This application relates to cardiac surgery, and in particular to methods of treating heart failure such as congestive heart failure and diastolic dysfunction by percutaneous surgery.
Diastolic dysfunction (i.e., insufficient expansion of the left ventricle during the diastolic phase) and general deterioration of the left ventricular performance are very common problems, affecting about 5 million people in the US alone. The problems can be triggered by a myocardial infraction or develop slowly over time. More background data on congestive heart failure can be found on the internet at: http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/928348606.html and many other medical sources.
Prior art treatment can be classified generally into three methods: surgery to change the shape of the left ventricle, wrapping the heart in an elastic net, or introducing a reinforcing structures via a catheter into the left ventricle. The first two methods require extensive surgery. The prior art minimally invasive or percutaneous procedures such as disclosed by US patent applications 2005/0015109; 2004/0243170; 2004/0249408 and 2006/0025800 addressed the need of strengthening the heart wall to resist remodeling and enlargement due to systolic pressure, but do not improve diastolic expansion to allow better filling of the left ventricle with blood. In many cases prior art methods actually sacrifice diastolic function in exchange for preventing the abnormal enlargement of the left ventricle that often follows myocardial infraction. For example, wrapping the heart in an elastic net will assist systolic action and will limit left ventricle enlargement, but will interfere with diastolic function as it will require more force to expand the left ventricle and stretch the net. The same is true for any rigid internal reinforcement.
As taught herein a system may assist diastolic function, the system being able to fit through a catheter and be installed percutaneously. The system may also limit the enlargement of the left ventricle, thus solving two major problem of congestive heart failure in a single percutaneous procedure. Further advantages will become clear by studying the disclosure and the drawings.
An elastic structure is introduced percutaneously into the left ventricle and attached to the walls of the ventricle. Over time the structure bonds firmly to the walls via scar tissue formation. The structure helps the ventricle expand and fill with blood during the diastolic period while having little affect on systolic performance. The structure also strengthens the ventricular walls and limits the effects of congestive heart failure, as the maximum expansion of the support structure is limited by flexible or elastic members.
Various embodiments of a cardiac device comprise an elastic structure that it introduced into a left ventricle of a heart and assists diastolic function by gently trying to expand the left ventricle. The elastic force is a small fraction of the force during systolic contraction, thus the device has little effect on the systolic pressure or ejected volume. It is well known that diastolic dysfunction is a major cause of cardiovascular failure, as it is far more common than systolic dysfunction. After some time (weeks to months) scar tissue permanently binds the elastic structure of the device to the ventricular wall. At this point the device also prevents ventricular enlargement, acting as reinforcement to the ventricular wall and limiting the maximum size of the left ventricle. Since the enlargement of the left ventricle as a result of congestive heart failure or infarct is gradual, scar tissue will have a chance to form before full bond strength is required between the elastic structure of the device and the ventricular wall.
The number of flexible members 4′ and 4″ of device 4 and number of cross members 9, 10 can vary, the preferred embodiment having from three to twelve elastic members 9, 10. Cross members 9, 10 can connect adjacent elastic members 4′ and 4″ as members 10 do, or connect opposing members 4′ and 4″ as members 9 do. The arrangement shown in
In order to place the device 4 correctly relative to the papillary muscles 5 the orientation of the device 4 inside the left ventricle 6 needs to be known. This can be done by fluoroscopy, ultrasound or by other location methods such as magnetizing elastic members 4′ but not 4″. This creates a north and south pole 15 which can be detected from outside the body by a magnetometer (or even a very sensitive magnetic compass).
The design of the device 4 allows aborting the deployment at any stage and retrieving the device 4. This is illustrated in
Cross members 9 are snagged by the hook 16 and the device 4 is pulled back into the catheter 1. If retrieval is desirable the two cross members 9 should be permanently joined at a cross-over point 21. This allows the hook 16 to self-center regardless of the point at which the hook 16 snagged cross members 9 and regardless whether the hook 16 has snagged one or both cross members 9. Obviously the retrieval is much more difficult once scar tissue 6′ has developed.
While the examples shown use a catheter 1 to enter the left ventricle 6 via the mitral valve, it is obvious that various other techniques may be employed to deploy the device 4. The device 4 can be installed in the left ventricle 6 also via the aortic valve, by piercing an apex of the left ventricle 6 or by an incision at any convenient point. It can be used percutaneously or during conventional cardiac surgery.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/497,309, now allowed, which has a filing date of Aug. 2, 2006 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20110087203 A1 | Apr 2011 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11497309 | Aug 2006 | US |
Child | 12904885 | US |