, 36, 39 and 41, wherein the bag house is comprised of a plurality of fabric filters and a plurality of pulse valves for cleaning the filters, wherein the pulse valves accept a pulse signal to clean at least one filter, further comprising a differential pressure sensor for measuring the differential pressure across the bag house, wherein the system further comprises a feedback controller for monitoring and adjusting the differential pressure across the bag house, wherein the differential pressure controller inputs the measured differential pressure and accepts a differential pressure set point and generates an output signal to at least one pulse valve, wherein the differential pressure controller increases the frequency of pulse valve output signals in response to a differential pressure higher than set point and decreases the frequency of pulse valve output signals in response to a differential pressure lower than set point.
- 61. An adaptable system according to claims 24-27, 32-36, 40 and 41, further comprising a SOX sensor for measuring the SOX level downstream of the reaction zone, a NOX sensor for measuring the NOX level downstream of the reaction zone, a pollutant controller for controlling the pollutant level downstream of the reaction zone, wherein the pollutant controller is a feedback controller, wherein the pollutant controller generates a signal to the sorbent feeder to control the sorbent feeder rate, the system further comprising a selector, wherein the selector accepts a SOX set point and accepts the SOX level from the SOX sensor, and generates a SOX deviation signal indicative of the deviation between the SOX level and the SOX set point, wherein the selector accepts a NOX set point, accepts the NOX level from the NOX sensor, and generates a NOX deviation signal indicative of the deviation between the NOX level and the NOX set point, wherein the selector compares the magnitude of the SOX deviation and the NOX deviation, and determines the larger magnitude deviation for output, such that the pollutant controller controls the sorbent feeder based on the SOX or NOX level having the greatest deviation from set point, wherein the controller increases the sorbent feeder rate signal to decrease the pollutant level and decreases then sorbent feed rate signal to increase the pollutant level.
- 62. An adaptable system according to claim 53, wherein the differential pressure controller controls the cleaning rate of filters in the reaction zone.
- 63. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 25, 32, 33, 35, 37 and 40, wherein at least one reaction zone is a bag house reactor having a variable venturi for regulating fluidized bed depth within the bag house reactor, the system further comprising a controller for monitoring and adjusting the position of a variable venturi mounted within the bag house reactor, thereby controlling the depth of a fluidized bed within the bag house reactor, the controller comprised of a variable venturi position controller that measures and adjusts the position of the variable venturi, input/output modules mounted on nodes, and a PID loop which electronically communicates with the position controller through the input/output modules and nodes, the PID loop being programmed with a targeted variable venturi position set point and further programmed to read and compare variable venturi position measurements against targeted variable venturi position set point and to signal the variable venturi position controller to vary the variable venturi position to comparing the position of the variable venturi against variable venturi position set points, and adjusting the position of the variable venturi to reconcile with targeted variable venturi set points.
- 64. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 24-28 and 32-41, further comprising a controller for simultaneous monitoring and adjusting of SOX capture rate, NOX capture rate, and system differential pressure based upon maximum error signal for these operational parameters, the controller being comprised of a plurality of fabric filter bag pulse valves for cleaning sorbent from the filter bags, a bag house differential pressure controller which measures and controls the pulse rate of the pulse valves, continuous emissions monitors for measuring SOX and/or NOX concentrations in an inlet gas and an outlet gas, feeder rate controller for increasing and decreasing the sorbent feeder rate, input/output modules mounted on nodes, an error gate, a gain selector in electronic communication with a fixed database having SOX gains, NOX gains and differential pressure gains entered therein, a selector gate in electronic communication with a fixed database having NOX set points, SOX set points and differential pressure set points entered therein, an error generator in electronic communication with the differential pressure controller and the continuous emissions monitors, the error generator being programmed to read and compare differential pressure measurements against the set points and to generate error signals that are filtered through the error gate selector, a PID loop in electronic communication with the gain selector, the selector gate, the error gate, the feed rate controller, and the differential pressure controller through the input/output modules and nodes, the PID loop being programmed to read the error signal filtered through the error gate, to subtract the error signals for NOX capture rate(s), SOX capture rate(s) and differential pressure from their respective targeted set points, to the compare the results to determine the operating parameter with the maximum error signal, and to signal the differential pressure controller to increase or decrease the pulse rate of the plurality of pulse valves to adjust system differential pressure to reconcile differential pressure with targeted differential pressure set point, if maximum error signal is for differential pressure, to signal the feeder rate controller to increase or decrease sorbent feeder rate to increase or decrease the rate of NOX or SOX capture to adjust the capture rate to reconcile with targeted SOX or NOX capture rate set points, if the maximum error signal is for NOX or SOX capture rate and to adjust the capture rate for NOX or SOX to reconcile, if the maximum error signal is for NOX or SOX capture rate.
- 65. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 24, 25, 29, 32, 33 and 37, further comprising a control system for simultaneous monitoring and adjusting target pollutant capture rates, system differential pressure, and gas inlet temperature.
- 66. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 26-28, 35 and 36, further comprising a control system for simultaneous monitoring and adjusting NOX and/or SOX capture rates, system differential pressure, and gas inlet temperature.
- 67. An adaptable system according to any one of claims 24-28 and 32-40, further comprising a control system for simultaneous monitoring and adjusting NOX and/or SOX capture rates, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, and variable venturi position.
- 68. A process for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas with minimal pressure drop across the system; B. contacting a gas containing target pollutants with a sorbent in the system for a time sufficient to capture at least one target pollutant at a target pollutant capture rate through formation of a reaction product between the target pollutant and the sorbent to yield reacted sorbent; and C. venting the gas from the system.
- 69. A process for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas, comprising the steps of:
A. an adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprised of:
i. at least one feeder containing a supply of sorbent, the feeder being configured to handle and feed sorbent; and ii. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate, the target pollutant being captured through formation of a reaction product between the target pollutant and the sorbent; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant into the reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of the reaction product; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the at least one target pollutant at a targeted capture set point for the target pollutant through the formation of the reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the target pollutant and to yield reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 70. A process for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas stream, comprising the step of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; and ii. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate, the target pollutant being captured through formation of a reaction product between the target pollutant and the sorbent; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing at least one target pollutant into the reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of the reaction product; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect capture of the at least one target pollutant at a targeted capture set point for the target pollutant through the formation of the reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the target pollutant and to yield reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 71. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) from a gas stream, comprising the step of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; and ii. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX into the reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 72. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; and ii. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing NOX into the reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 73. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point and NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX into the first reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and to effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 74. A process for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from gases with minimal differential pressure across, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent, the feeder being configured to handle and feed sorbent; ii. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing at least first and second target pollutants, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of a first target pollutant at a target pollutant capture rate; and iii. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and a gas containing target pollutants, where gas is introduced and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of a second target pollutant at a targeted pollutant capture rate; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing at least first and second target pollutant into the first reaction zone, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a first reaction product formed by reaction between the first target pollutant and the sorbent; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect the first target pollutant capture at a targeted capture rate set point for the first target pollutant through the formation of the first reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the first target pollutant yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first reaction zone; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first reaction zone into the second reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of a second reaction product formed by reaction between the second target pollutant and the sorbent; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect capture of the second target pollutant at a targeted capture rate set point for the second target pollutant through the formation of the second reaction product to substantially strip the gas of the second target pollutant yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second reaction zone.
- 75. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of SOX and NOX from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; and iii. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first reaction zone where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first reaction zone, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first reaction zone; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first reaction zone into the second reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second reaction zone.
- 76. A process for dry removal of SOX and NOX from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX; and iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; and I. venting the gas from the second bag house.
- 77. A process for dry removal of SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury in elemental, particulate and compound forms, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and the gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury, mercury compounds and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time to sufficient to simultaneously effect elemental mercury oxidation, SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, and NOX capture at a targeted NOX, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury, the bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash into at least one reaction zone of the system, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition of NOX; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect the capture of SOX, NOX and mercury compounds, the SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point and the capture of mercury compounds, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip mercury compounds from the gas yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash; E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 78. A process for dry removal of SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury in elemental, particulate and compound forms, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, comprising:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. at least one bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and the gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury, mercury compounds and ash where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time to sufficient to simultaneously effect elemental mercury oxidation, SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, and NOX capture at a targeted NOX, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury, the bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition of NOX; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to simultaneously effect the capture of SOX, NOX and mercury compounds, the SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point and the capture of mercury compounds, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip mercury compounds from the gas to yield reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash; E. venting the gas from the bag house.
- 79. A process for dry removal of SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury in elemental, particulate and compound forms, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect elemental mercury oxidation, and SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip the gas of mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury, the first reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and mercury compounds free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the first reaction zone; and iii. a second reaction zone configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas vented from the first reaction zone where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and the gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and to effect capture of mercury compounds, the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip the gas of mercury compounds from the gas yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), ash, and sulfates of manganese; E. venting the gas from the first reaction zone; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first reaction zone into the second reaction zone, the gas being introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; I. venting the gas from the second reaction zone.
- 80. A process for dry removal of SOX, NOX, mercury compounds, and ash from a gas stream, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for the removal of oxides of sulfur (SOX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), mercury in elemental, particulate and compound forms, and ash from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; ii. a first bag house configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing SOX and NOX where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect elemental mercury oxidation, and SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point, the SOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip the gas of mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury, the first bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of SOX and mercury compounds free of reacted and unreacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), salts of mercury, and ash so that the gas may be vented from the first bag house; and iii. a second bag house configured for introduction of sorbent and the gas vented from the first bag house where the gas is introduced at temperature(s) typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese and is further contacted with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point, the NOX being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX, and the second bag house being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of NOX free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the second bag house; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and the gas containing SOX and/or NOX into the first bag house, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of sulfates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect SOX capture at a targeted SOX capture rate set point through the formation of sulfates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of SOX and to effect capture of mercury compounds, the mercury compounds being captured in particulate form and by reacting with the sorbent to form mercury oxide(s) and salts of mercury to substantially strip the gas of mercury compounds from the gas yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent, mercury oxide(s), ash, and sulfates of manganese; E. venting the gas from the first bag house; F. introducing sorbent and the gas from the first bag house into the second bag house, the gas being introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of nitrates of manganese; G. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to primarily effect NOX capture at a targeted NOX capture rate set point through the formation of nitrates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of NOX yielding reacted sorbent; H. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; I. venting the gas from the second bag house.
- 81. A process for dry removal of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide from a gas, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide from gases with minimal differential pressure across the system, the system being comprised of:
i. a feeder containing a supply of sorbent of regenerable oxides of manganese and/or regenerated oxides of manganese; wherein the feeder is configured to handle and feed oxides of manganese which, upon regeneration, are in particle form and are defined by the chemical formula MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0 and wherein the oxides of manganese have a particle size of less than about 0.1 to about 500 microns and a BET value ranging from about 1 to about 1000 m2/g; and ii. at least one reaction zone configured for introduction of the sorbent and a gas containing carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide where the gas is introduced at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of carbonates of manganese carbonate and contacted with the sorbent for a time sufficient to effect the capture of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide at a targeted capture rate set point, the carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide being captured by reacting with the sorbent to form carbonates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide the reaction zone being further configured to render the gas that has been substantially stripped of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide free of reacted and unreacted sorbent so that the gas may be vented from the reaction zone; and wherein differential pressure within the system is regulated so that any differential pressure across the system is no greater than a predetermined level; B. introducing sorbent and a gas containing carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide into the reaction zone, the gas being at temperatures typically ranging from ambient temperature to a temperature below the thermal decomposition temperature(s) of carbonates of manganese; C. contacting the gas with sorbent for a time sufficient to effect the capture of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide at a targeted capture rate set point through the formation of carbonates of manganese to substantially strip the gas of carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide yielding reacted sorbent; D. rendering the gas free of reacted sorbent; E. venting the gas from the reaction zone.
- 82. The process of any one of claims 69-75, wherein the reaction zones are selected from the group consisting of a fluidized bed, a pseudo-fluidized bed, a reaction column, a fixed bed, a pipe/duct reactor, a moving bed, a bag house, an inverted bag house, a bag house reactor, a serpentine reactor, and a cyclone/multiclone.
- 83. The process of any one of claims 69-71 and 74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of
removing the reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent in an aqueous solution that promotes stability of MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0, and dissolve the reaction product into solution thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the rinse; drying the washed sorbent; and de-agglomerating the washed sorbent for reuse.
- 84. The process of any one of claims 69-71 and 74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of
removing the reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent in an aqueous solution that promotes stability of MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0, and aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the rinse; heating the washed sorbent to dry the sorbent; and de-agglomerating the washed sorbent for reuse.
- 85. The process of any one of claims 69-71 and 74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of
removing the reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent in an aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the rinse; heating the washed sorbent to dry the sorbent; de-agglomerating the washed sorbent for reuse; and routing the solution for further processing to regenerate oxides of manganese and to recover useful by-products.
- 86. The process of claim 74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone in a first aqueous rinse solution that promotes stability of MnOX, where X is about 1.5 to 2.0, and aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the first rinse; removing reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone in a second aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the second rinse; heating the washed sorbent separated from the first and second rinses to dry the sorbent; and de-agglomerating the washed sorbent for reuse.
- 87. The process of claim 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone in a first aqueous rinse to dissolve the sulfates of manganese from the sorbent into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the first rinse; removing reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone in a second aqueous rinse to dissolve nitrates of manganese from the sorbent into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the second rinse; heating the washed sorbent separated from the first and second rinses to dry the sorbent; and de-agglomerating the washed sorbent for reuse.
- 88. The process of claim 74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the first reaction zone in a first aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the first rinse; removing reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone of the system; washing the reacted sorbent from the second reaction zone in a second aqueous rinse to dissolve the reaction product into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the washed sorbent from the second rinse; and drying the washed sorbent separated from the first and second rinses in a flash dryer to dry and de-agglomerate the sorbent;
- 89. The process of any one of claims 71-73, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the sorbent in a an aqueous solution to dissolve sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese from the surface of sorbent particles into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the cleaned sorbent from the rinse; drying the cleaned sorbent; and pulverizing the cleaned sorbent to de-agglomerate the cleaned sorbent.
- 90. The process of any one of claims 71-73 and 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the sorbent in an aqueous rinse to dissolve sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese from the surface of sorbent particles into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the cleaned sorbent from the rinse; conveying the cleaned sorbent to a dryer; drying the cleaned sorbent; conveying the cleaned sorbent to a pulverizer; pulverizing the cleaned sorbent to de-agglomerate the cleaned sorbent; and conveying the de-agglomerated clean sorbent to the sorbent feeder for reintroduction into the system.
- 91. The process of any one of claims 71-73 and 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the sorbent in an aqueous rinse to dissolve sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese from the surface of sorbent particles into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the cleaned sorbent from the rinse to provide a filtrate containing dissolved sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese; adding alkali or ammonium hydroxide to the filtrate to form an unreacted sorbent precipitate of oxides and hydroxides of manganese and a liquor containing alkali or ammonium sulfates and/or nitrates; separating the unreacted sorbent precipitate from the liquor, the liquor being routed for further processing into marketable products or for distribution and/or sale as a useful by-product; rinsing the sorbent precipitate; drying the sorbent precipitate to form unreacted sorbent; and pulverizing the unreacted sorbent to de-agglomerate the unreacted sorbent.
- 92. The process of any one of claims 71-73 and 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the sorbent in an aqueous solution to dissolve sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese on the surface of sorbent particles into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the cleaned sorbent from the acid rinse to provide a filtrate containing dissolved sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese; adding alkali or ammonium hydroxide to the filtrate to form a sorbent precipitate of oxides of manganese and a liquor containing alkali or ammonium sulfates and/or nitrates; separating the sorbent precipitate from the liquor, the sorbent precipitate being routed for regeneration of unreacted sorbent; and routing the liquor for distribution and/or sale as a useful by-product or for further processing into marketable products.
- 93. The process of claim 72 or claim 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system where primarily NOX capture occurred by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese; heating the reacted sorbent to thermally decompose the nitrates of manganese, to desorb NO2, and to the sorbent to form an unreacted sorbent; and further heating the unreacted sorbent in an oxidizing atmosphere to complete the regeneration of the sorbent.
- 94. The process of claim 72 or claim 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system where primarily NOX capture occurred by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese; heating the reacted sorbent to thermally decompose the nitrates of manganese, to desorb NO2, and to regenerate reacted sorbent to form an unreacted sorbent of oxides of manganese; passing the desorbed NO2 through a wet scrubber containing water and an oxidant to form a nitric acid liquor; and routing the nitric acid liquor for further distribution and/or sale as a useful product or on for further processing.
- 95. The process of claim 72 or claim 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system where primarily NOX capture occurred by reacting with the sorbent to form nitrates of manganese; heating the reacted sorbent to thermally decompose the nitrates of manganese, to desorb NO2, and to regenerate reacted sorbent to form an unreacted sorbent of oxides of manganese; passing the desorbed NO2 through a wet scrubber containing water and an oxidant to form a nitric acid liquor; adding an ammonium or alkali hydroxide to the acid liquor to form a liquor containing ammonium or alkali nitrates; and routing the liquor for distribution and/or sale as a useful by-product or for further processing into marketable products.
- 96. The process of claim 73 or claim 75, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing SOX and NOX reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; heating the reacted sorbent to a first temperature to desorb NO2, the desorbed NO2 being routed for further processing and/or handling; and heating the reacted sorbent to a second temperature to desorb SOX, the desorbed SOX being routed for further processing and/or handling and the reacted sorbent being regenerated to unreacted sorbent.
- 97. The process of claim 77 or claim 78, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing NOX, SOX and mercury reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; heating the sorbent to a first temperature to desorb NO2 which is routed for further processing into marketable products; heating the sorbent to a second temperature to desorb elemental mercury which is routed to a condenser for recovery; rinsing the sorbent to wash away any ash and to dissolve sulfates of manganese into solution to form a liquor; separating any ash in the liquor, the separated ash being routed for further handling; adding alkali or ammonium hydroxide to the liquor to form an unreacted sorbent precipitate of oxides of manganese and a liquor containing alkali or ammonium sulfates, the liquor containing rinsed sorbent; separating the rinsed sorbent and unreacted sorbent precipitate from the liquor, the liquor being routed for further processing into marketable products or for distribution and/or sale as a useful by-product; drying the rinsed sorbent and sorbent precipitate to form unreacted sorbent; and pulverizing the unreacted sorbent to de-agglomerate the unreacted sorbent.
- 98. The process claim 77 or claim 79, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing NOX, SOX and mercury reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; heating the sorbent to a first temperature to desorb NO2 which is routed for further processing into marketable products; heating the sorbent to a second temperature to desorb mercury vapor; and condensing the mercury vapor to recover marketable liquid mercury.
- 99. The process of claim 74, wherein the first and second reaction products are salts of manganese which dissolve in solution to yield first anions, second anions and manganese cations, further comprising the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from the reaction zones of the system; washing the reacted sorbent in an aqueous rinse to dissolve the reactions products; providing first and second anion exchangers having an anion exchange resin loaded therein, the anion exchange resin having soluble exchange anions in the exchange position on the resin; passing a solution containing first and second anions through the first anion exchanger to elute the soluble exchange anions to form soluble manganese salts while capturing the first anions on the resin; passing the solution containing the second anions through the second anion exchanger to elute the soluble exchange anions to form soluble manganese salts while capturing the second anions on the resin; adding a soluble carbonate or hydroxide compound to the solution to precipitate manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide; separating the manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide from the solution; and heating the manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide to form regenerated oxides of manganese.
- 100. The process of claim 73 or claim 74, further comprising the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from the reaction zones of the system; washing the reacted sorbent in an aqueous solution to dissolve the reaction products to provide a solution containing sulfate and nitrate anions and manganese cations; providing first and second anion exchangers having an anion exchange resin loaded therein, the anion exchange resin having soluble exchange anions in the exchange position on the resin; passing the solution containing sulfate and nitrate anions through the first anion exchanger to elute the soluble exchange anions to form soluble manganese salts while capturing the sulfate anion on the resin; passing the solution containing nitrate anions through the second anion exchanger to elute the soluble exchange anions to form soluble manganese salts while capturing the nitrate anion on the resin; adding a soluble carbonate or hydroxide compound to the solution to precipitate manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide; separating the manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide from the solution; and heating the manganese carbonate or manganese hydroxide to form regenerated oxides of manganese.
- 101. The process of claim 81, further comprising the steps of:
removing the reacted sorbent from the reaction zone; and heating the reacted sorbent to thermally decompose the carbonates of manganese, to desorb the oxides of carbon and to regenerate the reacted sorbent to form unreacted sorbent of oxides of manganese.
- 102. The process of any one of claims 71-74, wherein the process further comprises the steps of:
removing reacted sorbent from a reaction zone of the system; washing the sorbent in an aqueous solution to dissolve sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese on the surface of sorbent particles into solution, thereby cleaning the sorbent; separating the cleaned sorbent from the rinse to provide a filtrate containing dissolved sulfates and/or nitrates of manganese; adding alkali or ammonium carbonate to the filtrate to form a precipitate of carbonates of manganese and a liquor containing alkali or ammonium sulfates and/or nitrates. separating the precipitate from the liquor, the precipitate being routed for regeneration of unreacted sorbent through thermal decomposition of the precipitate in an oxidizing atmosphere; and routing the liquor for distribution and/or sale as a useful by-product or for further processing into marketable products.
- 103. A process according to any one of claims 68-70 and 74, wherein the system further comprises a controller for individual or simultaneous monitoring and adjusting system operational parameters selected from the group consisting of target pollutant capture rate, system differential pressure, gas inlet temperature, sorbent feed rate and any combination thereof.
- 104. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 71, wherein the reaction zone includes a filter, wherein the contacting step includes contacting the gas containing SOX with a filter cake of the sorbent formed on the filter, wherein the process further includes providing a differential pressure controller for controlling the differential pressure across the filter, wherein the differential pressure controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the differential pressure, and an output to control the cleaning rate of the filter cake, wherein the method includes using the differential pressure controller to control the differential pressure to match the set point by increasing the cleaning rate to decrease the differential pressure and by decreasing the cleaning rate to increase the differential pressure.
- 105. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 104, wherein the process further includes providing an outlet SOX sensor for measuring an outlet gas SOX level downstream of the filter, providing a SOX level controller for controlling the SOX level downstream of the filter, wherein the SOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet SOX level, and an output to control the cleaning rate of the filter cake, wherein the method includes using the controller to control the SOX level to match the set point by increasing the cleaning rate to increase the outlet SOX level by decreasing the thickness of the filter cake bed depth, and by decreasing the cleaning rate to decrease the outlet SOX level by increasing the thickness of the filter cake.
- 106. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 105, wherein the SOX level controller output operates upon the set point of a filter differential pressure controller.
- 107. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 71, wherein the process further includes providing an outlet SOX sensor for measuring an outlet gas SOX level downstream of the filter, providing a SOX level controller for controlling the SOX level downstream of the filter, wherein the SOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet SOX level, and an output to control the temperature of the reaction zone, wherein the method includes using the controller to control the SOX level to match the set point by increasing the reaction zone temperature to increase the outlet SOX level, and by decreasing the reaction zone temperature to decrease the outlet SOX level.
- 108. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 71, wherein the filter includes a plurality of subfilters, and the cleaning rate control includes controlling the cleaning frequency of the subfilters.
- 109. A process for dry removal of oxides of sulfur as in claim 71, wherein the introducing sorbent step includes injecting the sorbent into the gas at a controllable sorbent feed rate, wherein the process further includes providing an outlet SOX sensor for measuring an outlet gas SOX level downstream of the reaction zone, providing a SOX level controller for controlling the SOX level downstream of the reaction zone, wherein the SOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet SOX level, and an output to control the sorbent feed rate to the reaction zone, wherein the process includes using the controller to control the SOX level to match the set point by decreasing the sorbent feed rate to increase the outlet SOX level, and by increasing the sorbent feed rate to decrease the outlet SOX level.
- 110. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 62, wherein the reaction zone includes a filter, wherein the contacting step includes contacting the gas containing NOX with a filter cake of the sorbent formed on the filter, wherein the process further includes providing a differential pressure controller for controlling the differential pressure across the filter, wherein the differential pressure controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the differential pressure, and an output to control the cleaning rate of the filter cake, wherein the method includes using the differential pressure controller to control the differential pressure to match the set point by increasing the cleaning rate to decrease the differential pressure and by decreasing the cleaning rate to increase the differential pressure.
- 111. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 110, wherein the process further includes providing an outlet NOX sensor for measuring an outlet gas NOX level downstream of the filter, providing a NOX level controller for controlling the NOX level downstream of the filter, wherein the NOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet NOX level, and an output to control the cleaning rate of the filter cake, wherein the method includes using the controller to control the NOX level to match the set point by increasing the cleaning rate to increase the outlet NOX level by decreasing the thickness of the filter cake, and by decreasing the cleaning rate to decrease the outlet NOX level by increasing the thickness of the filter cake.
- 112. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 111, wherein the NOX level controller output operates upon the set point of a filter differential pressure controller.
- 113. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 110, wherein the method further includes providing an outlet NOX sensor for measuring an outlet flue gas NOX level downstream of the filter, providing a NOX level controller for controlling the NOX level downstream of the filter, wherein the NOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet NOX level, and an output to control the temperature of the reaction zone, wherein the method includes using the controller to control the NOX level to match the set point by increasing the reaction zone temperature to increase the outlet NOX level, and by decreasing the reaction zone temperature to decrease the outlet NOX level.
- 114. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 110, wherein the filter includes a plurality of subfilters, and the cleaning rate control includes controlling the cleaning frequency of the subfilters.
- 115. A process for dry removal of oxides of nitrogen as in claim 110, wherein the introducing sorbent step includes injecting the sorbent into the gas at a controllable sorbent feed rate, wherein the process further includes providing an outlet NOX sensor for measuring an outlet gas NOX level downstream of the reaction zone, providing a NOX level controller for controlling the NOX level downstream of the reaction zone wherein the NOX level controller includes a set point, an input indicative of the outlet NOX level, and an output to control the sorbent feed rate to the reaction zone, wherein the process includes using the controller to control the NOX level to match the set point by decreasing the sorbent feed rate to increase the outlet NOX level, and by increasing the sorbent feed rate to decrease the outlet NOX level.
- 116. A process for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an adaptable system for dry removal of target pollutants from a gas stream with minimal pressure drop across the system; B. contacting a gas containing at least one target pollutant with a sorbent in the system for a time sufficient to capture at least one target pollutant at a target pollutant capture rate through formation of a reaction product between the target pollutant and the sorbent; C. removing the sorbent from the system; D. regenerating the sorbent; and E. producing useful by-products.
- 117. The system of any one of claims 34, 36 and 41, wherein the system further comprises a first reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent from the first bag house for re-introduction into the first bag house and a second reacted sorbent feeder for recycling reacted sorbent from the second bag house for re-introduction into the second bag house.
- 118. The system of any one of claims 34, 36 and 41, wherein the system further comprises a reacted sorbent feeder for receiving reacted sorbent from the second bag house, with reacted sorbent from the reacted sorbent feeder being introduced into the first bag house.
- 119. The system of any one of claims 24-29 and 32-41, further comprising a sorbent pretreatment subsystem, wherein the sorbent is pretreated to activate the sorbent and improve the sorbent loading capacity and capture efficiency.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/919,600, filed Jul. 31, 2001, which claims priority to the following US Provisional Applications: No. 60/222,236, filed Aug. 1, 2000; Nos. 60/232,049; 60/232,097, both filed Sep. 12, 2000; No. 60/238,105, filed Oct. 4, 2000; Nos. 60/239,422; 60/239,435, both filed Oct. 10, 2000; No. 60/242,830, filed Oct. 23, 2000; No. 60/243,090, filed Oct. 24, 2000; No. 60/244,948, filed Nov. 1, 2000; Nos. 60/288,166; 60/288,165; 60/288,237; 60/288,245; 60/288,243; 60/288,242; 60/288,168; 60/288,167, all filed May 2, 2001; Nos. 60/295,930; 60/296,006; 60/296,005; 60/296,004; 60/296,007; 60/296,003; all filed Jun. 5, 2001; and Nos. 60/299,362; 60/299,363, both filed Jun. 19, 2001, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Provisional Applications (25)
|
Number |
Date |
Country |
|
60222236 |
Aug 2000 |
US |
|
60232049 |
Sep 2000 |
US |
|
60232097 |
Sep 2000 |
US |
|
60238105 |
Oct 2000 |
US |
|
60239422 |
Oct 2000 |
US |
|
60239435 |
Oct 2000 |
US |
|
60242830 |
Oct 2000 |
US |
|
60243090 |
Oct 2000 |
US |
|
60244948 |
Nov 2000 |
US |
|
60288166 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288165 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288237 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288245 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288243 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288242 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288168 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60288167 |
May 2001 |
US |
|
60295930 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60296006 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60296005 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60296004 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60296007 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60296003 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60299362 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
|
60299363 |
Jun 2001 |
US |
Divisions (1)
|
Number |
Date |
Country |
Parent |
09919600 |
Jul 2001 |
US |
Child |
10044089 |
Jan 2002 |
US |