SYSTEM AND/OR METHOD FOR MACHINE LEARNING USING BINARY POLY LOSS FUNCTION

Abstract

Disclosed are a system, method and apparatus to generate service codes based, at least in part, on electronic documents.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This disclosure relates to methods and/or techniques for determining service codes based, at least in part, on expressions in electronic documents.

2. Information

Modern services, such as clinical medical services, are typically funded through insurance and/or reimbursement plans. In an implementation, specific types of services may be classified and identified by corresponding service codes. Parties that are to make payment to settle fees for a service provided may then make an amount of payment to a service provider based on service code(s) associated with the service. In the particular example of clinical medical service codes, the continued growth in volume and complexity of clinical service codes is increasingly burdening medical service providers seeking payment for services.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Claimed subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. However, both as to organization and/or method of operation, together with objects, features, and/or advantages thereof, it may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description if read with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system to generate codes relating to services according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a system to perform computer-assisted coding (CAC) according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a system to perform computer-assisted coding (CAC) according to an alternative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process to determine service codes based on an electronic document, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an example computing system in accordance with an implementation; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a neural network formed in “layers”, according to an embodiment.

Reference is made in the following detailed description to accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, wherein like numerals may designate like parts throughout that are corresponding and/or analogous. It will be appreciated that the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale, such as for simplicity and/or clarity of illustration. For example, dimensions of some aspects may be exaggerated relative to others. Furthermore, structural and/or other changes may be made without departing from claimed subject matter. It should also be noted that directions and/or references, for example, such as up, down, top, bottom, and so on, may be used to facilitate discussion of drawings and are not intended to restrict application of claimed subject matter. Therefore, the following detailed description is not to be taken to limit claimed subject matter and/or equivalents. Further, it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized. Also, embodiments have been provided of claimed subject matter and it is noted that, as such, those illustrative embodiments are inventive and/or unconventional; however, claimed subject matter is not limited to embodiments provided primarily for illustrative purposes. Thus, while advantages have been described in connection with illustrative embodiments, claimed subject matter is inventive and/or unconventional for additional reasons not expressly mentioned in connection with those embodiments. In addition, references throughout this specification to “claimed subject matter” refer to subject matter intended to be covered by one or more claims, and are not necessarily intended to refer to a complete claim set, to a particular combination of claim sets (e.g., method claims, apparatus claims, etc.), or to a particular claim.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

References throughout this specification to one implementation, an implementation, one embodiment, an embodiment, and/or the like means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like described in relation to a particular implementation and/or embodiment is included in at least one implementation and/or embodiment of claimed subject matter. Thus, appearances of such phrases, for example, in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily intended to refer to the same implementation and/or embodiment or to any one particular implementation and/or embodiment. Furthermore, it is to be understood that particular features, structures, characteristics, and/or the like described are capable of being combined in various ways in one or more implementations and/or embodiments and, therefore, are within intended claim scope. In general, of course, as has always been the case for the specification of a patent application, these and other issues have a potential to vary in a particular context of usage. In other words, throughout the patent application, particular context of description and/or usage provides helpful guidance regarding reasonable inferences to be drawn; however, likewise, “in this context” in general without further qualification refers to the context of the present patent application.

To address burdens in associating services to service codes in billing operations, clinical medicine service providers may employ automated clinical coding (ACC) that uses natural language processing (NLP) to automatically generate diagnosis and procedure medical codes from clinical notes. In an example implementation, computer-assisted coding (CAC) software may scan medical documentation in electronic health records (EHR) to identify essential information and suggest codes for a particular treatment or service. A human coder or health care provider may review codes produced by CAC. In an embodiment, CAC may reduce an administrative burden on service providers, allowing service providers to increasingly focus on delivering care rather than learning the nuances of coding.

As many healthcare facilities have adopted EHRs and clinicians have become more specific in their documentation efforts, coders have had more content to read/process, slowing down a process of associating codes to records. This occurs while there is a growing pressure to expediate claims to insurance companies to receive quick payment. As such, CAC may streamline coding and eliminate bottlenecks while enabling coders to focus more attention on higher-level audits by reviewing service codes that are generated. Notwithstanding improvements in CAC techniques, CAC techniques may be unable to handle increasingly complex medical notes.

According to an embodiment, a linguistic transformation may be trained to determine an embedding of tokens in an electronic document based, at least in part, on a linguistic analysis of the electronic document. Likelihoods of applicability of service codes to the electronic document may then be determined based, at least in part, on the embedding of tokens. In one implementation, a linguistic transformation may be trained using jargon, abbreviations, syntax, grammar and/or of text in a particular service domain such as a medical clinical service domain. It should be understood, however, that this is merely an example of a particular service domain, and that features of the present disclosure may be applied to different service domains without deviating from claimed subject matter. In another implementation, likelihoods of applicability of particular service codes may be determined based, at least in part, on application of one or more attention models to context values associated with individual tokens (e.g., expressed as an “embedding” of tokens). As described below, particular implementations may be scalable to accommodate sets of service codes of different sizes.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system 100 to generate service codes relating to medical services according to an embodiment. While particular features of system 100 may be specifically directed to generation of service codes relating to medical services, it should be understood that aspects may be applied for the generation of service codes descriptive of other, different types of services (e.g., other services for which payment/reimbursement is to be pursued from an insurance company). Here, care provider 102 (e.g., physician, physician assistant, registered nurse, etc.) may be evaluating/tending to patient 114 to, for example, provide a diagnosis and/or treatment. In the course of evaluating/tending to patient 114, care provider 102 may record diagnoses and/or treatments in a patient “chart.” Such a chart may include, for example, notes that are handwritten, typed and/or spoken to be captured by computing device 110. In a particular implementation, computing device 110 may comprise input devices (not shown) such as, for example, a keyboard, microphone and/or scanning device to receive such notes. Notes received at such an input device may then be processed by computer-readable instructions executed by a processor (e.g., to perform speech to text, character recognition, handwriting recognition and/or spell checking) to generate electronic document 104 expressed as signals and/or states in one or more physical memory devices. In a particular implementation, electronic document 104 may store signals and/or states expressing formatted text to represent notes provided by care provider 102, for example.

AAC engine 106 may comprise one or more computing devices (not shown) to determine service codes 108 based, at least in part, on electronic document 104. AAC engine 106 may comprise, for example, one or more processors and/or processor executable instructions (not shown) to determine service codes 108 based, at least in part, on electronic document 104 using natural language processing. In an embodiment, codes 108 may be reviewed, adjusted and/or corrected by care provider 102 and/or other human auditor before submitting service codes 108 to another entity for billing, payment and/or reimbursement.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a system 200 to perform computer-assisted coding (CAC) according to an embodiment. System 200 may implement features of AAC engine 106 to determine service codes 108, for example. In the particular illustrated implementation, an electronic document may be represented by tokens x₁ through x_nx according to a vocabulary of tokens 1 through n_x. Here, tokens x₁ through x_nx may be generated by a tokenization process. In an example implementation, such tokenization may comprise partitioning/parsing sentences expressed in an electronic document into elements of the sentences such as phrases, words, word fragments and/or punctuation, just to provide a few examples of how a sentence may be partitioned/parsed into discrete elements to represent tokens. In one example embodiment, a vocabulary of tokens may comprise an n_x number of tokens and a token x_i may indicate a presence of a corresponding token i in the vocabulary of tokens (e.g., as a “1” or “0”). Alternatively, a token x_i may indicate and/or map to a likelihood of a presence of a corresponding token i in the vocabulary of tokens (e.g., as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0). In a particular implementation, tokens in a vocabulary of tokens may be specifically tailored and/or weighted according to particular words and/or phrases that are indicative and/or descriptive of clinical medical diagnoses and/or services. In other implementations, tokens in a vocabulary of tokens may be specifically tailored and/or weighted according to particular words and/or phrases that are indicative and/or descriptive of other types of services. Examples of tokens in a vocabulary of tokens specifically tailored and/or weighted according to clinical medical diagnosis/service may comprise, for example, “pain,” “fracture” or “fibula”, just to provide a few examples.

According to an embodiment, transformer 202 may transform tokens x₁ through x_nx to provide an embedding of tokens 204. In a particular implementation, transformer 202 may determine such an embedding of tokens in an electronic document based, at least in part, on a linguistic context of at least some of the associated tokens. For example, transformer 202 may determine such a linguistic context of at least some of associated tokens based, at least in part, on application of a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), for example.

In a particular implementation, a BERT implemented in transformer 202 may be trained in a linguistic domain specific using jargon, abbreviations, syntax, grammar and/or text in a medical clinical service domain. While some implementations of a BERT may be limited to use of 512 tokens, a BERT for determining an embedding of tokens may be scalable to determine embeddings of a larger number of tokens to address linguistic features of particular service domains (e.g., medical notes).

According to an embodiment, embedding of tokens 204 may be expressed as an array Ex (e.g., a matrix) populated with context values. For example, Ex may comprise an n_x×n_y matrix comprising n_x rows corresponding with n_x tokens in a vocabulary of n_x tokens, where context values in a particular row are applicable to corresponding service codes, for example. In an example implementation, context values in a row of Ex may map to corresponding service codes where a context value E_x(i,j) maps a token i to a service code j. According to an embodiment, an attention model may be applied to context values to determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes, for example. In a particular implementation, a likelihood of applicability y_i of a service code i may be computed according to expression (1) as follows:

y _i=σ(w_i^T(E_xα_i^T)+b_i),  (1)

where:

• • σ is a sigmoid function mapping to a range of real numbers from 0.0 to 1.0;
  • α_i is a vector of attention coefficients applicable to context values of Ex associated with service code i;
  • w_i is a vector of weights; and
  • b_i is a bias value.

According to an embodiment, values for w_i and b_i may computed according to a loss function over multiple training epochs and/or training samples. For example, values for w_i and b_i may computed according to a least squares error and/or multi-variable linear regression model, for example. Alternatively, values for w_i and b_i may computed using a neural network optimization model. According to an embodiment, values for at may be selected and/or determined to apply an attention model to context values of elements in E_x. As may be observed from expression (1), such application of an attention model may comprise computing a dot product of an array of attention coefficients in α_i and an array of at least some of the context values associated with the individual tokens in E_x.

According to an embodiment, values for α_i may be determined based, at least in part, on a perceived “alignment” between and/or among tokens in a vocabulary of tokens i through n_x. For example, one or more neural networks may be trained to learn such an alignment between and/or among such tokens in the context of accurately mapping to a likelihood of applicability of a particular associated service code. In one particular implementation, such an alignment of tokens may consider a totality of tokens in a vocabulary of tokens according to a “global” attention model. In another particular implementation, such an alignment of tokens may consider a subset of tokens in a vocabulary of tokens according to a “local” attention model. FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a system 250 to perform CAC coding according to an alternative embodiment. Like system 200, system 250 may implement features of AAC engine 106 to determine service codes 108, for example. In a particular implementation, likelihoods of applicability y₁ through y_ny of codes 1 through n_y may be determined from tokens x₁ through x_nx (from a vocabulary of tokens 1 through n_x) based, at least in part, on a processing of tokens x₁ through x_nx by a reader to produce an embedding of tokens based, at least in part, on a linguistic context. Such an embedding of tokens may be encoded to provide likelihoods of applicability y₁ through y_ny. In a particular implementation, over a course of processing text/notes expressed as tokens x₁ through x to provide likelihoods of applicability y₁ through y_ny, relationships between and/or among features of clinical notes in the form of text (e.g., expressed as tokens) and less-frequently applied codes may be learned. Here, a code-title embedding 262 may incorporate these learned relationships in applying an additional layer of attention processing to augment an encoding of the embedding of tokens in determining likelihoods of applicability y₁ through y_ny.

According to an embodiment, convoluted embedding 252 may transform individual tokens x₁ through x_nx to an embedding of tokens of a dimension d using an embedding layer followed by two one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) layers. Like in an embedding of tokens as described in connection with FIG. 2A, E_x may comprise a matrix of context values where a row of E_x may map to corresponding service codes and where a context value E_x(i,j) maps a token i to a service code j.

In a particular implementation, an application of CNN layers may preprocess tokens x₁ through x_nx to associate related tokens (e.g., tokens that are in proximity in a sentence and/or adjacent sentences) tokens (like n-grams) in a convoluted embedding of tokens corresponding to tokens x₁ through x_nx. In an implementation, such a convoluted embedding of tokens corresponding to tokens x₁ through x_nx may be based, least in part, on local semantic dependencies (e.g., semantic dependencies of tokens in a grammatically correct sentence) in clinical notes. E_x may comprise a two-dimensional matrix to express such an embedding of tokens where vectors E_x,1 through E_x,nx may comprise components of E_x.

According to an embodiment, convoluted embedding 252 may execute a pre-training process to learn associations between and/or among tokens in a vocabulary of tokens 1 through n_x defining tokens x₁ through x_nx (e.g., n_x=4096). Such associations may reflect similarities between and/or among tokens in a semantic/linguistic vector space defined, for example, by dependencies of tokens within a sentence or adjacent sentences, semantic/linguistic similarities, just to provide a couple of examples. In a particular implementation, such a pre-training process may be implemented as a Word2vec process using a Skip-gram model. Here, such a model may be trained to generate an embedding such as an embedding of size d=300, a window size five for multiple training epochs with sample tokenized sets of clinical notes. It should be understood, however, that these are merely example values/parameters to define a pre-training process for a particular implementation, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect.

An initial embedding generated by a Word2vec process may define pretrained weights to be loaded to an additional embedding layer comprising two CNN layers with d filters, kernel size ten, for example. Here, two CNN layers of convoluted embedding 252 may process tokens x₁ through x_nx to provide output values. In one implementation, the two CNN layers may apply a dropout to the output values of about 10%, for example. A suitable activation function (e.g., tanh or other suitable activation function) may be applied to such output values to provide context values of E_x.

According to an embodiment, self-attention 256 may generate an attention-mapped embedding of tokens U_x based, at least in part, on an embedding of tokens expressed in E_x (generated by convoluted embedding 252). Self-attention 256 may apply a multiple-layered model such as a stack of four identical layers. In an implementation, a single layer in such a multiple-layered model may comprise single-head self-attention and feed-forward layers interleaved with residual connections and layer normalization. In a particular implementation, E_x generated by convoluted embedding 252 may map each token x₁ through x_nx to a corresponding vector of context values of length d. Based, at least in part, on these vectors expressed in E_x, according to an embodiment, self-attention 256 may associate different tokens embedded in a sequence as expressed in E_x to improve a tokenized encoding of clinical notes, for example.

According to an embodiment, a degree of self-attention of an embedding of tokens may be expressed in three vectors corresponding to “query,” “key” and “value.” In an implementation, such query, key and value components of an embedding of tokens E_x may be expressed by application of projection matrices in a multi-layered model. Such a multiple-layered model may be implemented by application of projection matrices W_q, W_k, W_v∈^d×d corresponding to query, key and value vectors, respectively, according to expression (2) as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Attn}\left(E_x\right)=\mathrm{LN}\left\{E_x+\mathrm{Softmax}\left[\frac{\left(E_x{W}_q\right){\left(E_x{W}_k\right)}^T}{\sqrt{d}}\right]\left(E_x{W}_v\right)\right\},& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

where:

• • Softmax is a function to map values to real numbers in a range between zero and one (e.g., to represent likelihoods and/or probabilities); and
  • LN(Z) is a layer normalization function.

In an embodiment, layer normalization function LN(Z) may weight values in vectors of matrix Z so as to normalize to common statistical attributes such as mean and variance, for example. Self-attention 256 may then implement a feed forward neural network to determine attention-mapped embedding of tokens U_x according to expression (3) as follows:

U _x,i =FFN(E_x,i)=LN{Attn(E_x,i)+δ[Attn(E_x,i)W₁]W₂},  (3)

where:

• • W₁∈^d×dff, and W₂∈^dff×d; and
  • δ is a ReLU activation function.In a particular implementation, d_ff=1024. But embodiments are not limited to this particular implementation. A dropout to each sublayer output may occur prior to such a sublayer output being added to sub-layer input with a normalization rate of 0.1.

According to an embodiment, code-title embedding 262 may learn interrelationships between and/or among code titles to be expressed in an extracted code-title embedding matrix E_t∈^ny×d In the particular implementation, code titles corresponding with service codes may be defined according to a well-established set of service codes such as, for example, service codes defined by International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding systems. Such code titles may comprise text that uniquely identifies and/or is descriptive of services underlying associated service codes. Such code titles may include, for example, “gastric intubation” (43752, 91105); “interpretation of blood gases and interpretation of data stored in computers, such as ECGs, blood pressure, hematologic data” (99090); “interpretation of cardiac output” (93561-93562); “interpretation of chest X-rays” (71010-71020); “pulse oximetry” (94760-94762); “temporary transcutaneous pacing” (92953); “vascular access procedures” (36000, 36410, 36415, 36591, 36600); and “ventilator management” (94002-94004, 94660, 94662). In particular embodiments, service codes may be rare (aka “tail”). In particular implementations, application of code-title embedding 262 may enable a learning of semantic patterns and/or relationships between and/or among code titles that improves accuracy of code prediction.

According to an embodiment, code-title guided attention 260 may determine likelihoods of code applicability y₁ through y_ny based, at least in part, on attention-mapped embedding of tokens U_x (e.g., as determined by self-attention 256). In a particular implementation, code-title guided attention 260 incorporates associations between and/or among different service code titles (e.g., clinical service code titles) 1 through n_y in determining corresponding likelihood values y₁ through y_ny. For example, code-title guided attention 260 may apply recognized and/or learned interrelationship between and/or among different service code titles, such as interrelationships between and/or among titles less frequently applied service codes, in determining likelihoods of code applicability y₁ through y_ny.

According to an embodiment, like clinical nodes as discussed above, code-title embedding 262 may express context values associated with service codes 1 through n_y in a vocabulary of Z tokens. Additionally, code-title embedding 262 may determine a tokenization corresponding to service codes 1 through n_y where a tokenization of such codes 1 through n_y in a matrix T∈^ny×Z. Additionally, code-title embedding 262 may determine an embedding of such tokens to express context values associated with service code titles corresponding to service codes 1 through n_y in a matrix T∈^ny×Z. Based, at least in part, on matrix T, code-title embedding 262 may determine an extracted code-title embedding matrix E_t∈^ny×d having context values to be applied by code-title guided attention 260 to attention-mapped embedding of tokens U_x.

According to an embodiment, for each code title to be associated with context values in matrix Et, in a particular implementation, matrix Et may include a padding of n_t number of elements (e.g., n_t=36). Code-title embedding 262 may apply pretrained Word2vec Skip-gram model weights determined by convoluted embedding 252 and/or apply weights derived from such model weights determined by convoluted embedding 252 to initialize an embedding layer comprising a single CNN layer with d=300 filters and kernel size ten, for example. A suitable activation function (e.g., tanh or other suitable activation function) may then be applied to such output values to provide coefficients of Et. Based, at least in part, on learned relationships between and/or among different service code titles determined by code-title embedding 262, code-title guided attention 260 may apply a subsequent attention mapping to attention mapped embedding of tokens U_x. Here, an extracted code-title embedding matrix Et E ^ny×d may be applied as a query matrix to guide attention from token embeddings in expression (4) as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_x=\mathrm{Softmax}\left(\frac{E_t{U}_x^T}{\sqrt{d}}\right)U_x,& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

where V_x∈^ny×d.

As such, attention scores are computed based, at least in part, on corresponding dot products implemented according to the expression E_tU_x^T. According to an embodiment, recognizing particular queries that are close in Euclidean space having similar attention scores may enable efficient learning of interrelations between and/or among less frequently applied service codes and text. Such a Euclidean space may define one or more query dimensions, for example. Here, E_t may be implemented as a query in the computation of attention scores in V_x to achieve significant performance gains. Finally, likelihoods of applicability of service codes may be computed by code-title guided attention 260 according to expression (5) as follows:

y=σ(V_xW₃),  (5)

where W₃∈^d×1 and σ is a sigmoid function.

According to an embodiment, parameters to implement convoluted embedding 252 (e.g., weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x), self-attention 256 (e.g., coefficients for W₁, W₂, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t), code-title guided attention 260 (e.g., coefficients for W₃) and code-title embedding 262 (e.g., coefficients for E_t) may be trained over multiple training samples and/or epochs. In a particular implementation, training samples may be generated for multiple permutations of linguistic elements of a clinical note. For a clinical note including multiple sentences, for example, a training scheme may employ permutation equivariance to randomly shuffle an ordering of such multiple sentences to spawn new training sequences. It has been shown, for example, that a three-fold augmentation of a single note to generate three corresponding sets of training samples may significantly enhance accuracy of determining likelihoods of applicability y₁ through y_ny. In another implementation, an entirety of convoluted embedding 252, self-attention 256, code-title guided attention 260 and code-title embedding 262 may be trained on a set of medical codes to maximize a log-likelihood of binary classifiers 1 through n_y. Here, a stochastic weighted averaging (SWA) be used to store a running average of model weights in a training sequence. In a particular example, an SWA may be averaged every five epochs staring with an initial epoch. This may improve speed and accuracy of prediction over conventional ensemble techniques.

As pointed out above, values for w_i and b_i in expression (1) may computed using a neural network optimization model. According to an embodiment, values for w_i, b_i and/or α_i as set forth in expression (1) (as well as parameters to implement convoluted embedding 252 (e.g., weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x), self-attention 256 (e.g., coefficients for W₁, W₂, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t), code-title guided attention 260 (e.g., coefficients for W₃) and code-title embedding 262 (e.g., coefficients for E_t)) may be determined based, at least in part, on a loss function applied to prediction values y_i computed according to expression (1) and corresponding ground truth labels ŷ_i (e.g., ground truth label ŷ_i=1 to indicate a presence of code i and ground truth label ŷ_i=1 to indicate an absence of code i). For example, values for w_i, b_i and/or α_i as set forth in expression (1), as well as weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x, and coefficients for W₁, W₂, W₃, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t, may be determined based, at least in part, on iterations of expression (1) applied to training sets. For example, values for w_i, b_i and/or α_i, weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x, and coefficients for W₁, W₂, W₃, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t may be iteratively updated over multiple training epochs based on application of gradients of a loss function in backpropagation operations. In one embodiment, such a loss function may be based, at least in part, on a so-called binary cross-entropy (BCE) loss function according to expression (6) as follows:

L _BCE=Σ_i−ŷ_i log(y_i)−(1−ŷ_i)log(1−y_i)  (6)

In another embodiment, such a loss function may be based, at least in part, on a so-called binary focal loss (BFL) loss function according to expression (7) as follows:

L _BFL=Σ_i−ŷ_iα(1−y_i)^γlog(y_i)−(1−ŷ_i)(1−α)_i^γlog(1−y_i)  (7)

In another embodiment, a loss function for applied in training values for w_i, b_i and/or α_i as set forth in expression (1), as well as weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x, and coefficients for W₁, W₂, W₃, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t, may be such a loss function may be based, at least in part, on a combination of a BCE loss function (as shown in expression (6)) and a so-called binary poly loss (BPL) function comprising a linear combination of polynomial functions according to expression (8) as follows:

L _BPL/BCE=Σ_i−ŷ_i[log(y_i)−ϵ(1−ŷ_i)]−(1−ŷ_i)[log(1−y_i)−(1−ϵ)y_i]

L _BPL/BCE =L _BCE+Σ_iϵŷ_i(1−y_i)+(1−ϵ)(1−ŷ_i)y_i,  (8)

where:

• • ϵ is a scalar value selected for fitness.

According to an embodiment, binary search techniques may be used for selecting a value for ϵ with appropriate fitness. For example, such a search may begin with values −0.9999 and 0.9999, and then adjusted based on gains observed over a BCE loss. If ϵ=0.9999 provides better fitness, for example, 0.5 and 2.0 may be tried, and so on. Effectiveness of L_BPL/BCE may be observed from gradients of L_BPL/BCE which may be computed according to expressions (9) as follows:

$$\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{cc}-\frac{\partial L_{BPL/BCE}}{\partial y_i}{|}_{{\hat{y}}_i=1}=-\frac{\partial L_{BCE}}{\partial y_i}+ϵ\text{ \\ -∂LB⁢P⁢L/B⁢C⁢E∂yi|yˆi=0=-∂LB⁢C⁢E∂yi+(1-ϵ)}& \left(9\right)\end{array} \end{gathered}$$

In another embodiment, a loss function for application in training values for w_i, b_i and/or α_i as set forth in expression (1), as well as weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x, and coefficients for W₁, W₂, W₃, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t, may be based, at least in part, on a combination of a BFL loss function (as shown in expression (7)) and the aforementioned BPL loss function comprising a linear combination of polynomial functions according to expression (10) as follows:

L _BPL/BFL=Σ_i−ŷ_iα(1−y_i)^γ[log(y_i)−ϵ(1−y_i)]−(1−ŷ_i)(1−α)y_i^ϵ[log(1−y_i)−(1−ϵ)y_i]

L _BPL/BFL =L _BFL +ρŷ _i(1−y_i)^γ+1+(1−ρ)(1−ŷ_i)y_i^1+γ  (10)

Gradients of L_BPL/BFL may then be computed according to expressions (11) as follows:

$$\begin{gathered} \begin{array}{cc}-\frac{\partial L_{BPL/BFL}}{\partial y_i}{|}_{{\hat{y}}_i=1}=-\frac{\partial L_{BFL}}{\partial y_i}+\rho \left(1+\gamma \right){\left(1-y_i\right)}^{\gamma }\text{ \\ -∂LB⁢P⁢L/B⁢F⁢L∂yi|yˆi=0=-∂LB⁢F⁢L∂yi+(1-ρ)⁢(1+γ)⁢yiγ}& \left(11\right)\end{array} \end{gathered}$$

It may be observed from expression (11) that a computed gradient may be boosted by (1+γ)(1−y_i)^γ if the ith service code is present, similar to a gradient computed according to expression (9). It may be observed that certain scenarios in predicting medical service codes for y_i, predicted values for y_i≈1.0 may be sparse among values y_i for i∈1, 2, . . . , n_y, where remaining values for remaining y_i≈0.0. In a particular implementation, a ground truth label value ŷ_i may assume a binary value of either 1.0 (e.g., to provide a label indicating a presence of service i) or 0.0 (to indicate an absence of service i). As may be observed from expression (9), for example, a gradient of loss function L_BPL/BCE may be biased by term E for ground truth label value ŷ_i=1, and may be biased by a term 1−ϵ for a ground truth label value ŷ_i=0. Similarly, as may be observed from expression (11), a gradient of loss function L_BPL/BFL may be biased by term ρ(1+y)(1−y_i)^γ for label value ŷ_i=1, and may be biased by a term (1−φ(1+γ)y_i^γ for a label value ŷ_i=0. As such, inclusion of polynomial terms to express a binary poly loss function component in loss functions L_BPL/BCE and L_BPL/BFL may enable tuning a degree of impact to trainable parameters in backpropagation operations based on whether label value ŷ_i=1 or ŷ_i=0. Biasing gradients of a loss function based on a value of a binary ground truth label may enable improvements a trained prediction model for sparse occurrences/applicability of codes i∈1, 2, . . . , n_y.

In some implementations, prediction of likelihood of applicability of certain service codes may be impacted by a dearth in training sets that emphasize less frequently occurring service codes. In deployment, the bulk of medical service codes may appear very few times or with a low frequency. As such, there may be a very limited number of available training examples for less frequently occurring codes in a training set. This may, for example, result in trained prediction models that are skewed to predict more frequently occurring service codes over less frequently occurring service codes, leading to suboptimal prediction performance.

To address the more frequently occurring service codes that may skew predictions in a trained model, according to an embodiment, a technique of label prior matching may be applied to a loss function for use in training the model. Such a technique of label prior matching may influence such a trained model to learn an improved label representation for labels applicable to all available service codes by, for example, influencing the model to appropriately weight and/or bias attention more broadly to available service codes, regardless of a frequency of occurrence of certain service codes in training sets.

To implement label prior matching to at least partially account for service codes that occur less frequently in training sets, according to an embodiment, a loss function may be augmented, biased and/or modified with one or more additional terms directed to discriminator loss components and/or adversarial loss components. For example, in particular example implementations loss functions set forth in expressions (6), (7), (8) and/or (10) may be further augmented as L_BCE′, L_BFL′, and at least in part, by one or more additional terms to account for prior matching losses associated with different service codes according to expressions (12), (13), (14) and (15) as follows:

L _BCE′=Σ_i−ŷ_i log(y_i)−(1−ŷ_i)log(1−y_i)+L_c  (12)

L _BFL′=Σ_i−ŷ_iα(1−y_i)^γlog(y_i)−(1−ŷ_i)(1−α)y_i^γ log(1−y_i)+L_c  (13)

L _BPL/BCE′=Σ_i−ŷ_i[log(y_i)−ϵ(1−y_i)]−(1−ŷ_i)[log(1−y_i)−(1−ϵ)y_i]+L_c  (14)

L _BPL/BFL ′=L _BFL+Σ_iρŷ_i(1−y_i)^γ+1+(1−ρ)(1−ŷ_i)y_i^1+γ+L_c  (15)

where:

• • L_c is a prior matching loss term.

According to an embodiment, L_c for augmenting a loss function according to expressions (12), (13), (14) and (15) may be computed according to expressions (16) and (17) as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}{L}_c=\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{i=1}^n{l}_c^i& \left(16\right)\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{cc}{l}_c^i=-\left\{E_{c_p\sim Q}\left[\log D_{l_{pm}}\left(c_p\right)\right]+E_{e_i\sim P}\left[\log \left(1-D_{l_{pm}}\left(e_i\right)\right)\right]\right\},& \left(17\right)\end{array}$

where:

• • l_cⁱ is a component of a label prior matching loss attributable to a service code i;
  • e_i is a vector representation of a service code “i” with dimension d_m;
  • c_p is a vector having values determined as random samples obtained according to distribution Q and having dimension d_m;
  • D_lpm(c_p) is a discriminator function to compute a likelihood that c_p follows distribution Q;
  • D_lpm(e_i) is a discriminator function to compute a likelihood that e_i follows distribution Q; and
  • P is a distribution followed by the model from which a code representation was learned.

According to an embodiment, a matching loss component of a loss function may be derived, at least in part, from a likelihood that an expression of a service code is to occur with a frequency according to a distribution based, at least in part, on application of a discriminator function applied to the expression of the service code. While l_cⁱ is one particular example of a matching loss component associated with a service code i, other techniques for computation of a matching loss component may be used without deviating from claimed subject matter.

According to an embodiment, values for vector e_i may be obtained from an appropriate intermediate computation result in system 250 such as, for example, V_x computed by code-title guided attention module 260 according to expression (4) in training operations. In one implementation, vector e_i may be obtained as a row of array V_x corresponding to service code i, for example. In another implementation, vector et may be obtained as a row or column of array U_x comprising attention mapped embedding of tokens (e.g., computed according to expression (3)) corresponding to service code i, for example. In yet another implementation, values for vector e_i may be obtained from a different intermediate computation result in system 250 upstream of code-title guided attention module 260, for example. It should be understood, however, that these are merely examples of how values for a vector e_i may be determined, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect. Entries for vector c_p may be determined, for example, as random samples of distribution Q. In one particular example implementation, distribution Q may comprise a uniform distribution. It should be understood, however, that distribution Q may be implemented according to a different distribution, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect.

According to an embodiment, D_lpm may comprise a discriminator function implemented to determine a likelihood that a particular vector follows a distribution Q. In an implementation, D_lpm may be implemented as a neural network to receive e_i and c_p as activation inputs. For example, D_lpm may comprise a convolutional neural network (CNN) of appropriate structure to receive e_i and c_p as activation inputs and provide a numerical result expressing a likelihood. Weights applied to nodes of such a CNN to implement D_lpm may be determined, for example, in training operations to determine w_i, b_i and/or α_i as set forth in expression (1), as well as weights applied to nodes of a CNN to map values for x₁ through x_nx to E_x, and coefficients for W₁, W₂, W₃, W_v, W_q, W_k, E_t.

According to an embodiment, distribution Q may represent an ideal distribution of frequency of service code occurrences for training operations. In this context, terms “discriminator loss component” and “adversarial loss component” are to be referred to interchangeably, and are to mean components derived, at least in part, from a discriminator operation to assess fitness of one or more values to a distribution. The particular implementation of expression (17) provides specific examples of discriminator loss components or adversarial loss components E_cp˜Q[log D_lpm(c_p)] and E_ei˜P[log(1−D_lpm(e_i))] to influence behavior of the loss function with respect to a service code i to, at least in part, account for less frequently occurring service codes in available training sets. In the particular implementations of loss functions of expressions (12), (13), (14) or (15), a gradient of such discriminator loss components and/or adversarial loss components in Le for less frequently occurring service codes of i∈1, 2, . . . , n_y may impart a heavier bias to a loss function. Such a gradient applied in backpropagation operations may at least in part account for skewing of training parameters for more frequently occurring service codes of i∈1, 2, . . . , n_y.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process to determine service codes based on an electronic document, according to an embodiment. Such an electronic document may comprise notes and/or text relating to a clinical diagnosis and/or service such as electronic document 104. Block 302 may comprise determination of an embedding of tokens, such as an embedding of tokens 204 and/or 254 (E_x) discussed above. In this context, a “token” as referred to herein means a linguistic component of a sentence and/or other linguistic expression. In a particular example, and as discussed herein, an analysis of a linguistic sample (e.g., text) may be mapped to tokens from among a finite set of tokens defining a vocabulary of tokens. In a particular example discussed herein, such a vocabulary of tokens may be selected/determined according to particular identifiable services associated with service codes. In particular implementations, block 302 may determine an embedding of tokens in a vocabulary of tokens greater than 4096 tokens. An “embedding” of tokens as referred to herein means an expression of a mapping of tokens to a collection of words expressing a thought, sentence, portion of a sentence or other linguistic expression. In particular examples discussed herein, such an embedding of tokens may be determined, computed and/or generated according to one or more BERT transformers and/or multi-level CNNs, just to provide a couple of examples of techniques that may be used to compute an embedding of tokens.

Block 304 may comprise determining likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document. In this context, a “service code” as referred to herein means a code (e.g., alphanumeric code) and/or symbol representing a defined service. In particular examples discussed herein, such a defined service may comprise a service provided by a medical service provider. In other implementations, such a defined service may comprise different types of services provided by different kinds of service providers. As pointed out above, block 304 may determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes as y_i according expression (1) or (5), for example. Also, as discussed above likelihoods of applicability of service codes as y_i according to expression (5) may involve determining a tokenization of code titles and an embedding of such a tokenization of code titles.

Blocks 302 and 304 (e.g., in combination with system 250) may provide a reliable identification of service codes that apply to certain content (e.g., an electronic document containing clinical notes). According to an embodiment, additional features may provide expressions to explain reasoning as to why certain service codes are likely to apply to the certain content. Additionally, it may be observed that features of system 250 may be cumbersome to deploy in certain deployment hardware platforms for certain service code processing environments/application in which a reduced precision in likelihoods of applicability of service code is sufficient.

In some implementations, a prediction model set forth by system 250 may be used to derive and/or develop one or more student prediction models for deployment. In this context, a “student prediction model,” as referred to herein means a model to predict one or more features of a state that is derived at least in part from another model to predict the same or similar state. For example, a prediction model set forth by system 250 may establish a “teacher prediction model” capable of predicting a state comprising likelihoods of applicability of service codes y₁, y₂, . . . , y_ny as described above. Based, at least in part, on such a prediction model set forth by system 250, a student prediction model may similarly operate to predict the state y₁, y₂, . . . , y_ny using different computations (e.g., computations requiring fewer computing resources than for deployment of system 250).

In a particular implementation, an electronic document may provide an indication of service codes that are to be applicable (e.g., associated value for likelihood of applicability of service code i, asyi, exceeding a threshold) such as associated service code titles. Such an electronic document may also annotate indications of applicable service codes to express reasoning leading to deduction of that such service codes apply to particular subject matter tokens x. Such annotations to identified service codes may provide additional context and/or confidence in predictions/conclusions to engender trust of consumers of the indications of applicable service codes (e.g., professional medical coders).

In one embodiment, a preliminary label-wise attention technique may highlight key sentences (e.g., in notes) associated with predictions of likelihood of applicability (y_i, . . . , y_ny). In other implementations, deep learning models may be further leveraged to present reference(s) in notes/text that support an associated prediction of applicability of a service code. One such technique includes a knowledge distillation-based approach for extracting supporting evidence text, which may be applicable to deep learning models.

According to an embodiment, a system to generate predictions of likelihoods of applicability of service codes based on a tokenization (e.g., system 250 and/or expressions (1) through (5)) may establish a trained “teacher” model f_teacher(x_t) which may be approximated by a collection of linear “student” models f_student(x_s) [f_s,0(x_s), . . . , f_s,ny(x_s)] according to expression (18) as follows:

f _s,i(x_s)=q_s,i=Σ_jw_i,jx_j+b_i,  (18)

where:

• • x_s is a vector of tokens obtained from an electronic document;
  • q_s,i is an expression of a likelihood that a service code i is applicable; and weights w_i,j and offset/bias b_i are parameters that may be determined in training operations.

In a particular implementation of a student prediction model, f_student(x_s)=[f_s,0(x_s), . . . , f_s,ny(x_s)] may provide a useable generalization/approximation of predictions determined by f_teacher(x_t) with reduced processing requirements. According to an embodiment, vectors of tokens x_s and x_t may be generated based on tokenizations of the same electronic document (e.g., including the same clinical notes) using one or more tokenizers such as a tokenizer provided in Word2Vec or other suitable tokenizer. Nonetheless, vectors of tokens x_s and x_t may be generated using different tokenization schemes.

It may be observed that, while values for y_t,0, . . . , y_t,ny may be bound such that 0.0≤y_t,0, . . . , y_t,ny<1.0, values for f_s,i(x_s) and q_s,i are not necessarily similarly bound. According to an embodiment, predictions of likelihoods of applicability of a service code computed by f_teacher(x_t), y_t=(y_t,0, . . . , y_tny) may be similarly mapped to parameters q_t=(q_t,0 . . . , q_t,ny) according to expression (19) as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}{q}_{t,i}=\mathrm{Tlogi}t\left(y_{t,i}\right)=\mathrm{Tlog}\left(\frac{y_{t,i}}{1-y_{t,i}}\right),& \left(19\right)\end{array}$

where:

• • T is a temperature parameter.

While values of y_t,0, . . . , y_t,ny may be restricted to a range such that 0.0 s y_t,0, . . . , y_t,ny<1.0, values for q_t,i may not be so range bound. According to an embodiment, weights w_i,j and offset/bias b_i may be determined in training and/or backpropagation operations according to a loss function in expression (20) as follows:

L _{f student} =Σ_i(q_t,i−q_s,i)²+λΣ_j|w_i,j|,  (20)

where:

• • λ is a tunable scalar parameter which may be determined by monitoring loss values on a development set (e.g., separate from a training set or test set), and may assume a value and typically has a tiny real value 0.0<λ<1.0.

According to an embodiment, parameters determined for a student model as set forth in expression (18) may be further utilized in determining expressions of reasoning of at least some of the determined likelihoods of applicability y_t=(y_t,0, . . . y_t,ny and/or f_student(x_s)=[f_s,0(x_s), . . . , f_s,ny(x_s)]. In particular, values for weights w_i,j may be assessed over particular n-gram segments to identify the most relevant and/or impactful portions of a tokenization to a particular service code i according to expression (21) as follows:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\theta }_i=\underset{j}{\arg \max }{\sum }_{n-gr}{w}_{i,j},& \left(21\right)\end{array}$

where:

• • θ_i is an indication of an n-gram of tokens that is to be most relevant to an applicability of service code i.

According to an embodiment, for a particular service code i that is determined to be applicable, a corresponding Oi determined according to expression (21) may be mapped to a corresponding n-gram of tokens in vector of tokens x_s and/or x_t to, at least in part, determine an expression of reasoning as to applicability of service code i to an electronic document. In this context, an “n-gram” as referred to herein means a contiguous sequence of n items from a given linguistic corpus such as text or speech. In a particular implementation, an n-gram may comprise a contiguous sequence of n tokens obtained from a tokenization of content (e.g., clinical notes) expressed in an electronic document. In a particular implementation, values of y_t,0, . . . , y_t,ny and/or f_s,0(x_s), . . . , f_s,ny(x_s) of sufficient magnitude may imply an inference that certain service codes are applicable to an electronic document, which may be indicated by presentation of code titles of the service codes in an output document to be provided to a user. A code title presented in such an output document may then be annotated with an expression of reasoning as to applicability of an associated service code including, or based on, one or more n-grams of tokens corresponding to Oi. It should be understood, however, that annotation of a predicted service code in an output electronic document is merely an example of an expression of reasoning, and other types of expression of reasoning in different expressive media may be used without deviating from claimed subject matter. For example, annotation of reasoning may be provided as an audio signal, electronic message, display light, haptic response, just to provide a few alternative examples of how reasoning underlying a prediction of likelihood of applicability of a service code may be expressed.

As discussed above, CAC techniques may be unable to handle increasingly complex and increasingly numerous medical codes. A technical solution of embedding a “tokenization” of medical notes (e.g., “charts”) and an application of an attention model may enable automated generation of service codes selected from a large number of service codes (e.g., up to 68,000 diagnosis codes and service codes or more). In a particular, as discussed herein, computing an embedding of tokens (e.g., an embedding of tokenized clinical notes and/or code titles using techniques discussed herein) and/or an application of an attention mapping may provide a technical solution to improve operation of computing devices employed in automated clinical coding (ACC) and/or computer assisted coding (CAC) to improve accuracy and/or throughput. It should be appreciated that a computational complexity of tokenizing content such as clinical notes and/or code titles precludes from performing such a tokenization in a human mind or with pencil and paper, as a practical matter. For example, specific techniques to determine an embedding of tokens (e.g., in the firm of a matrix of context values associated with tokens in a vocabulary of tokens) based on linguistic content determined from a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers and/or convolutional neural networks are of a complexity that cannot practically be performed in the human mind. Likewise, computation of a tokenization of code titles, embedding of such a tokenization of code titles, and application of such an embedding of tokenized code titles using convolutional neural networks cannot practically be performed in the human mind. Additional techniques to determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes by application of an attention model to an embedding of tokens introduces even more computational complexity that cannot be performed in a human mind.

It should also be understood that the process of FIG. 3 has several practical applications in the fields of mapping notes or contact to service codes such as, for example, the practical application of processing medical/clinical notes to medical service codes with improved accuracy. Indeed, techniques disclosed herein have shown to provide substantial benefits in improved accuracy over use of over the use of human coders alone. More efficient techniques to process notes gathered in an electronic format to provide service codes for electronic billing. Requiring less human operator interaction.

In the context of the present patent application, the term “connection,” the term “component” and/or similar terms are intended to be physical, but are not necessarily always tangible. Whether or not these terms refer to tangible subject matter, thus, may vary in a particular context of usage. As an example, a tangible connection and/or tangible connection path may be made, such as by a tangible, electrical connection, such as an electrically conductive path comprising metal or other conductor, that is able to conduct electrical current between two tangible components. Likewise, a tangible connection path may be at least partially affected and/or controlled, such that, as is typical, a tangible connection path may be open or closed, at times resulting from influence of one or more externally derived signals, such as external currents and/or voltages, such as for an electrical switch. Non-limiting illustrations of an electrical switch include a transistor, a diode, etc. However, a “connection” and/or “component,” in a particular context of usage, likewise, although physical, can also be non-tangible, such as a connection between a client and a server over a network, particularly a wireless network, which generally refers to the ability for the client and server to transmit, receive, and/or exchange communications, as discussed in more detail later.

In a particular context of usage, such as a particular context in which tangible components are being discussed, therefore, the terms “coupled” and “connected” are used in a manner so that the terms are not synonymous. Similar terms may also be used in a manner in which a similar intention is exhibited. Thus, “connected” is used to indicate that two or more tangible components and/or the like, for example, are tangibly in direct physical contact. Thus, using the previous example, two tangible components that are electrically connected are physically connected via a tangible electrical connection, as previously discussed. However, “coupled,” is used to mean that potentially two or more tangible components are tangibly in direct physical contact. Nonetheless, “coupled” is also used to mean that two or more tangible components and/or the like are not necessarily tangibly in direct physical contact, but are able to co-operate, liaise, and/or interact, such as, for example, by being “optically coupled.” Likewise, the term “coupled” is also understood to mean indirectly connected. It is further noted, in the context of the present patent application, since memory, such as a memory component and/or memory states, is intended to be non-transitory, the term physical, at least if used in relation to memory necessarily implies that such memory components and/or memory states, continuing with the example, are tangible.

Additionally, in the present patent application, in a particular context of usage, such as a situation in which tangible components (and/or similarly, tangible materials) are being discussed, a distinction exists between being “on” and being “over.” As an example, deposition of a substance “on” a substrate refers to a deposition involving direct physical and tangible contact without an intermediary, such as an intermediary substance, between the substance deposited and the substrate in this latter example; nonetheless, deposition “over” a substrate, while understood to potentially include deposition “on” a substrate (since being “on” may also accurately be described as being “over”), is understood to include a situation in which one or more intermediaries, such as one or more intermediary substances, are present between the substance deposited and the substrate so that the substance deposited is not necessarily in direct physical and tangible contact with the substrate.

A similar distinction is made in an appropriate particular context of usage, such as in which tangible materials and/or tangible components are discussed, between being “beneath” and being “under.” While “beneath,” in such a particular context of usage, is intended to necessarily imply physical and tangible contact (similar to “on,” as just described), “under” potentially includes a situation in which there is direct physical and tangible contact, but does not necessarily imply direct physical and tangible contact, such as if one or more intermediaries, such as one or more intermediary substances, are present. Thus, “on” is understood to mean “immediately over” and “beneath” is understood to mean “immediately under.”

It is likewise appreciated that terms such as “over” and “under” are understood in a similar manner as the terms “up,” “down,” “top,” “bottom,” and so on, previously mentioned. These terms may be used to facilitate discussion, but are not intended to necessarily restrict scope of claimed subject matter. For example, the term “over,” as an example, is not meant to suggest that claim scope is limited to only situations in which an embodiment is right side up, such as in comparison with the embodiment being upside down, for example. An example includes a flip chip, as one illustration, in which, for example, orientation at various times (e.g., during fabrication) may not necessarily correspond to orientation of a final product. Thus, if an object, as an example, is within applicable claim scope in a particular orientation, such as upside down, as one example, likewise, it is intended that the latter also be interpreted to be included within applicable claim scope in another orientation, such as right side up, again, as an example, and vice-versa, even if applicable literal claim language has the potential to be interpreted otherwise. Of course, again, as always has been the case in the specification of a patent application, particular context of description and/or usage provides helpful guidance regarding reasonable inferences to be drawn.

Unless otherwise indicated, in the context of the present patent application, the term “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense. With this understanding, “and” is used in the inclusive sense and intended to mean A, B, and C; whereas “and/or” can be used in an abundance of caution to make clear that all of the foregoing meanings are intended, although such usage is not required. In addition, the term “one or more” and/or similar terms is used to describe any feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like in the singular, “and/or” is also used to describe a plurality and/or some other combination of features, structures, characteristics, and/or the like. Likewise, the term “based on” and/or similar terms are understood as not necessarily intending to convey an exhaustive list of factors, but to allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described.

Furthermore, it is intended, for a situation that relates to implementation of claimed subject matter and is subject to testing, measurement, and/or specification regarding degree, that the particular situation be understood in the following manner. As an example, in a given situation, assume a value of a physical property is to be measured. If alternatively reasonable approaches to testing, measurement, and/or specification regarding degree, at least with respect to the property, continuing with the example, is reasonably likely to occur to one of ordinary skill, at least for implementation purposes, claimed subject matter is intended to cover those alternatively reasonable approaches unless otherwise expressly indicated. As an example, if a plot of measurements over a region is produced and implementation of claimed subject matter refers to employing a measurement of slope over the region, but a variety of reasonable and alternative techniques to estimate the slope over that region exist, claimed subject matter is intended to cover those reasonable alternative techniques unless otherwise expressly indicated.

To the extent claimed subject matter is related to one or more particular measurements, such as with regard to physical manifestations capable of being measured physically, such as, without limit, temperature, pressure, voltage, current, electromagnetic radiation, etc., it is believed that claimed subject matter does not fall within the abstract idea judicial exception to statutory subject matter. Rather, it is asserted, that physical measurements are not mental steps and, likewise, are not abstract ideas.

It is noted, nonetheless, that a typical measurement model employed is that one or more measurements may respectively comprise a sum of at least two components. Thus, for a given measurement, for example, one component may comprise a deterministic component, which in an ideal sense, may comprise a physical value (e.g., sought via one or more measurements), often in the form of one or more signals, signal samples and/or states, and one component may comprise a random component, which may have a variety of sources that may be challenging to quantify. At times, for example, lack of measurement precision may affect a given measurement. Thus, for claimed subject matter, a statistical or stochastic model may be used in addition to a deterministic model as an approach to identification and/or prediction regarding one or more measurement values that may relate to claimed subject matter.

For example, a relatively large number of measurements may be collected to better estimate a deterministic component. Likewise, if measurements vary, which may typically occur, it may be that some portion of a variance may be explained as a deterministic component, while some portion of a variance may be explained as a random component. Typically, it is desirable to have stochastic variance associated with measurements be relatively small, if feasible. That is, typically, it may be preferable to be able to account for a reasonable portion of measurement variation in a deterministic manner, rather than a stochastic matter as an aid to identification and/or predictability.

Along these lines, a variety of techniques have come into use so that one or more measurements may be processed to better estimate an underlying deterministic component, as well as to estimate potentially random components. These techniques, of course, may vary with details surrounding a given situation. Typically, however, more complex problems may involve use of more complex techniques. In this regard, as alluded to above, one or more measurements of physical manifestations may be modelled deterministically and/or stochastically. Employing a model permits collected measurements to potentially be identified and/or processed, and/or potentially permits estimation and/or prediction of an underlying deterministic component, for example, with respect to later measurements to be taken. A given estimate may not be a perfect estimate; however, in general, it is expected that on average one or more estimates may better reflect an underlying deterministic component, for example, if random components that may be included in one or more obtained measurements, are considered. Practically speaking, of course, it is desirable to be able to generate, such as through estimation approaches, a physically meaningful model of processes affecting measurements to be taken.

In some situations, however, as indicated, potential influences may be complex. Therefore, seeking to understand appropriate factors to consider may be particularly challenging. In such situations, it is, therefore, not unusual to employ heuristics with respect to generating one or more estimates. Heuristics refers to use of experience related approaches that may reflect realized processes and/or realized results, such as with respect to use of historical measurements, for example. Heuristics, for example, may be employed in situations where more analytical approaches may be overly complex and/or nearly intractable. Thus, regarding claimed subject matter, an innovative feature may include, in an example embodiment, heuristics that may be employed, for example, to estimate and/or predict one or more measurements.

A “signal measurement” and/or a “signal measurement vector” may be referred to respectively as a “random measurement” and/or a “random vector,” such that the term “random” may be understood in context with respect to the fields of probability, random variables and/or stochastic processes. A random vector may be generated by having measurement signal components comprising one or more random variables. Random variables may comprise signal value measurements, which may, for example, be specified in a space of outcomes. Thus, in some contexts, a probability (e.g., likelihood) may be assigned to outcomes, as often may be used in connection with approaches employing probability and/or statistics. In other contexts, a random variable may be substantially in accordance with a measurement comprising a deterministic measurement value or, perhaps, an average measurement component plus random variation about a measurement average.

The terms “correspond”, “reference”, “associate”, and/or similar terms relate to signals, signal samples and/or states, e.g., components of a signal measurement vector, which may be stored in memory and/or employed with operations to generate results, depending, at least in part, on the above-mentioned, signal samples and/or signal sample states. For example, a signal sample measurement vector may be stored in a memory location and further referenced wherein such a reference may be embodied and/or described as a stored relationship. A stored relationship may be employed by associating (e.g., relating) one or more memory addresses to one or more another memory addresses, for example, and may facilitate an operation, involving, at least in part, a combination of signal samples and/or states stored in memory, such as for processing by a processor and/or similar device, for example. Thus, in a particular context, “associating,” “referencing,” and/or “corresponding” may, for example, refer to an executable process of accessing memory contents of two or more memory locations, e.g., to facilitate execution of one or more operations among signal samples and/or states, wherein one or more results of the one or more operations may likewise be employed for additional processing, such as in other operations, or may be stored in the same or other memory locations, as may, for example, be directed by executable instructions. Furthermore, terms “fetching” and “reading” or “storing” and “writing” are to be understood as interchangeable terms for the respective operations, e.g., a result may be fetched (or read) from a memory location; likewise, a result may be stored in (or written to) a memory location.

It is further noted that the terms “type” and/or “like,” if used, such as with a feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like, using “optical” or “electrical” as simple examples, means at least partially of and/or relating to the feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like in such a way that presence of minor variations, even variations that might otherwise not be considered fully consistent with the feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like, do not in general prevent the feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like from being of a “type” and/or being “like,” (such as being an “optical-type” or being “optical-like,” for example) if the minor variations are sufficiently minor so that the feature, structure, characteristic, and/or the like would still be considered to be substantially present with such variations also present. Thus, continuing with this example, the terms optical-type and/or optical-like properties are necessarily intended to include optical properties. Likewise, the terms electrical-type and/or electrical-like properties, as another example, are necessarily intended to include electrical properties. It should be noted that the specification of the present patent application merely provides one or more illustrative examples and claimed subject matter is intended to not be limited to one or more illustrative examples; however, again, as has always been the case with respect to the specification of a patent application, particular context of description and/or usage provides helpful guidance regarding reasonable inferences to be drawn.

With advances in technology, it has become more typical to employ distributed computing and/or communication approaches in which portions of a process, such as signal processing of signal samples, for example, may be allocated among various devices, including one or more client devices and/or one or more server devices, via a computing and/or communications network, for example. A network may comprise two or more devices, such as network devices and/or computing devices, and/or may couple devices, such as network devices and/or computing devices, so that signal communications, such as in the form of signal packets and/or signal frames (e.g., comprising one or more signal samples), for example, may be exchanged, such as between a server device and/or a client device, as well as other types of devices, including between wired and/or wireless devices coupled via a wired and/or wireless network, for example.

An example of a distributed computing system comprises the so-called Hadoop distributed computing system, which employs a map-reduce type of architecture. In the context of the present patent application, the terms map-reduce architecture and/or similar terms are intended to refer to a distributed computing system implementation and/or embodiment for processing and/or for generating larger sets of signal samples employing map and/or reduce operations for a parallel, distributed process performed over a network of devices. A map operation and/or similar terms refer to processing of signals (e.g., signal samples) to generate one or more key-value pairs and to distribute the one or more pairs to one or more devices of the system (e.g., network). A reduce operation and/or similar terms refer to processing of signals (e.g., signal samples) via a summary operation (e.g., such as counting the number of students in a queue, yielding name frequencies, etc.). A system may employ such an architecture, such as by marshaling distributed server devices, executing various tasks in parallel, and/or managing communications, such as signal transfers, between various parts of the system (e.g., network), in an embodiment. As mentioned, one non-limiting, but well-known, example comprises the Hadoop distributed computing system. It refers to an open source implementation and/or embodiment of a map-reduce type architecture (available from the Apache Software Foundation, 1901 Munsey Drive, Forrest Hill, Md., 21050-2747), but may include other aspects, such as the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) (available from the Apache Software Foundation, 1901 Munsey Drive, Forrest Hill, Md., 21050-2747). In general, therefore, “Hadoop” and/or similar terms (e.g., “Hadoop-type,” etc.) refer to an implementation and/or embodiment of a scheduler for executing larger processing jobs using a map-reduce architecture over a distributed system. Furthermore, in the context of the present patent application, use of the term “Hadoop” is intended to include versions, presently known and/or to be later developed.

In the context of the present patent application, the term network device refers to any device capable of communicating via and/or as part of a network and may comprise a computing device. While network devices may be capable of communicating signals (e.g., signal packets and/or frames), such as via a wired and/or wireless network, they may also be capable of performing operations associated with a computing device, such as arithmetic and/or logic operations, processing and/or storing operations (e.g., storing signal samples), such as in memory as tangible, physical memory states, and/or may, for example, operate as a server device and/or a client device in various embodiments. Network devices capable of operating as a server device, a client device and/or otherwise, may include, as examples, dedicated rack-mounted servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, set top boxes, tablets, netbooks, smart phones, wearable devices, integrated devices combining two or more features of the foregoing devices, and/or the like, or any combination thereof. As mentioned, signal packets and/or frames, for example, may be exchanged, such as between a server device and/or a client device, as well as other types of devices, including between wired and/or wireless devices coupled via a wired and/or wireless network, for example, or any combination thereof. It is noted that the terms, server, server device, server computing device, server computing platform and/or similar terms are used interchangeably. Similarly, the terms client, client device, client computing device, client computing platform and/or similar terms are also used interchangeably. While in some instances, for ease of description, these terms may be used in the singular, such as by referring to a “client device” or a “server device,” the description is intended to encompass one or more client devices and/or one or more server devices, as appropriate. Along similar lines, references to a “database” are understood to mean, one or more databases and/or portions thereof, as appropriate.

It should be understood that for ease of description, a network device (also referred to as a networking device) may be embodied and/or described in terms of a computing device and vice-versa. However, it should further be understood that this description should in no way be construed so that claimed subject matter is limited to one embodiment, such as only a computing device and/or only a network device, but, instead, may be embodied as a variety of devices or combinations thereof, including, for example, one or more illustrative examples.

A network may also include now known, and/or to be later developed arrangements, derivatives, and/or improvements, including, for example, past, present and/or future mass storage, such as network attached storage (NAS), a storage area network (SAN), and/or other forms of device readable media, for example. A network may include a portion of the Internet, one or more local area networks (LANs), one or more wide area networks (WANs), wire-line type connections, wireless type connections, other connections, or any combination thereof. Thus, a network may be worldwide in scope and/or extent. Likewise, sub-networks, such as may employ differing architectures and/or may be substantially compliant and/or substantially compatible with differing protocols, such as network computing and/or communications protocols (e.g., network protocols), may interoperate within a larger network.

In the context of the present patent application, the term sub-network and/or similar terms, if used, for example, with respect to a network, refers to the network and/or a part thereof. Sub-networks may also comprise links, such as physical links, connecting and/or coupling nodes, so as to be capable to communicate signal packets and/or frames between devices of particular nodes, including via wired links, wireless links, or combinations thereof. Various types of devices, such as network devices and/or computing devices, may be made available so that device interoperability is enabled and/or, in at least some instances, may be transparent. In the context of the present patent application, the term “transparent,” if used with respect to devices of a network, refers to devices communicating via the network in which the devices are able to communicate via one or more intermediate devices, such as one or more intermediate nodes, but without the communicating devices necessarily specifying the one or more intermediate nodes and/or the one or more intermediate devices of the one or more intermediate nodes and/or, thus, may include within the network the devices communicating via the one or more intermediate nodes and/or the one or more intermediate devices of the one or more intermediate nodes, but may engage in signal communications as if such intermediate nodes and/or intermediate devices are not necessarily involved. For example, a router may provide a link and/or connection between otherwise separate and/or independent LANs.

In the context of the present patent application, a “private network” refers to a particular, limited set of devices, such as network devices and/or computing devices, able to communicate with other devices, such as network devices and/or computing devices, in the particular, limited set, such as via signal packet and/or signal frame communications, for example, without a need for re-routing and/or redirecting signal communications. A private network may comprise a stand-alone network; however, a private network may also comprise a subset of a larger network, such as, for example, without limitation, all or a portion of the Internet. Thus, for example, a private network “in the cloud” may refer to a private network that comprises a subset of the Internet. Although signal packet and/or frame communications (e.g. signal communications) may employ intermediate devices of intermediate nodes to exchange signal packets and/or signal frames, those intermediate devices may not necessarily be included in the private network by not being a source or designated destination for one or more signal packets and/or signal frames, for example. It is understood in the context of the present patent application that a private network may direct outgoing signal communications to devices not in the private network, but devices outside the private network may not necessarily be able to direct inbound signal communications to devices included in the private network.

The Internet refers to a decentralized global network of interoperable networks that comply with the Internet Protocol (IP). It is noted that there are several versions of the Internet Protocol. The term Internet Protocol, IP, and/or similar terms are intended to refer to any version, now known and/or to be later developed. The Internet includes local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, and/or long haul public networks that, for example, may allow signal packets and/or frames to be communicated between LANs. The term World Wide Web (WWW or Web) and/or similar terms may also be used, although it refers to a part of the Internet that complies with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). For example, network devices may engage in an HTTP session through an exchange of appropriately substantially compatible and/or substantially compliant signal packets and/or frames. It is noted that there are several versions of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The term Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP, and/or similar terms are intended to refer to any version, now known and/or to be later developed. It is likewise noted that in various places in this document substitution of the term Internet with the term World Wide Web (“Web”) may be made without a significant departure in meaning and may, therefore, also be understood in that manner if the statement would remain correct with such a substitution.

Although claimed subject matter is not in particular limited in scope to the Internet and/or to the Web; nonetheless, the Internet and/or the Web may without limitation provide a useful example of an embodiment at least for purposes of illustration. As indicated, the Internet and/or the Web may comprise a worldwide system of interoperable networks, including interoperable devices within those networks. The Internet and/or Web has evolved to a public, self-sustaining facility accessible to potentially billions of people or more worldwide. Also, in an embodiment, and as mentioned above, the terms “WWW” and/or “Web” refer to a part of the Internet that complies with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The Internet and/or the Web, therefore, in the context of the present patent application, may comprise a service that organizes stored digital content, such as, for example, text, images, video, etc., through the use of hypermedia, for example. It is noted that a network, such as the Internet and/or Web, may be employed to store electronic files and/or electronic documents.

The term electronic file and/or the term electronic document are used throughout this document to refer to a set of stored memory states and/or a set of physical signals associated in a manner so as to thereby at least logically form a file (e.g., electronic) and/or an electronic document. That is, it is not meant to implicitly reference a particular syntax, format and/or approach used, for example, with respect to a set of associated memory states and/or a set of associated physical signals. If a particular type of file storage format and/or syntax, for example, is intended, it is referenced expressly. It is further noted an association of memory states, for example, may be in a logical sense and not necessarily in a tangible, physical sense. Thus, although signal and/or state components of a file and/or an electronic document, for example, are to be associated logically, storage thereof, for example, may reside in one or more different places in a tangible, physical memory, in an embodiment.

A Hyper Text Markup Language (“HTML”), for example, may be utilized to specify digital content and/or to specify a format thereof, such as in the form of an electronic file and/or an electronic document, such as a Web page, Web site, etc., for example. An Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) may also be utilized to specify digital content and/or to specify a format thereof, such as in the form of an electronic file and/or an electronic document, such as a Web page, Web site, etc., in an embodiment. Of course, HTML and/or XML are merely examples of “markup” languages, provided as non-limiting illustrations. Furthermore, HTML and/or XML are intended to refer to any version, now known and/or to be later developed, of these languages. Likewise, claimed subject matter are not intended to be limited to examples provided as illustrations, of course.

In the context of the present patent application, the term “Web site” and/or similar terms refer to Web pages that are associated electronically to form a particular collection thereof. Also, in the context of the present patent application, “Web page” and/or similar terms refer to an electronic file and/or an electronic document accessible via a network, including by specifying a uniform resource locator (URL) for accessibility via the Web, in an example embodiment. As alluded to above, in one or more embodiments, a Web page may comprise digital content coded (e.g., via computer instructions) using one or more languages, such as, for example, markup languages, including HTML and/or XML, although claimed subject matter is not limited in scope in this respect. Also, in one or more embodiments, application developers may write code (e.g., computer instructions) in the form of JavaScript (or other programming languages), for example, executable by a computing device to provide digital content to populate an electronic document and/or an electronic file in an appropriate format, such as for use in a particular application, for example. Use of the term “JavaScript” and/or similar terms intended to refer to one or more particular programming languages are intended to refer to any version of the one or more programming languages identified, now known and/or to be later developed. Thus, JavaScript is merely an example programming language. As was mentioned, claimed subject matter is not intended to be limited to examples and/or illustrations.

In the context of the present patent application, the terms “entry,” “electronic entry,” “document,” “electronic document,” “content,”, “digital content,” “item,” and/or similar terms are meant to refer to signals and/or states in a physical format, such as a digital signal and/or digital state format, e.g., that may be perceived by a user if displayed, played, tactilely generated, etc. and/or otherwise executed by a device, such as a digital device, including, for example, a computing device, but otherwise might not necessarily be readily perceivable by humans (e.g., if in a digital format). Likewise, in the context of the present patent application, digital content provided to a user in a form so that the user is able to readily perceive the underlying content itself (e.g., content presented in a form consumable by a human, such as hearing audio, feeling tactile sensations and/or seeing images, as examples) is referred to, with respect to the user, as “consuming” digital content, “consumption” of digital content, “consumable” digital content and/or similar terms. For one or more embodiments, an electronic document and/or an electronic file may comprise a Web page of code (e.g., computer instructions) in a markup language executed or to be executed by a computing and/or networking device, for example. In another embodiment, an electronic document and/or electronic file may comprise a portion and/or a region of a Web page. However, claimed subject matter is not intended to be limited in these respects.

Also, for one or more embodiments, an electronic document and/or electronic file may comprise a number of components. As previously indicated, in the context of the present patent application, a component is physical, but is not necessarily tangible. As an example, components with reference to an electronic document and/or electronic file, in one or more embodiments, may comprise text, for example, in the form of physical signals and/or physical states (e.g., capable of being physically displayed). Typically, memory states, for example, comprise tangible components, whereas physical signals are not necessarily tangible, although signals may become (e.g., be made) tangible, such as if appearing on a tangible display, for example, as is not uncommon. Also, for one or more embodiments, components with reference to an electronic document and/or electronic file may comprise a graphical object, such as, for example, an image, such as a digital image, and/or sub-objects, including attributes thereof, which, again, comprise physical signals and/or physical states (e.g., capable of being tangibly displayed). In an embodiment, digital content may comprise, for example, text, images, audio, video, and/or other types of electronic documents and/or electronic files, including portions thereof, for example.

Also, in the context of the present patent application, the term parameters (e.g., one or more parameters) refer to material descriptive of a collection of signal samples, such as one or more electronic documents and/or electronic files, and exist in the form of physical signals and/or physical states, such as memory states. For example, one or more parameters, such as referring to an electronic document and/or an electronic file comprising an image, may include, as examples, time of day at which an image was captured, latitude and longitude of an image capture device, such as a camera, for example, etc. In another example, one or more parameters relevant to digital content, such as digital content comprising a technical article, as an example, may include one or more authors, for example. Claimed subject matter is intended to embrace meaningful, descriptive parameters in any format, so long as the one or more parameters comprise physical signals and/or states, which may include, as parameter examples, collection name (e.g., electronic file and/or electronic document identifier name), technique of creation, purpose of creation, time and date of creation, logical path if stored, coding formats (e.g., type of computer instructions, such as a markup language) and/or standards and/or specifications used so as to be protocol compliant (e.g., meaning substantially compliant and/or substantially compatible) for one or more uses, and so forth.

Signal packet communications and/or signal frame communications, also referred to as signal packet transmissions and/or signal frame transmissions (or merely “signal packets” or “signal frames”), may be communicated between nodes of a network, where a node may comprise one or more network devices and/or one or more computing devices, for example. As an illustrative example, but without limitation, a node may comprise one or more sites employing a local network address, such as in a local network address space. Likewise, a device, such as a network device and/or a computing device, may be associated with that node. It is also noted that in the context of this patent application, the term “transmission” is intended as another term for a type of signal communication that may occur in any one of a variety of situations. Thus, it is not intended to imply a particular directionality of communication and/or a particular initiating end of a communication path for the “transmission” communication. For example, the mere use of the term in and of itself is not intended, in the context of the present patent application, to have particular implications with respect to the one or more signals being communicated, such as, for example, whether the signals are being communicated “to” a particular device, whether the signals are being communicated “from” a particular device, and/or regarding which end of a communication path may be initiating communication, such as, for example, in a “push type” of signal transfer or in a “pull type” of signal transfer. In the context of the present patent application, push and/or pull type signal transfers are distinguished by which end of a communications path initiates signal transfer.

Thus, a signal packet and/or frame may, as an example, be communicated via a communication channel and/or a communication path, such as comprising a portion of the Internet and/or the Web, from a site via an access node coupled to the Internet or vice-versa. Likewise, a signal packet and/or frame may be forwarded via network nodes to a target site coupled to a local network, for example. A signal packet and/or frame communicated via the Internet and/or the Web, for example, may be routed via a path, such as either being “pushed” or “pulled,” comprising one or more gateways, servers, etc. that may, for example, route a signal packet and/or frame, such as, for example, substantially in accordance with a target and/or destination address and availability of a network path of network nodes to the target and/or destination address. Although the Internet and/or the Web comprise a network of interoperable networks, not all of those interoperable networks are necessarily available and/or accessible to the public.

In the context of the particular patent application, a network protocol, such as for communicating between devices of a network, may be characterized, at least in part, substantially in accordance with a layered description, such as the so-called Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven layer type of approach and/or description. A network computing and/or communications protocol (also referred to as a network protocol) refers to a set of signaling conventions, such as for communication transmissions, for example, as may take place between and/or among devices in a network. In the context of the present patent application, the term “between” and/or similar terms are understood to include “among” if appropriate for the particular usage and vice-versa. Likewise, in the context of the present patent application, the terms “compatible with,” “comply with” and/or similar terms are understood to respectively include substantial compatibility and/or substantial compliance.

A network protocol, such as protocols characterized substantially in accordance with the aforementioned OSI description, has several layers. These layers are referred to as a network stack. Various types of communications (e.g., transmissions), such as network communications, may occur across various layers. A lowest level layer in a network stack, such as the so-called physical layer, may characterize how symbols (e.g., bits and/or bytes) are communicated as one or more signals (and/or signal samples) via a physical medium (e.g., twisted pair copper wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless air interface, combinations thereof, etc.). Progressing to higher-level layers in a network protocol stack, additional operations and/or features may be available via engaging in communications that are substantially compatible and/or substantially compliant with a particular network protocol at these higher-level layers. For example, higher-level layers of a network protocol may, for example, affect device permissions, user permissions, etc.

A network and/or sub-network, in an embodiment, may communicate via signal packets and/or signal frames, such as via participating digital devices and may be substantially compliant and/or substantially compatible with, but is not limited to, now known and/or to be developed, versions of any of the following network protocol stacks: ARCNET, AppleTalk, ATM, Bluetooth, DECnet, Ethernet, FDDI, Frame Relay, HIPPI, IEEE 1394, IEEE 802.11, IEEE-488, Internet Protocol Suite, IPX, Myrinet, OSI Protocol Suite, QsNet, RS-232, SPX, System Network Architecture, Token Ring, USB, and/or X.25. A network and/or sub-network may employ, for example, a version, now known and/or later to be developed, of the following: TCP/IP, UDP, DECnet, NetBEUI, IPX, AppleTalk and/or the like. Versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) may include IPv4, IPv6, and/or other later to be developed versions.

Regarding aspects related to a network, including a communications and/or computing network, a wireless network may couple devices, including client devices, with the network. A wireless network may employ stand-alone, ad-hoc networks, mesh networks, Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks, cellular networks, and/or the like. A wireless network may further include a system of terminals, gateways, routers, and/or the like coupled by wireless radio links, and/or the like, which may move freely, randomly and/or organize themselves arbitrarily, such that network topology may change, at times even rapidly. A wireless network may further employ a plurality of network access technologies, including a version of Long Term Evolution (LTE), WLAN, Wireless Router (WR) mesh, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th generation (2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G) cellular technology and/or the like, whether currently known and/or to be later developed. Network access technologies may enable wide area coverage for devices, such as computing devices and/or network devices, with varying degrees of mobility, for example.

A network may enable radio frequency and/or other wireless type communications via a wireless network access technology and/or air interface, such as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Bluetooth, ultra-wideband (UWB), 802.11b/g/n, and/or the like. A wireless network may include virtually any type of now known and/or to be developed wireless communication mechanism and/or wireless communications protocol by which signals may be communicated between devices, between networks, within a network, and/or the like, including the foregoing, of course.

In one example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, a system embodiment may comprise a local network (e.g., device 1004 and medium 1040) and/or another type of network, such as a computing and/or communications network. For purposes of illustration, therefore, FIG. 4 shows an embodiment 1000 of a system that may be employed to implement either type or both types of networks. Network 1008 may comprise one or more network connections, links, processes, services, applications, and/or resources to facilitate and/or support communications, such as an exchange of communication signals, for example, between a computing device, such as 1002, and another computing device, such as 1006, which may, for example, comprise one or more client computing devices and/or one or more server computing device. By way of example, but not limitation, network 1008 may comprise wireless and/or wired communication links, telephone and/or telecommunications systems, Wi-Fi networks, Wi-MAX networks, the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), or any combinations thereof.

Example devices in FIG. 4 may comprise features, for example, of a client computing device and/or a server computing device, in an embodiment. It is further noted that the term computing device, in general, whether employed as a client and/or as a server, or otherwise, refers at least to a processor and a memory connected by a communication bus. A “processor,” for example, is understood to connote a specific structure such as a central processing unit (CPU) of a computing device which may include a control unit and an execution unit. In an aspect, a processor may comprise a device that fetches, interprets and executes instructions to process input signals to provide output signals. As such, in the context of the present patent application at least, computing device and/or processor are understood to refer to sufficient structure within the meaning of 35 USC § 112 (f) so that it is specifically intended that 35 USC § 112 (f) not be implicated by use of the term “computing device,” “processor” and/or similar terms, however, if it is determined, for some reason not immediately apparent, that the foregoing understanding cannot stand and that 35 USC § 112 (f), therefore, necessarily is implicated by the use of the term “computing device” “processor” and/or similar terms, then, it is intended, pursuant to that statutory section, that corresponding structure, material and/or acts for performing one or more functions be understood and be interpreted to be described at least in FIGS. 1-3 and in the text associated with the foregoing figure(s) of the present patent application.

Referring now to FIG. 4, in an embodiment, first and third devices 1002 and 1006 may be capable of rendering a graphical user interface (GUI) (e.g., including a pointer device) for a network device and/or a computing device, for example, so that a user-operator may engage in system use. Computing device 1004 may potentially serve a similar function in this illustration. Likewise, in FIG. 4, computing device 1002 (‘first device’ in figure) may interface with computing device 1004 (‘second device’ in figure), which may, for example, also comprise features of a client computing device and/or a server computing device, in an embodiment. Processor (e.g., processing device) 1020 and memory 1022, which may comprise primary memory 1024 and secondary memory 1026, may communicate by way of a communication bus 1015, for example. The term “computing device,” in the context of the present patent application, refers to a system and/or a device, such as a computing apparatus, that includes a capability to process (e.g., perform computations) and/or store digital content, such as electronic files, electronic documents, measurements, text, images, video, audio, etc. in the form of signals and/or states. Thus, a computing device, in the context of the present patent application, may comprise hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof (other than software per se). Computing device 1004, as depicted in FIG. 4, is merely one example, and claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to this particular example.

For one or more embodiments, a device, such as a computing device and/or networking device, may comprise, for example, any of a wide range of digital electronic devices, including, but not limited to, desktop and/or notebook computers, high-definition televisions, digital versatile disc (DVD) and/or other optical disc players and/or recorders, game consoles, satellite television receivers, cellular telephones, tablet devices, wearable devices, personal digital assistants, mobile audio and/or video playback and/or recording devices, Internet of Things (IOT) type devices, or any combination of the foregoing. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, a process as described, such as with reference to flow diagrams and/or otherwise, may also be executed and/or affected, in whole or in part, by a computing device and/or a network device. A device, such as a computing device and/or network device, may vary in terms of capabilities and/or features. Claimed subject matter is intended to cover a wide range of potential variations. For example, a device may include a numeric keypad and/or other display of limited functionality, such as a monochrome liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying text, for example. In contrast, however, as another example, a web-enabled device may include a physical and/or a virtual keyboard, mass storage, one or more accelerometers, one or more gyroscopes, global positioning system (GPS) and/or other location-identifying type capability, and/or a display with a higher degree of functionality, such as a touch-sensitive color 2D or 3D display, for example.

As suggested previously, communications between a computing device and/or a network device and a wireless network may be in accordance with known and/or to be developed network protocols including, for example, global system for mobile communications (GSM), enhanced data rate for GSM evolution (EDGE), 802.11b/g/n/h, etc., and/or worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). A computing device and/or a networking device may also have a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, which, for example, may comprise a detachable or embedded smart card that is able to store subscription content of a user, and/or is also able to store a contact list. It is noted, however, that a SIM card may also be electronic, meaning that is may simply be stored in a particular location in memory of the computing and/or networking device. A user may own the computing device and/or network device or may otherwise be a user, such as a primary user, for example. A device may be assigned an address by a wireless network operator, a wired network operator, and/or an Internet Service Provider (ISP). For example, an address may comprise a domestic or international telephone number, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, and/or one or more other identifiers. In other embodiments, a computing and/or communications network may be embodied as a wired network, wireless network, or any combinations thereof.

A computing and/or network device may include and/or may execute a variety of now known and/or to be developed operating systems, derivatives and/or versions thereof, including computer operating systems, such as Windows, iOS, Linux, a mobile operating system, such as iOS, Android, Windows Mobile, and/or the like. A computing device and/or network device may include and/or may execute a variety of possible applications, such as a client software application enabling communication with other devices. For example, one or more messages (e.g., content) may be communicated, such as via one or more protocols, now known and/or later to be developed, suitable for communication of email, short message service (SMS), and/or multimedia message service (MMS), including via a network, such as a social network, formed at least in part by a portion of a computing and/or communications network, including, but not limited to, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and/or Flickr, to provide only a few examples. A computing and/or network device may also include executable computer instructions to process and/or communicate digital content, such as, for example, textual content, digital multimedia content, and/or the like. A computing and/or network device may also include executable computer instructions to perform a variety of possible tasks, such as browsing, searching, playing various forms of digital content, including locally stored and/or streamed video, and/or games such as, but not limited to, fantasy sports leagues. A computing and/or network device may also perform linguistic processing such as applying transforms to determine an embedding of tokens and/or apply attention models to determine service codes. The foregoing is provided merely to illustrate that claimed subject matter is intended to include a wide range of possible features and/or capabilities.

In FIG. 4, computing device 1002 may provide one or more sources of executable computer instructions in the form physical states and/or signals (e.g., stored in memory states), for example. Computing device 1002 may communicate with computing device 1004 by way of a network connection, such as via network 1008, for example. As previously mentioned, a connection, while physical, may not necessarily be tangible. Although computing device 1004 of FIG. 4 shows various tangible, physical components, claimed subject matter is not limited to a computing devices having only these tangible components as other implementations and/or embodiments may include alternative arrangements that may comprise additional tangible components or fewer tangible components, for example, that function differently while achieving similar results. Rather, examples are provided merely as illustrations. It is not intended that claimed subject matter be limited in scope to illustrative examples.

Memory 1022 may comprise any non-transitory storage mechanism. Memory 1022 may comprise, for example, primary memory 1024 and secondary memory 1026, additional memory circuits, mechanisms, or combinations thereof may be used. Memory 1022 may comprise, for example, random access memory, read only memory, etc., such as in the form of one or more storage devices and/or systems, such as, for example, a disk drive including an optical disc drive, a tape drive, a solid-state memory drive, etc., just to name a few examples.

Memory 1022 may be utilized to store a program of executable computer instructions. For example, processor 1020 may fetch executable instructions from memory and proceed to interpret and execute the fetched instructions. Memory 1022 may also comprise a memory controller for accessing device readable-medium 1040 that may carry and/or make accessible digital content, which may include code, and/or instructions, for example, executable by processor 1020 and/or some other device, such as a controller, as one example, capable of executing computer instructions, for example. Under direction of processor 1020, a non-transitory memory, such as memory cells storing physical states (e.g., memory states), comprising, for example, a program of executable computer instructions, may be executed by processor 1020 and able to generate signals to be communicated via a network, for example, as previously described. Generated signals may also be stored in memory, also previously suggested. In a particular implementation, processor 1020 may include general processing cores and/or specialized co-processing cores (e.g., signal processors, graphical processing unit (GPU) and/or neural network processing unit (NPU)), for example.

Memory 1022 may store electronic files and/or electronic documents, such as relating to one or more users, and may also comprise a computer-readable medium that may carry and/or make accessible content, including code and/or instructions, for example, executable by processor 1020 and/or some other device, such as a controller, as one example, capable of executing computer instructions, for example. As previously mentioned, the term electronic file and/or the term electronic document are used throughout this document to refer to a set of stored memory states and/or a set of physical signals associated in a manner so as to thereby form an electronic file and/or an electronic document. That is, it is not meant to implicitly reference a particular syntax, format and/or approach used, for example, with respect to a set of associated memory states and/or a set of associated physical signals. It is further noted an association of memory states, for example, may be in a logical sense and not necessarily in a tangible, physical sense. Thus, although signal and/or state components of an electronic file and/or electronic document, are to be associated logically, storage thereof, for example, may reside in one or more different places in a tangible, physical memory, in an embodiment.

Algorithmic descriptions and/or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the signal processing and/or related arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is, in the context of the present patent application, and generally, is considered to be a self-consistent sequence of operations and/or similar signal processing leading to a desired result. In the context of the present patent application, operations and/or processing involve physical manipulation of physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the form of electrical and/or magnetic signals and/or states capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, processed and/or otherwise manipulated, for example, as electronic signals and/or states making up components of various forms of digital content, such as signal measurements, text, images, video, audio, etc.

It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such physical signals and/or physical states as bits, service codes, tokens, computed likelihoods, values, elements, parameters, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals, measurements, content and/or the like. It should be understood, however, that all of these and/or similar terms are to be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the preceding discussion, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining”, “establishing”, “obtaining”, “identifying”, “selecting”, “generating”, and/or the like may refer to actions and/or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer and/or a similar special purpose computing and/or network device. In the context of this specification, therefore, a special purpose computer and/or a similar special purpose computing and/or network device is capable of processing, manipulating and/or transforming signals and/or states, typically in the form of physical electronic and/or magnetic quantities, within memories, registers, and/or other storage devices, processing devices, and/or display devices of the special purpose computer and/or similar special purpose computing and/or network device. In the context of this particular patent application, as mentioned, the term “specific apparatus” therefore includes a general purpose computing and/or network device, such as a general purpose computer, once it is programmed to perform particular functions, such as pursuant to program software instructions.

In some circumstances, operation of a memory device, such as a change in state from a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa, for example, may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. With particular types of memory devices, such a physical transformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to a different state or thing. For example, but without limitation, for some types of memory devices, a change in state may involve an accumulation and/or storage of charge or a release of stored charge. Likewise, in other memory devices, a change of state may comprise a physical change, such as a transformation in magnetic orientation. Likewise, a physical change may comprise a transformation in molecular structure, such as from crystalline form to amorphous form or vice-versa. In still other memory devices, a change in physical state may involve quantum mechanical phenomena, such as, superposition, entanglement, and/or the like, which may involve quantum bits (qubits), for example. The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all examples in which a change in state from a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa in a memory device may comprise a transformation, such as a physical, but non-transitory, transformation. Rather, the foregoing is intended as illustrative examples.

Referring again to FIG. 4, processor 1020 may comprise one or more circuits, such as digital circuits, to perform at least a portion of a computing procedure and/or process. By way of example, but not limitation, processor 1020 may comprise one or more processors, such as controllers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, application specific integrated circuits, GPUs, NPUs, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, field programmable gate arrays, the like, or any combination thereof. In various implementations and/or embodiments, processor 1020 may perform signal processing, typically substantially in accordance with fetched executable computer instructions, such as to manipulate signals and/or states, to construct signals and/or states, etc., with signals and/or states generated in such a manner to be communicated and/or stored in memory, for example.

FIG. 4 also illustrates device 1004 as including a component 1032 operable with input/output devices, for example, so that signals and/or states may be appropriately communicated between devices, such as device 1004 and an input device and/or device 1004 and an output device. A user may make use of an input device, such as a computer mouse, stylus, track ball, microphone, scanner, keyboard, and/or any other similar device capable of receiving user actions and/or motions as input signals. Likewise, for a device having speech to text capability, a user may speak to a device to generate input signals. A user may make use of an output device, such as a display, a printer, etc., and/or any other device capable of providing signals and/or generating stimuli for a user, such as visual stimuli, audio stimuli and/or other similar stimuli.

According to an embodiment, a neural network may comprise a graph comprising nodes to model neurons in a brain. In this context, a “neural network” as referred to herein means an architecture of a processing device defined and/or represented by a graph including nodes to represent neurons that process input signals to generate output signals, and edges connecting the nodes to represent input and/or output signal paths between and/or among neurons represented by the graph. In particular implementations, a neural network may comprise a biological neural network, made up of real biological neurons, or an artificial neural network, made up of artificial neurons, for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems, for example. In an implementation, such an artificial neural network may be implemented by one or more computing devices such as computing devices including a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processing (DSP) unit and/or neural processing unit (NPU), just to provide a few examples. In a particular implementation, neural network weights associated with edges to represent input and/or output paths may reflect gains to be applied and/or whether an associated connection between connected nodes is to be excitatory (e.g., weight with a positive value) or inhibitory connections (e.g., weight with negative value). In an example implementation, a neuron may apply a neural network weight to input signals, and sum weighted input signals to generate a linear combination.

According to an embodiment, edges in a neural network connecting nodes may model synapses capable of transmitting signals (e.g., represented by real number values) between neurons. Responsive to receipt of such a signal, a node/neural may perform some computation to generate an output signal (e.g., to be provided to another node in the neural network connected by an edge). Such an output signal may be based, at least in part, on one or more weights and/or numerical coefficients associated with the node and/or edges providing the output signal. For example, such a weight may increase or decrease a strength of an output signal. In a particular implementation, such weights and/or numerical coefficients may be adjusted and/or updated as a machine learning process progresses. In an implementation, transmission of an output signal from a node in a neural network may be inhibited if a strength of the output signal does not exceed a threshold value.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a neural network 500 formed in “layers” in which an initial layer is formed by nodes 502 and a final layer is formed by nodes 506. All or a portion of features of NN 500 may be implemented in aspects of system 250 such as, for example, convoluted embedding 252, self-attention 256, code-title guided attention 260 and/or code-title embedding 262, for example. Neural network (NN) 500 may include an intermediate layer formed by nodes 504. Edges shown between nodes 502 and 504 illustrate signal flow from an initial layer to an intermediate layer. Likewise, edges shown between nodes 504 and 506 illustrate signal flow from an intermediate layer to a final layer. While neural network 500 shows a single intermediate layer formed by nodes 504, it should be understood that other implementations of a neural network may include multiple intermediate layers formed between an initial layer and a final layer.

According to an embodiment, a node 502, 504 and/or 506 may process input signals (e.g., received on one or more incoming edges) to provide output signals (e.g., on one or more outgoing edges) according to an activation function. An “activation function” as referred to herein means a set of one or more operations associated with a node of a neural network to map one or more input signals to one or more output signals. In a particular implementation, such an activation function may be defined based, at least in part, on a weight associated with a node of a neural network. Operations of an activation function to map one or more input signals to one or more output signals may comprise, for example, identity, binary step, logistic (e.g., sigmoid and/or soft step), hyperbolic tangent, rectified linear unit, Gaussian error linear unit, Softplus, exponential linear unit, scaled exponential linear unit, leaky rectified linear unit, parametric rectified linear unit, sigmoid linear unit, Swish, Mish, Gaussian and/or growing cosine unit operations. It should be understood, however, that these are merely examples of operations that may be applied to map input signals of a node to output signals in an activation function, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect. Additionally, an “activation input value” as referred to herein means a value provided as an input parameter and/or signal to an activation function defined and/or represented by a node in a neural network. Likewise, an “activation output value” as referred to herein means an output value provided by an activation function defined and/or represented by a node of a neural network. In a particular implementation, an activation output value may be computed and/or generated according to an activation function based on and/or responsive to one or more activation input values received at a node. In a particular implementation, an activation input value and/or activation output value may be structured, dimensioned and/or formatted as “tensors”. Thus, in this context, an “activation input tensor” as referred to herein means an expression of one or more activation input values according to a particular structure, dimension and/or format. Likewise in this context, an “activation output tensor” as referred to herein means an expression of one or more activation output values according to a particular structure, dimension and/or format.

In particular implementations, neural networks may enable improved results in a wide range of tasks, including image recognition, speech recognition, just to provide a couple of example applications. To enable performing such tasks, features of a neural network (e.g., nodes, edges, weights, layers of nodes and edges) may be structured and/or configured to form “filters” that may have a measurable/numerical state such as a value of an output signal. Such a filter may comprise nodes and/or edges arranged in “paths” and are to be responsive to sensor observations provided as input signals. In an implementation, a state and/or output signal of such a filter may indicate and/or infer detection of a presence or absence of a feature in an input signal.

In particular implementations, intelligent computing devices to perform functions supported by neural networks may comprise a wide variety of stationary and/or mobile devices, such as, for example, automobile sensors, biochip transponders, heart monitoring implants, Internet of things (IoT) devices, kitchen appliances, locks or like fastening devices, solar panel arrays, home gateways, smart gauges, robots, financial trading platforms, smart telephones, cellular telephones, security cameras, wearable devices, thermostats, Global Positioning System (GPS) transceivers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), virtual assistants, laptop computers, personal entertainment systems, tablet personal computers (PCs), PCs, personal audio or video devices, personal navigation devices, just to provide a few examples.

According to an embodiment, a neural network may be structured in layers such that a node in a particular neural network layer may receive output signals from one or more nodes in an upstream layer in the neural network, and provide an output signal to one or more nodes in a downstream layer in the neural network. One specific class of layered neural networks may comprise a convolutional neural network (CNN) or space invariant artificial neural networks (SIANN) that enable deep learning. Such CNNs and/or SIANNs may be based, at least in part, on a shared-weight architecture of a convolution kernels that shift over input features and provide translation equivariant responses. Such CNNs and/or SIANNs may be applied to image and/or video recognition, recommender systems, image classification, image segmentation, medical image analysis, natural language processing, brain-computer interfaces, financial time series, just to provide a few examples.

Another class of layered neural network may comprise a recursive neural network (RNN) that is a class of neural networks in which connections between nodes form a directed cyclic graph along a temporal sequence. Such a temporal sequence may enable modeling of temporal dynamic behavior. In an implementation, an RNN may employ an internal state (e.g., memory) to process variable length sequences of inputs. This may be applied, for example, to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition, just to provide a few examples. In particular implementations, an RNN may emulate temporal behavior using finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (IIR) structures. An RNN may include additional structures to control stored states of such FIR and IIR structures to be aged. Structures to control such stored states may include a network or graph that incorporates time delays and/or has feedback loops, such as in long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units.

According to an embodiment, output signals of one or more neural networks (e.g., taken individually or in combination) may at least in part, define a “predictor” to generate prediction values associated with some observable and/or measurable phenomenon and/or state. In an implementation, a neural network may be “trained” to provide a predictor that is capable of generating such prediction values based on input values (e.g., measurements and/or observations) optimized according to a loss function. For example, a training process may employ back propagation techniques to iteratively update neural network weights to be associated with nodes and/or edges of a neural network based, at least in part on “training sets.” Such training sets may include training measurements and/or observations to be supplied as input values that are paired with “ground truth” observations. Based on a comparison of such ground truth observations and associated prediction values generated based on such input values in a training process, weights may be updated according to a loss function using backpropagation.

In the preceding description, various aspects of claimed subject matter have been described. For purposes of explanation, specifics, such as amounts, systems and/or configurations, as examples, were set forth. In other instances, well-known features were omitted and/or simplified so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. While certain features have been illustrated and/or described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes and/or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all modifications and/or changes as fall within claimed subject matter.

Claims

1. A method comprising: training parameters of a neural network to determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document according to a loss function comprising at least a linear combination of polynomial functions,wherein a gradient of the loss function is biased based on a binary value of a ground truth label applied in a training epoch.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the loss function is further based, at least in part, on a computed binary cross-entropy loss.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the loss function is further based, at least in part, on a computed binary focal loss.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document are further based, at least in part, on an embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on a linguistic analysis of the electronic document, and further comprising training parameters to define the embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on the loss function.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the embedding of the first tokens in the electronic document further comprises: an association in a vocabulary of the first tokens with at least some components of the electronic document, the at least some components of the electronic document comprising words, partial words and/or punctuation obtained from a partitioning of sentences expressed in the electronic document.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the embedding of the first tokens in the electronic document is further based, at least in part, on a linguistic context of at least some of the first tokens.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the linguistic context of at least some of the first tokens is determined based, at least in part, on application of a bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT).

8. The method of claim 7, and further comprising training parameters of the BERT according to the loss function using jargon, abbreviations, syntax, grammar and/or of text in a medical clinical service domain.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein application of the BERT comprises application of the BERT according to a linguistic domain specific to a medical and/or clinical service.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein the embedding of tokens in the electronic document comprises context values associated with individual tokens in a vocabulary of tokens, and wherein the likelihoods of applicability of service codes to the electronic document is to be determined based, at least in part, on application of an attention model to the context values.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein application of the attention model to the context values further comprises, for computation of a likelihood of applicability of at least at least one of the service codes, computation of a dot product of an array of attention coefficients and an array of at least some of the context values associated with the individual tokens.

12. The method of claim 1, and further comprising: applying the gradient of the loss function to affect at least some of the parameters of the neural network in the training epoch.

13. A computing device comprising: one or more processors to:train parameters of a neural network to determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document according to a loss function comprising at least a linear combination of polynomial functions,wherein a gradient of the loss function is biased based on a binary value of a ground truth label applied in a training epoch.

14. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the loss function to be further based, at least in part, on a computed binary cross-entropy loss.

15. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the loss function to be further based, at least in part, on a computed binary focal loss.

16. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document to be further based, at least in part, on an embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on a linguistic analysis of the electronic document, the one or more processors further to train parameters to define the embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on the loss function.

17. The computing device of claim 16, wherein the embedding of the first tokens in the electronic document further comprises: an association in a vocabulary of the first tokens with at least some components of the electronic document, the at least some components of the electronic document comprising words, partial words and/or punctuation obtained from a partitioning of sentences expressed in the electronic document.

18. The computing device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors are further to: apply the gradient of the loss function to affect at least some of the parameters of the neural network in the training epoch.

19. An article comprising: a non-transitory storage medium comprising computer-readable instructions stored thereon that are executable by one or more processors to:train parameters of a neural network to determine likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document according to a loss function comprising at least a linear combination of polynomial functions,wherein a gradient of the loss function is biased based on a binary value of a ground truth label applied in a training epoch.

20. The article of claim 19, wherein the loss function is further based, at least in part, on a computed binary cross-entropy loss.

21. The article of claim 19, wherein the loss function is further based, at least in part, on a computed binary focal loss.

22. The article of claim 19, wherein the likelihoods of applicability of service codes to an electronic document are further based, at least in part, on an embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on a linguistic analysis of the electronic document, and further comprising training parameters to define the embedding of first tokens based, at least in part, on the loss function.