Patent Grant
9705928
The present invention relates to a system comprising a core network access packet data node, a core network access edge node, which node may be separate or combined in one, means holding subscriber data and means holding policy related data and admission control means.
The invention also relates to a core network access packet data node in a communication network supporting communication of packet data as well as a core network access edge node. The invention further relates to a policy server node and to a method for controlling access to network resources in a network supporting communication of packet data which comprises at least a core network access packet data node and a core network access edge node, which nodes may be separate or combined in one, and means holding policy related data and means holding subscriber data.
Particularly services, such as emergency services, traditionally mainly rely on circuit switched voice. Today, however, there is a trend of using packet switched networks or IP networks instead of circuit switched networks for voice services. With the change to packet switched networks, voice services are controlled by IP Multimedia System (IMS)-like systems or run as peer-to-peer services. In addition to voice, data services such SMS, MMS, E-mails are gaining attention for emergency services. However, the use of packet switched networks, which traditionally were built for best effort services, require circuit switched solutions in order to be able to handle for example emergency communication in a reliable manner. This requires the network to be able to make prioritization of services and user categories in order to achieve a predictable end-to-end behavior, which is extremely important for such services.
However, network resources may more or less temporarily be scarce, the network may be overloaded etc. For services such as emergency services it is extremely important to be able to control resources and access to resources end-to-end and, in addition thereto, be capable to make resources free throughout or in part of the end-to-end chain connection in the network when needed, which hence has to be done for example for IP telephony and other IMS based services. This means for example that the network must be capable of quickly and reliably shifting resources dedicated to a bearer or service which are less important to more important bearers or services such as emergency calls or emergency data services, VIP user categories etc. when needed. A service may for example be number 112, 110 or 911 and a VIP user category may for example be a fire brigade, police, military etc. using any voice or data service.
In 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) a mechanism called Allocation Retention is defined to achieve resource control. However, current standardized procedures are based on static provisioning and do not have any service knowledge, which means that a 112 call cannot be distinguished from an ordinary call in a packet switched network. This actually means that all IP telephony calls are equal in terms of importance. In addition thereto emergency data services cannot be distinguished from non-emergency data services as long as they have the same priority in terms of quality of service (QoS). However, the same QoS priority does not mean that services are equally important.
The importance of a bearer on which the service is running, is linked to an IP PoP (Internet Protocol Point of Presence), i.e. APN (Access Point Name) and part of the subscriber profile. This means that all services provided from one and the same IP PoP have the same importance and consequently the same priority in terms of access to resources.
In a multi-service network, from where voice and other IP services are provided, this would give all services the same importance in access to resources and hence the network is not able to make any service differentiations. This is extremely disadvantageous and prevent packet switched networks from being used for example emergency services or other services requiring the end-to-end behavior to a high extent being predictable, or that a successful connection can be assured or more generally when control is needed to guarantee a service and/or a subscriber the desired outcome of a network resource request.
Therefore a system as initially referred to is needed through which packet switched networks reliably can be used also for handling communication requiring highly predictable end-to-end behavior. Particularly a system is needed through which emergency communication or similar can be given the appropriate priority while using a packet switched communication in all kinds of situations, such as when a network or part of a network or nodes in a network are overloaded, malfunctioning etc. Particularly a packet switched system is needed through which it is possible to make a prioritization of services and user categories.
Particularly a system is needed through which it gets possible to control resources and access to resources end-to-end, and even more particularly to be capable to free resources entirely or in parts of an end-to-end chain when needed. Particularly a system is needed which allows an efficient and secure resource control, particularly allowing distinguishing between services having the same QoS priority irrespectively of IP PoP or access APN. It is particularly an object of the invention to suggest a system through which service differentiation can be provided in a desired manner. Even more particularly it is an object of the present invention to provide a system providing service and subscriber awareness to the network in terms of importance and which allows handling during various network load conditions in a reliable end-to-end fashion and hence to provide a mechanism to handle for example emergency services and emergency situations in a very reliable manner.
Needed are therefore also nodes to be used in a network, particularly different kinds of core network nodes, through which one or more of the above mentioned objects can be achieved. Still further a method as initially referred to is needed through which one or more of the above mentioned objects can be achieved.
Therefore a system as initially referred to is provided wherein the core access packet data node is adapted to hold or receive subscriber related access allocation priority related information, particularly a subscriber related access allocation priority parameter relating to a subscriber or user requesting a network resource, preliminary access decision means being provided for deciding if a network resource request is to be handled or rejected, service allocation priority information holding means holding service priority related information for example comprising one or more parameters relating to service importance and/or user or subscriber category, and final decision means for making a final decision relating to grant or rejection of a handled, i.e. granted preliminary access network resource request, wherein said final decision means are comprised by the/an admission control means or in communication with an admission control means.
In one embodiment the core access packet data node comprises an SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node). It may however also comprise a CGSN (Combined GPRS Support Node) including the functionality of a Serving GPRS Support Node and a Gateway GPRS Support Node for wireless 3G communication. It should be clear that the inventive concept also covers broadband communication in which case the core access packet data node may comprise a Digital Subscriber Line Access Management node (DSLAM) or a Broadband Access Server node (BRAS).
Particularly the access priority related information is held in the core access packet data node itself (particularly in the case of broadband system, although such a solution also is applicable in a wired system), or held in a separate node, for example in a HLR (Home Location Register), particularly in case of wireless communication. If held in a separate node or function, said node or function, for example HLR, is adapted to include said access priority related information in a message to the core network access packet data node, e.g. a response to a request, for example an update location request or similar.
In a particular implementation, for example in a 3G communication system or similar, the access priority related information comprises a so called Allocation Retention Priority (ARP) as e.g. described in 3GPP TS 29.060 v. 6.12.0, rel. 6 (2006/03) Ch. 7.7.34 and 3GPP TS 23.107 v. 6.4.0, rel. 6, 2006/03, Ch. 6.5.1.
The preliminary access decision means are particularly adapted to decide if a network resource request is to be handled, i.e. processed or queued, or rejected. Particularly the preliminary access decision means comprise (first) preliminary access decision means provided in the core access packet data node. Particularly the preliminary access decision means also or alternatively comprise (second) preliminary access decision means provided in the core access edge node, if these are different nodes as is the case for example if the node is a CGSN. Most particularly specific preliminary access decision means are provided in each node, or a plurality of nodes, on the end-to-end path such that, if needed, an access request or a request for a resource can be rejected anywhere (by the respective preliminary decision means or by the respective final decision means) on the end-to-end path if needed, if for example on that particular path or part of the network the resources are scarce or if there is a failure and the priority as indicated by the access priority related information is not high enough with regard to the available resources or in general.
Particularly the preliminary access decision means, in whichever node where they are provided, may comprise comparing means adapted to compare a current network load with a given threshold value and to, if the current network load exceeds the given threshold value, decide that access requests or network resource requests, for which the access priority related information fulfils given criteria, for example comprise an access allocation priority parameter exceeding a given value, or defining a high priority are to be processed or queued, or to be rejected if the parameter does not have a sufficiently high value. Of course, if the priority is high enough, it may be decided that the request is to be handled irrespectively of which is the network load, meaning that permission should be given to pre-empt other bearers or connections. Particularly the access priority related information is defined per subscriber and access point, for example Access Point Name or IP Point of Presence.
Particularly the service related information is held and/or generated in a policy node for provisioning to a core node comprising the functionality of an access edge node or a core network gateway node although it may also be held and/or generated in such a core network access edge node according to different implementations. Particularly the service priority related information is provided to the core network access packet data node, if not the same as the core network access edge node and, if applicable, to a radio network node over which a communication path or network resource is requested if wireless communication is implemented, or an access node for non-wired access such that a respective final decision based on said service related information can be made consecutively in every node on the end-to-end path.
Particularly the service priority related information comprises a service priority parameter generated based on service importance and/or user category, a pre-emption allowability parameter with information about the extent to which the requested network resource or bearer may be pre-empted by others, and a pre-emption capability parameter with information about the extent to, and/or the conditions under which, the requested network resource, for example bearer, may require pre-emption of other, lower prioritized, network resources, e.g. bearers. In a particular implementation, in a 3G system or similar, the pre-emption allowability parameter comprises the so called vulnerability parameter and the pre-emption capability parameter comprises the so called capability parameter.
Particularly the preliminary decision means as well as the final decision means are provided in one or more (or all) of the nodes involved on the end-to-end path.
Through the inventive concept the information on which a final decision can be based is sufficient in order to allow for fulfillment of one or more of the objects of the present invention. Through the preliminary decision, it can also be avoided that low priority requests are processed at all under the certain circumstances thus saving resources and processing capacity in general.
A core access packet data node is therefore also provided which comprises preliminary access handling means comprising means for holding or being adapted to receive access priority related information comprising a subscriber and priority related access allocation parameter, network load information means for holding or getting information about current network load, preliminary access decision means adapted to be in communication with said network load information means and with said preliminary access handling means, which are adapted to decide if a network resource request is to be handled or rejected based on said access priority related information and said current network load. Advantageously the core access packet data node further comprises service allocation priority handling means adapted to hold service priority related information or to receive service priority related information comprising a number of parameters including service priority related parameters for example comprising one or more parameters generated based on service importance and/or user or subscriber category, and final decision means for making a final decision relating to grant/rejection of a request for a network resource. The core access packet node particularly comprises a packet data support node of a wireless network, for example an SGSN. It may also comprise a combined packet data support and gateway node of a wireless network, such as a CGSN. In another implementation it comprises a node of a broadband network, for example a DSLAM, BRAS or similar. Then the preliminary access handling may be excluded, i.e. there are no preliminary decision means etc.
In the case of a wireless communication network implementation, the subscriber related access allocation parameter is defined per subscriber and Access Point Name or IP PoP and for example comprises an ARP (Allocation Retention Priority) as defined in 3GPP or a similar parameter. The service priority related information particularly, in addition to a service priority related parameter, comprises a pre-emption allowability parameter and a pre-emption capability parameter. The pre-emption allowability parameter is a parameter defining to which extent the network resource or connection itself may be pre-empted by other higher prioritized services or bearers whereas the pre-emption capability is a parameter indicating to what extent and/or under to which conditions etc. it is allowed to order pre-emption of other connections or bearers.
Particularly the preliminary decision means are adapted to, if the current network load exceeds a given load threshold value, reject/allow network resource requests for which the access allocation priority parameter is below/over a given value or for a given relationship between the load threshold value and the access allocation priority parameter value, reject/allow a network resource request.
Particularly the core access packet data node is adapted to provide the access allocation priority parameter to a core access edge node, for example a GGSN (unless it also includes the functionality of said a node), to receive the service priority related parameters from the core access edge node or a policy node and to base the final decision on said service priority related information parameters and also to provide said service priority related information parameters to a radio network node. The radio network node may then, in turn, also make a final decision as far as it is concerned, which then may be the “ultimate” final decision for the bearer establishment.
The invention therefore also suggests a core network access edge node which comprises preliminary access handling means comprising means adapted to receive access priority related information comprising a subscriber related access priority allocation parameter or to generate such information itself, network load information means for holding or receiving current information about current network load, preliminary access handling means comprising preliminary decision means adapted to decide if a network resource request is to be handled or rejected based on said access priority related information and said current network load. Particularly it further (or exclusively) comprises service allocation priority handling means adapted to hold service priority related information or to receive service priority related information comprising a number of service priority related parameters including one or more parameters generated based on service importance and/or user or subscriber category, and final decision means for making a final decision relating to grant/rejection of a preliminary allowed request for a network resource, for example an access bearer or a communication path.
Particularly the core network access edge node comprises a packet data gateway node, for example a GGSN. In a wired, broadband, implementation it may for example comprise a so called BRAS. As far as the access allocation priority parameters and service allocation priority parameters are concerned they are the same as discussed above with reference to the core network access packet data node as well as the preliminary final decision means are similar. In an advantageous implementation the core network access edge node is adapted send a policy request, which may, but does not necessarily, include the access allocation parameter, to a policy node and to handle a response with a policy including the service priority related parameters from the policy node. Particularly the core network access edge node is adapted to provide the service priority related parameters to a core network access packet data node.
The invention also suggests a policy server node comprising policy holding means for holding policies which further comprises service allocation priority generating and holding means for generating service priority related parameters based on service importance and/or user subscriber category and which further comprises signalling means adapted to signal service related parameters comprising service priority parameters, pre-emption capability and pre-emption allowability parameters to other nodes, for example nodes acting as core network access edge nodes or core network access packet data nodes such as for example GGSNs, CGSNs, SGSNs, BRASs, DSLAMs etc. Particularly the signalling is adapted to include the service related parameters in messages being responses to policy requests or other messages from other nodes.
According to the invention therefore also a method as initially referred to is suggested which comprises the steps of; providing subscriber and access priority related information in or to at least the core network access packet data node when a network resource is requested; making a preliminary access decision to handle or reject the network resource request based on the subscriber and access priority related information and on current network load in the respective node or nodes, if the outcome of the decision is to handle the network resource request; providing service priority related information at least comprising one or more parameters relating to service importance and/or user/subscriber category at least in or to the core network access edge node and/or the core network access packet data node concerning the network resource request; making a final access decision in said respective node or nodes based on said service priority related information such that a prioritizing can be done based on service priority and/or subscriber/user category; if final access is granted; performing a bandwidth admission control and/or pre-emption of lower prioritized allocated network resources, and, if successful, activating the network resource.
Most particularly the method further comprises the step of; generating and holding service priority related information in a policy server node; providing the service priority related information to a node acting as a core network access edge node at reception of a policy request from said node, and; making a final access decision in said node. Most particularly the method comprises the step of; providing the service priority related information from the node acting as a core network access edge node to a node acting as a core network access packet data node in a response message to a request for a network resource, for example a create PDP context request. Even more particularly the method comprises the step of; providing the service priority related information from the node acting as a core network access packet data node to a radio network node; performing an admission control in said radio network node using said service priority related parameters, and; making a respective final access decision in said radio network node. Hence, particularly, if a preliminary decision is made to grant a request for access to network resource, a final decision is made in the respective nodes, particularly consecutively node by node along the end-to-end path. Even more particularly a preliminary decision is made consecutively in each node on condition that the preliminary decision was not rejected in the preceding node, in which case the procedure is terminated for that particular request.
The invention will in the following be further described, in a non-limiting manner, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
According to the invention the access priority related information, for example comprising a subscriber and priority related access allocation priority parameter, is used for temporarily providing access allowance to network resources, if a given criterium is fulfilled for example in relation to the current network load. For final access prioritization new defined parameters which are service related, particularly at least a parameter relating to service importance and/or user/subscriber category for final access acceptance and admission control is used. Particularly a service priority related parameter defines the allocation retention priority for a service used by a user category. Several services can have the same service priority related parameter given they are of similar importance.
In a particular implementation the subscriber related access priority allocation parameter comprises the HLR based Allocation Retention Priority (ARP) existing in current 3GPP specifications as discussed earlier in the application. In such implementations is it here briefly called Access ARP whereas the service priority related parameter is denoted service ARP. It should be clear that normally these values are used in connection with wireless 3G networks. Thus, the system may temporarily allow access to a network, for example a core network access packet data node, for example an SGSN or a CGSN. Such a decision is not definitive, i.e. a final decision is not made or can not be made in the respective node until the service ARP is received. Admission control for resource allocation, e.g. bandwidth is done when access acceptance is granted based on the service ARP or more generally the service priority related information comprising the service priority related parameter and possibly other parameters relating to pre-emption capability and allowability as discussed earlier in this application. This will keep the resource usage until the final decision and access permission is given down to a minimum which is extremely advantageous. However, in some implementations the system or the inventive concept can be used without regard of the subscriber related access allocation priority parameter which means that resource usage cannot be optimized to the same extent (except in broadband applications, where this is not a similar issue), but it is still advantageous since the end-to-end behavior can be guaranteed and predicted.
The preliminary decision to process or queue a bearer request in a node is based on the subscriber related access allocation priority parameter, particularly the Access ARP value. In heavy load situations, only requests having a high subscriber related access allocation priority parameter or a high Access ARP shall be processed. (In the following, for reasons of simplicity, the subscriber related access allocation priority parameter will be denoted the Access ARP even if it does not have to be ARP as defined in 3GPP and similarly the service priority related parameter will be denoted Service ARP.) Hence, Lower Access ARP requests may be rejected. The inventive mechanism allows the Core Network to keep control of the resources and discriminate between high and low prioritized user categories and services for preliminary or initial access permission. The Access ARP value can be defined per subscriber and IP PoP. The preliminary access permission does not give final access permission as it merely gives temporary access to the network until the final access decision relating to final access permission has been made.
Actually it merely (if granted) makes it possible to make a service priority based decision. Even if preliminary access permission is granted, the request may be rejected at a later state if the service ARP does not give enough priority, or even the initial access permission might not be given in every node on the end-to-end path, since preferably the procedure is performed in several nodes on the path.
According to different implementations the service ARP value is provisioned from the service network or from the core network access edge node, or even the core network access packet data node if it also includes the functionality of the former, see for example the case with an CGSN, e.g.
The service ARP is generated by taking the service importance and/or user category into account. This allows prioritizing not only on services but also on the user category using the service. As an example all services used by the fire brigade can be given a high service ARP, while for other subscribers only 112 or 911 services are given a high service ARP. The service ARP for ordinary subscribers using 112 or 911 may e.g. be lower than for any service used by the fire brigade. This is implementation specific and may be set and controlled in a desired manner.
Thus, according to the invention, the network must have at least one entity with service awareness, capable of signalling policies, or at least service priority related information, to other entities. In some implementations it is a policy server as in IMS like system or the access edge in non-IMS like systems.
Both entities need to be able to detect and provide service importance and may combine it with user subscriber categories, thus generate a service ARP. The service ARP is directly or node by node sent to other network entities and nodes in order to perform final access permission. In a wireless network the other network entities comprise entities or nodes in the core network and radio network nodes. In broadband networks it is for example BRAS (Broadband Access Service) or DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Management).
Hence a core network CN is shown which comprises a core network access packet data node 101 which here is supposed to be an SGSN. In addition to conventional functions and entities, which, as explained above, are not shown for reasons of clarity, the SGSN 101 comprises preliminary access decision means 2A1 which here are denoted first such means because preliminary access means also are provided in the core network access edge node 201 which is here supposed to be a GGSN and where they are denoted second preliminary access decision means. SGSN 101 also comprises final access decision means (first) 6A1. It should be clear that in
If also in GGSN 201 preliminary access is granted, information thereon is provided to, here, policy node 301. For example may the access priority related parameter be included in a policy request. However, it is not necessary to include the access priority related parameter in a request. Particularly no policy request is sent if the request is rejected in GGSN 201 (or earlier, in SGSN 101). Several possibilities are possible.
However, it is here supposed that in the policy node 301 service priority related information means 31 are provided. Service ARP generating means 41 are provided for generating a service priority related parameter which is generated by taking the service importance and/or user category into account allowing prioritizing of services but also of user category using the service which most particularly defines the allocation retention priority for a service used by a user category and it is here briefly denoted service ARP. The policy node 301 here also comprises pre-emption related information generating means 51, here particularly the allowability or capability of requiring pre-emption of lower prioritized bearers or PDP contexts and the allowability to pre-emption requests made by higher prioritized bearers/PDP contexts. Thus, the service priority related information comprising service ARP and preferably also pre-emption related parameters is provided to final access decision means 6B1 in GGSN which then makes a respective final decision on access permission and resource allocation. It should be clear that in this particular case service ARP (as well as pre-emption related information parameters) are provided from the policy server node 301. In another implementation one or more or all of these parameters may also be locally available in the access edge nodes which hence is equipped with service priority related information means.
The final access permission may require pre-emption of lower prioritized bearer/PDP contexts. When bandwidth allocation is requested this may be done at this stage in the (respective) final access decision means 6A1,6B1. The service priority related information or parameters are thus signalled from the final access decision means 6B1 or more generally from GGSN to the final access decision means 6A1 in SGSN 101 for, in a similar way making a final decision there as well. Subsequently the service priority related parameters are provided to admission control means 71 in a radio network node, for example an RNC, Radio Network Control node comprising final access decision means 2C1 where a (last) final decision on access permission and resource allocation is made. Access permission and bandwidth allocation may require pre-emption of other lower prioritized bearers/PDP contexts.
Thus, supporting a wireless implementation, the core access packet data node 10 comprises preliminary access handling means 21A holding or fetching (receiving) access priority related parameters from for example HLR, (dashed lines) or actually held in the preliminary access handling means 21A themselves. The function of the preliminary access handling means may, instead of a separate means, be included in the preliminary access decision means 2A if the access priority parameters are provided from external means. The preliminary access decision means 2A receives or fetches information on the current network load from network load information holding means 22A in order to base a decision as to rejection or grant of preliminary access depending on the received subscriber related access priority parameter with respect to the current network load. According to predetermined criteria a decision of allowance or rejection of preliminary access is made depending on the relationship between the current network load and the access priority related parameter in a desired manner. For example a threshold may be given below which preliminary access is to be rejected. If, however, preliminary access is granted, information thereon is provided to a network resource request generating means 23A for sending a network resource request including the access priority related parameter to a core network access edge node. If, as will be more thoroughly described with reference to
With reference to
Hence, for performing the inventive procedure, first the Access ARP (or similar) is received as part of the subscriber profile in the core access packet data node. A preliminary access decision is made based on Access ARP. If the network load is close to a critical limit, only high Access ARP requests are for example processed, whereby high can be defined in any appropriate manner (bandwidth admission control is not performed at the stage of preliminary access decision). Low Access ARP access is denied which means that bearer/PDP context activation is rejected.
Though it is here illustrated that the service ARP and the other service related parameters are provided in a policy node, they might alternatively be locally available in the core access edge node.
The steps A, B can be said to consist of a checking of the control plane whereas what is illustrated in Box C corresponds to a user plane control.
During the bearer context activation the network entities need to perform admission control in order to verify that resources for the bearer contexts are available. According to the present invention the admission control is split into two steps, first the temporary Access ARP admission control and in the second step the final service related and admission control, particularly a service ARP admission control.
When the service priority related information, for example service ARP and possibly for example pre-emption allowability/capability parameters are received in the respective network entities, or nodes, the respective final node admission control is carried out, cf.
Thus in
Service related priority handling is access agnostic whereas access ARP to a large extent relies on 3GPP like systems, which means that actually it is not necessary to perform the steps of
Policy rules among other things define the importance of a service (service ARP) compared to other services. A service ARP may depend on the subscriber category to which the subscriber belongs. This means that the service APR may be different among subscriber categories using one and the same service. The intention is to be able to discriminate among subscriber categories when available resources become an issue. Policy rules can either be provisioned from a policy server (PCRF) or locally configured in e.g. the access edge node. The rules can match one or more services and are applied in a bearer context request procedure. A service class comprises rules for service ARP, QoS, service description, for example port numbers, IP address etc.
It is an advantage of the invention that service awareness in the network is increased and particularly it is advantageous in that it allows discriminating between user categories using the same service. It is also an advantage of the invention that it allows the network to guarantee access to resources in emergency situations and under exceptional network load conditions, which is a pre-requisite for IP networks to be able to handle emergency services or VIP user categories in a satisfactory manner. It also adds a mechanism to IP networks to give reliability to services in an end-to-end fashion. Further it adds an important mechanism to handle emergency services, voice as well as data, over packet switched networks and it is capable of adding service awareness to IP networks. It further enhances service reliability in an end-to-end fashion and it is applicable to all kind of IP networks, wireless as well as broadband networks.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/057,071, filed Oct. 18, 2013, U.S. Pat. No. 9,210,191, issued Dec. 8, 2015, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/296,267, filed Oct. 6, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,094,456, issued Jul. 28, 2015, which is a 371 of PCT/EP06/61389 filed on Apr. 6, 2006. The contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7733891 | Reynolds et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 8218503 | Terry et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 20050135389 | Hurtta | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20080214220 | Beziot et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080235376 | Prytz et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2859862 | Mar 2005 | FR |
| WO 2004100466 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160080427 A1 | Mar 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14057071 | Oct 2013 | US |
| Child | 14951601 | US | |
| Parent | 12296267 | US | |
| Child | 14057071 | US |
