Patent Application
20120208267
The present invention relates in general to microRNAs (miRNAs). More specifically, the invention relates to microRNAs as targets for multiple genes or pathways in disease.
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ˜22 nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules that function as endogenous repressors of target genes. The number of reported human miRNAs is over 450, but there are more than 1,000 predicted miRNAs (1). In general, RNA polymerase II transcribes a miRNA gene into a primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) that can be many kilobases long. The RNase III endonuclease Drosha processes the pri-miRNA in the nucleus to yield one or more precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNA) ˜70 nucleotides in length that form a stem-loop secondary structure. The pre-miRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it is cleaved by the RNase III enzyme Dicer to generate the mature miRNA sequence, which is the substrate for subsequent repressive events. Mature miRNAs function in stable complexes with proteins of the Argonauts family, the core of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In animals miRNAs generally bind with imperfect complementarity to the 3′UTR of the target mRNA via the RISC complex. The RISC-miRNA-mRNA interaction results in gene repression that occurs by multiple mechanisms including enhanced mRNA degradation and translational repression (2). A recent study also indicates that miRNAs can act as endogenous activators of target genes when cells revert to an arrested state (3). Due to the promiscuity of miRNA binding to target mRNAs, each miRNA may control numerous genes and each mRNA may be controlled by many miRNAs (4). Developmental timing, cell death, proliferation, hematopoiesis, insulin secretion, and the immune response are just a few examples of critical biological events that depend on faithful miRNA expression (5).
A direct link between miRNA function and pathogenesis is supported by studies that revealed differential expression of miRNAs in tumors when compared to normal tissues. Discovering miRNAs that are differentially expressed between normal and tumor tissues can identify miRNAs that have a pathogenic role in cancer. The activation of oncogenic transcription factors, such as MYC, represents an important mechanism for altering miRNA expression (6). Genetic and epigenetic lesions can also alter miRNA expression, since miRNA up-regulation or down-regulation has been associated with genomic amplification, chromosomal deletions, point mutations, and aberrant promoter methylation (7-10). Although most of the aberrant miRNA expression observed in tumors is a secondary consequence of malignant transformation, some miRNAs have a causative role in tumorigenesis and can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. A miRNA whose target is a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene will likely play a key role in tumorigenesis. If an overexpressed miRNA targets a tumor suppressor gene then it would suppress its target and would be an oncogenic miRNA. If a miRNA that normally suppresses an oncogene were deleted or otherwise down-regulated then it would be a tumor suppressor miRNA. Many well-studied miRNAs have had their functional roles during tumorigenesis confirmed by in vitro and/or in vivo studies and are therefore considered strong candidate tumor suppressors and oncogenes.
In cancer, the expression of most miRNAs is decreased. Some of these down-regulated miRNAs may be tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor miRNAs usually suppress tumor development by inhibiting oncogenes and/or genes that control cell differentiation or cell death. The miRNA clusters or families considered to be tumor suppressors and therefore most relevant to this proposal are described below:
The miR-34 family The p53 pathway acts as a sensor for many cancer-related signals, such as DNA damaging agents, radiation, oxidative stress, and activation of oncogenes. These signals affect cell proliferation, cell death, DNA repair, and angiogenesis through the function of p53 as a sequence-specific transcriptional regulator. Recent studies provided by several groups have linked the miR-34 family (miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-34c) to p53 by profiling miRNAs from wild-type and p53-null mice (11), human lung cancer cell lines with a temperature-sensitive TP53 allele (12), genotoxic stress in a p53-dependent manner (13), and p53 ChIP on chip (14). In all of these studies, the miR-34 family was identified as a target of p53 . The miR-34 family can mediate induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and senescence by p53. This is the first time an interaction between proteins and non-coding RNAs has been shown in this crucial tumor suppressor pathway (15). Deletions of members of the miR-34 family have been reported in human cancers. miR-34a is located within 1p36, a region frequently deleted in many cancer types including neuroblastoma (16-18). In humans, mutations in p53 are found in nearly all types of cancers (19), thus the selective pressure to lose the miR-34 family may be relieved by frequent mutations in p53.
The let-7 family Let-7 is highly conserved in animals and it was originally identified in C. elegans by a mutant screen for genes that regulate developmental timing (20). The loss of function of let-7 prevents the normal transition of late larval to adult cell fate in C. elegans. This evidence raised the possibility that these miRNAs may regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in humans. Indeed, several studies have suggested that human let-7 has a role as a tumor suppressor. Inappropriate expression of let-7 results in oncogenic loss of differentiation. In humans, let-7 is located at a frequently deleted chromosomal region in various cancers (7). Expression levels of let-7 were frequently reduced in both, in vitro and in vivo lung cancer studies (21). Let-7 represses the expression of oncogenic components, such as RAS, MYC, and HMGA2, by targeting their mRNA for translational repression and overexpression of let-7 in cancer cells can inhibit cancer cell growth (22, 23). A recent study also indicated that let-7 can regulate self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells (24).
miR-15a and miR-16-1 The first evidence that aberrant miRNA expression was involved in human cancer occurred in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The 13q14 locus is deleted in over half of CLLs and this coincided with down-regulation of miR-15a and miR-16-1 which are located in this region (25). The loss of function of miR-15a and 16-1 is not only common in CLL but also in other cancers including prostate cancer, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (7, 25, 26). The tumor suppressor function of these miRNAs is mediated by their ability to down-regulate the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2. Loss of miR-15a and 16-1 correlates with BCL2 overexpression and overexpression of these miRNAs leads to down-regulation of the endogenous protein and induction of apoptosis in CLL cells (27). Furthermore, the 3′ UTR of the BCL2 transcript has potential binding sites for these miRNAs and reporter constructs containing the BCL2 3′ UTR are down-regulated after co-expression of miR-15a and 16-1.
miR-143 and miR-145 miR-143 and miR-145 reside in a genomic cluster similar to that encoding miR-15a and miR-16-1 and are down-regulated in cancer including colon cancer and B-cell malignancies (28, 29). Moreover, the introduction of either precursor or mature miR-143 and miR-145 into cancer cells with low expression of miR-143 and miR-145 results in significant growth inhibition (28, 29). A recent study also indicates that miR-145 targets the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene (IRS-1) and inhibits cell growth in colon cancer cell lines (30).
The miR-R29 family Both overexpression of DNA methyltransferases and aberrant DNA methylation are commonly associated with cancer and may play a variety of roles in carcinogenesis (31, 32). Hypermethylation is responsible for the silencing of tumor suppressor genes in many cancers and could be a target for epigenetic therapy (33). DNA methylation changes are controlled by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). There are three catalytically active DNMTs; DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. DNMT1 is a copying or maintenance enzyme whereas DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for the de novo methylation of previously unmethylated DNA during development. High levels of expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B are reported in various cancers. Inhibitors of DNA methylation, such as 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), inactivate DNMTs and rapidly reactivate the expression of genes that have undergone epigenetic silencing, particularly if this silencing has occurred in a pathological situation. Fabbri et al. used lung cancer cell lines to discover that the miR-29 family (miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c) translationally down-regulated DNMT3A and DNMT3B, induced re-expression of methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes, and restored normal methylation patterns (34). Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-29a, miR-29b, or miR-29e can inhibit the tumorigenicity of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo.
The miR-127 cluster Studies have shown that miRNAs are transcribed by RNA Pol II and the structure of pri-miRNAs includes a 7-methylguanosine cap and a poly(A) tail which is the same as a regular protein coding gene (35). Moreover, expression of miRNAs occurs in a tissue and tumor specific manner just like epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications. These findings led us and others to find that some miRNAs are regulated by epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications (10, 36-40). In our study, expression profiling of a bladder cancer cell line revealed that 17 out of 313 human miRNAs were upregulated more than 3-fold by treatment with the DNMT inhibitor and chromatin-modifying drugs 5-Aza-CdR and 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), respectively. One of these, miR-127, is embedded in a CpG island and was highly induced from its own promoter after treatment. miR-127 is usually expressed as part of a 4 kb miRNA cluster (miR-431, miR-433, miR-127, miR432, and miR-136) in normal cells but not in cancer cells, suggesting that it is subject to epigenetic silencing. In addition, the proto-oncogene BCL6, a potential target of miR-127, was translationally down-regulated after both drug treatment and overexpression of miR-127 in cancer cell lines. These studies suggest that DNA demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition can activate expression of miRNAs that may act as tumor suppressor, such as miR-127.
Some miRNAs that are overexpressed in tumors may be oncogenes. These oncogenic miRNAs promote tumor development by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes and/or genes that control cell differentiation or cell death. Many miRNAs have been reported that are significantly overexpressed in different cancers but only a few of them have been well characterized.
The miR-17 cluster This cluster is located at 13q31 which is amplified in lung cancer and several lymphomas. Compared with normal tissues, the expression of the miR-17 cluster is significantly increased in these types of cancers (41, 42). Overexpression of the miR-17 cluster using transgenic mice significantly accelerated the formation of lymphoid malignancies (42). Recent studies also indicated that the expression of the miR-17 cluster is related to the expression of the well-characterized oncogene, c-MYC. Their work shows that there is a negative feedback loop involving c-Myc, E2F1, miR-17-5p and miR-20a whereby c-Myc induces expression of E2F1 and the post-transcriptional repressors of E2F1; miR-17-5p and miR-20a (6, 43, 44).
miR-155 miR-155 is encoded within a region known as BIC, B-cell integration cluster, identified as a transcript derived from a common retroviral integration site for avian leucosis virus (45). B cells require miR-155 for normal production of isotype-switched, high-affinity antibodies and for memory response by targeting transcriptional regulator Pu.1 (46). miR-155 is up-regulated in different cancers such as certain B cell lymphomas (47), lung (48) and breast cancer (49). A study has recently shown in a transgenic mouse model that selective overexpression of miR-155 in B cells induces a polyclonal B-cell malignancy. In addition, a recent study indicated that the TP53INP1 gene, with anti-tumor activity, is a target of miR-155 (50). These studies strongly implicate miR-155 as an oncogene.
miR-372 and miR-373 Using a novel retroviral miRNA expression library, it was shown that overexpression of miR-372 and 373 can substitute for p53 loss and allow continued proliferation in the context of Ras activation (51). Furthermore, the study indicated these miRNAs neutralize p53-mediated CDK inhibition, possibly through direct inhibition of the expression of the tumor-suppressor LATS2. This suggests that these miRNAs are potential novel oncogenes participating in the development of human cancer by hampering the p53 pathway, thus allowing tumorigenic growth in the presence of wild-type p53.
miR-21 miR-21 was first discovered as a potential oncogene in glioblastoma because it was overexpressed in tumors and cancer cell lines (52). In addition, overexpression of miR-21 also is observed in various cancers including breast, colon, lung, pancreas, stomach and prostate (53). Knockdown of miR-21 in glioblastoma cell lines led to activation of caspases and a corresponding induction of apoptotic cell death (52). This result indicated that overexpression of miR-21 may promote tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, studies also have shown that miR-21 may target the programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) (54-56).
Evidence for the involvement of miRNAs in cancer is very clear. The current challenge is to accurately identify the biological targets and therefore the functional effects of a miRNA. The effect that miRNAs exert on their targets results in repression of mRNA translation or enhanced mRNA degradation, although the opposite can occur under serum starvation (3, 57). This indicates that confirmation of the target genes of a miRNA will require both a transcriptomics and a proteomics approach.
At present, identification of targets for most miRNAs has been dependent on computational predictions, but these approaches are challenging due to the lack of strict base pairing between a miRNA and its target mRNA sequence. There are several microRNA target prediction algorithms available but the accuracy is quite low (less than 80%) (58). The basic principles of these predictions rely on several factors: complementarity to the 3′UTR of the target mRNA, strong binding of the 5′ end of the miRNA to the target, thermodynamic stability of the base pairing, conservation of the target mRNA 3′UTR miRNA binding sites, and lack of a strong secondary structure of the mRNA at the binding site of the miRNA. Experimental validation of miRNA targets is challenging because of the low accuracy of predictions of miRNA targets by computational prediction algorithms. So far, there is no simple and high-throughput assay for biologically validating miRNA targets. Currently the most common method involves cloning binding sites of the 3′ UTR of an endogenous mRNA fragment (or repeated fragments) into the 3′ region of a luciferase reporter plasmid and measuring whether expression of the construct in cells co-transfected with candidate miRNA is repressed. (10, 59, 60). A loss of function method has also been used in which a miRNA is inhibited by 2′-O-methyl-modified oligonucleotides, and the inhibition of activity is assayed either by luciferase activity or by gene expression analysis at the protein level (61, 62).
MiRNA-mediated translational inhibition depends on the stable physical association between the miRNA, RISC, and the target mRNA. Several groups have recently taken advantage of this interaction in vivo to identify mRNA targets. Immunoprecipitating the key component of RISC, AGO2, and then interrogating the total pulled down RNA on an expression microarray reveals de novo targets of miRNAs (63, 64). This approach provides a way to identify functional miRNA targets based on their physical interaction in vivo. Although these assays can be used to identify targets of miRNAs, the development of high-throughput target validation techniques will be necessary to raise the specificity and sensitivity of miRNA target prediction algorithms in the future.
Potential Therapeutic Applications of miRNAs
The analysis of miRNA expression profiles in cancer has revealed that aberrant expression of miRNAs is frequent and many tumor suppressor miRNAs are down-regulated in cancer. These tumor suppressor miRNAs are potential therapeutic targets for anticancer therapy. It might be possible to manipulate miRNA expression to inhibit cancer progression just as RNAi is being used in some approaches to gene therapy. A few studies have shown the potential utility of miRNA-based therapies in cancer. These include the induction of apoptosis by the miR-34 family in colon cancer cell lines (13) and by miR-16a/16-1 in CLL (27), inhibition of growth of cancer cells by let-7 (22, 23, 65), reduced migration and invasion by miR-125 in breast cancer cells (66) and the use of anti-AMOs to obtain a pro-apoptotic response in glioblastoma and breast cancer cells (52). Currently there no reported studies using miRNAs for in vivo anti-cancer therapy. However, the development of approaches for in vivo delivery of siRNA and short heteroduplex RNA (shRNA) to silence single target genes has established technical approaches also useful for miRNA therapy (67). Anti-cancer approaches based on systemic delivery of siRNA/shRNA in preclinical models have made use of viral vectors, liposomes, and nanoparticles (63-70). Some of the difficulties with the delivery of antisense and siRNA into cells will be faced in miRNA-based, therapies. Introducing a polymer that is linear and charged across fee membrane of a cell is difficult. The clear advantage miRNA-based gene therapy will have over siRNAs, shRNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides is that multiple miRNAs can be co-transcribed and each miRNA has multiple targets, such as let-7 which down-regulates RAS, MYC, and HMGA2 oncogenes (22, 23).
As mentioned above, re-expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs can inhibit cancer cell growth or promote cancer cell differentiation, both of which have therapeutic value. Synergistic activity of multiple miRNAs on the same mRNA has been demonstrated and has been indicated for endogenous targets (71, 72). The newly developed method to express multiple miRNAs from a single transcript to synergistically inhibit cancer cells by targeting multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis is achieved as follows: 1) creation of a multiple miRNA expression vector able to target multiple oncogenic pathways by down-regulating many crucial genes involved in the aggressive behavior of many different types of cancer; 2) confirmation of the synergistic effects of multiple miRNA expression vector in vivo using mouse models; 3) and development a high throughput assay to identify the target genes of tumor suppressor miRNAs. The completion of these steps allow for the creation of a new class of vector for gene therapy based on miRNAs, providing an exciting first step towards the clinical application of miRNA therapy in cancer patients. Development of a high throughput assay to identify target genes of miRNAs, enables the gathering of important information about the exact biological effects of potential therapy in addition to providing an invaluable tool to the miRNA field. Finally, by using a combination of tumor suppressor miRNAs to target multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis the miRNA vector has the potential to be a universal cancer therapy.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to expression vectors comprising multiple miRNAs or families or clusters capable of targeting multiple pathways such as oncogenic pathways by down-regulating many crucial genes involved in the aggressive behavior of many different types of cancer.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to methods of determining synergistic effects of multiple miRNA expression vectors in vivo.
In a related embodiment, the invention relates to methods of identifying target genes of tumor suppressor miRNAs using high throughput assays.
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are key regulators of gene expression involved in diverse cellular processes, was a breakthrough in the field of molecular biology. Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), small ˜22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs, is involved in the initiation and progression of human cancer. miRNAs can act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes by disrupting the expression of their target oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Molecular miRNA profiling has identified several miRNAs that act as either tumor suppressors by down-regulating oncogenes or as oncogenes by down-regulating tumor suppressor genes. The knockdown of an oncogene is a common strategy for gene therapy in cancer but most approaches target only one gene or one pathway. Unlike siRNA (short interfering RNA), each miRNA targets multiple genes. Therefore, a vector containing multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs are able to knockdown multiple target genes and pathways from a single transcript and could suppress tumorigenesis in an additive or synergistic manner. A flexible RNA polymerase II promoter-driven vector which expressed a single transcript containing three miRNA members of the miR-34 family has been developed. This multiple miRNA expression vector suppressed cancer cells in a synergistic manner compared to expression vectors with each miRNA individually. Likewise, the construction of an expression vector that contains multiple miRNAs from different families and not just from one family but containing multiple families or clusters of miRNAs (3 to 12 miRNAs total) that target different pathways involved in tumorigenesis has been developed.
The present invention allows for the creation of a new class of vector for gene therapy based on miRNAs, providing the first steps towards the clinical application of miRNA therapy in cancer patients. The development of a high throughput assay allows for the identification of target genes of miRNAs and for gathering of important information about the exact biological effects of potential therapy in addition to providing an invaluable tool to the miRNA field. By using a combination of tumor suppressor miRNAs to target multiple pathways involved in tumorigenesis the miRNA vector has the potential to be a universal cancer therapy.
Many microRNAs (miRNAs) have had their functional roles during tumorigenesis confirmed by in vitro and/or in vivo studies and are therefore considered to be strong candidate tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The invention allows for the development of novel classes of vectors for gene therapy based on miRNAs that are able to target multiple oncogenes and/or tumorigenic pathways in cancer. Additionally, the inclusion of a combination of miRNA families and clusters allows for expression vectors that are not specific to any cancer type but instead could be a universal cancer therapy. Using this approach, the inventors provide exciting steps towards the clinical application of miRNA therapy in cancer patients.
The development a multiple miRNA expression vector with synergistic inhibitory effects on cancer cells compared to individual miRNAs. The key step for the miRNA processing machinery to produce mature miRNAs seems to be the recognition of the hairpin structure and not the sequence outside of the pre-miRNA (73), implying that the sequence requirement for mature miRNA expression from an expression vector could be as little as a few base pairs in either direction of the pre-miRNA. Due to the small size of the pre-miRNA genes, it is technically simple to clone many pre-miRNA genes into the same expression vector. Therefore, it is possible to clone multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs into one vector able to affect many different pathways involved in tumorigenesis, creating a powerful miRNA-based universal cancer therapy. The inventors cloned the miR-34 tumor suppressor family (miR-34a, miR-34b and miR-34c), which is regulated by p53, into a single expression vector in order to determine whether it had a stronger inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines in comparison to the individual miRNAs. MiR-34a is located at chromosome 1p36, While miR-34b and miR-34c are located at chromosome 11q23, about 500 bp apart. Previous studies have shown that restored expression of individual miRNAs from the miR-34 family can induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines and inhibit cell growth (12). Because miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c have similar roles when they are activated by p53, our strategy is to establish a synergistic expression vector by expressing 3 miRNAs (miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c) from one single transcript. To create a multiple miRNA expression vector, approximately 50 bp surrounding the pre-miRNAs for miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c were amplified by PCR and then cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) either individually or all three together in one transcript of approximately 450 bp (
When HCT116 colon cancer cells, which have low levels of miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c (12), were transacted, the miR-34abc vector yielded mature miRNAs at a level similar to each individual miRNA vector (
In addition, the inventors constructed an expression vector containing the miR-127 cluster, which consists of miR-431, miR-433, miR-127, miR-432, and miR-136 within a 4 kb genomic region. The inventors have previously shown that this cluster of miRNAs is expressed in normal tissues but not in bladder, colon or prostate cancers (10). One of these, miR-127, is embedded in a CpG island and was highly induced from its own promoter after treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor and chromatin-modifying drugs 5-Aza-CdR and PBA, respectively. The inventors study also indicated that miR-127 can down-regulate the pro-oncogene BCL6, making it a potential tumor suppressor miRNA (10). Since the miR-127 cluster, not miR-127 alone, is silenced in cancer, the inventors established an expression vector with an insert of ˜800 bp containing the 5 miRNAs in a single transcript to compare its efficacy to miR-127 alone in the bladder cancer cell line T24, which does not express the miR-127 cluster. Once again, the vector expressing the miR-127 cluster strongly inhibited both cell proliferation and colony formation when compared with miR-127 alone (
When T24 bladder cancer cells, which have low levels of miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c, were transfected, the miR-34a/34b/34c (miR-34abc) vector yielded mature miRNAs at a level similar to each individual miRNA vector as measured by Northern blot (FIG. 4)/ The Northern blots showed some cross-hybridization due to the high sequence similarity of the miR-34 family but this was eliminated in the more specific RT-qPCR experiments. These results were replicated in two additional cell lines, PC3 prostate cancer cells and HCT116 colon cancer cells. Therefore, the inventors confirmed that individual endogenous pre-miRNAs can be ligated into one expression vector that produces multiple mature miRNAs from a single transcript.
This platform can be used in any Pol II driven vector which would allow for tissue specific or inducible miRNA expression (98). In addition, the multiple miRNA expression vector should be applicable to lentiviral systems for use in research and gene therapy and it may also be relevant to Pol III driven expression vectors which are often used to generate shRNA(93). The clear advantage miRNA-based gene therapy will have over siRNAs, shRNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides is that multiple miRNAs can be co-transcribed and each miRNA has multiple targets, such as let-7 which down-regulates RAS, MYC, and HMGA2 oncogenes (9, 10). There will likely be a limit to the number of pre-miRNAs such that adding more inserts will decrease the processing efficiency and reduce mature miRNA expression. However, this should not decrease the functional and therapeutic applications for the multiple miRNA expression vector.
Taken together, these results confirm that expression of multiple miRNAs is more effective at inhibiting cancer cell lines than individual miRNAs. The next step is to determine whether expression of multiple families or clusters of miRNAs have stronger inhibitory effects in cancer cells than single miRNA families or clusters. The inventors believe that these findings represent a new way to treat cancer. In order to understand more fully the biological impact this multiple miRNA expression vector have as a cancer therapy, a high-throughput method to identify additional mRNA targets of the included tumor suppressor miRNAs is used.
The development of approaches for in vivo delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence a single target gene has established techniques that are also useful for miRNA delivery. The inventors have focused on the ability of a single miRNA to down-regulate many crucial genes or pathways involved in the aggressive behavior of cancer. By linking many miRNAs together into a single vector, the inventors are able to suppress vast numbers of target genes at once. Two multiple miRNA expression vectors containing the miR-34abc or the miR-127 cluster, both of which had a synergistic inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines compared to expression vectors containing individual miRNAs have been successfully made (
The flexibility of the multiple miRNA expression vector makes it a critical tool for the functional analysis of essentially any combination of miRNAs. This is critical to determining synergistic or additive effects of miRNAs in a disease specific manner (87). For example, miR-1 and miR-133 have been implicated in cardiovascular development and disease (88-90). Both miRNAs are coexpressed as part of a pri-miRNA of at least 6 kb and are regulated by SRF and MyoD. However, these miRNAs have opposing functions since miR-1 promotes myogenesis whereas miR-133 increases myoblast proliferation (61). The above reports only examined each miRNA individually. The inventors believe that future studies may use the multiple miRNA expression vector to determine the combinatorial effects of miR-1 and miR-133, thereby expanding the knowledge of the intricate ways that miRNAs can affect cardiovascular development and disease.
Another example is the miR-17-92 cluster, which encodes six miRNAs (miR17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-106a, miR-106b, miR-93), plays an essential role in the development of the immune system, heart and lungs, and functions as an oncogene in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors (91). The groups studying this cluster have studied the entire cluster, but have not determined which individual miRNAs or which miRNA combinations are critical for the functional effects of the miR-17-92 cluster. The multiple miRNA expression vector would be an ideal platform with which to perform these experiments.
Moreover, the multiple miRNA expression vector may lead to a robust class of gene therapies that can target multiple genes or pathways in a disease-specific manner. In cancer, many validated tumor suppressor miRNAs are found in clusters or families which include the miR-34 family 18, the let-7 family 9, and the miR-29 family (34). The flexibility of the multiple miRNA expression vector would allow a gene therapy for cancer to have innumerable miRNA combinations. These could include members of different miRNA families that, for example, target the p53 pathway (miR-34) 16, inhibit cell growth (let-7) (92), and even re-express epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes (miR-29) (34).
In conclusion, the inventors developed a simple and flexible platform that can express multiple miRNAs from a single transcript using endogenous pre-miRNA sequences. The inventors show here that the miRNA processing machinery can generate multiple mature miRNAs from a transcript made of inserts that include ˜120 bp surrounding the pre-miRNAs. This platform will be invaluable as a tool to study the complex and synergistic interactions of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in human diseases and to generate more potent and specific gene therapies. Development of a miRNA expression vector containing multiple miRNA families and clusters that target different oncogenic pathways and confirm the synergistic effects of the multiple microRNA expression vector over single miRNA vectors in various human cancer cell lines.
Preliminary studies, show successful synergistic effects of multiple miRNA expression vectors are made by ligating individual miRNAs of a tumor suppressor microRNA family or cluster into one expression vector. The inventors have created expression vectors containing multiple miRNA families and clusters. Then synergistic inhibitory effects of the vectors in various human cancer cell lines including bladder cancer (T24, UMUC3, RT4), prostate cancer (PC3, LNCaP, DU145), colon cancer (HCT116, LoVo, RKO), breast cancer (MCF7,MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-361), lung cancer (A549, H1299), and leukemia (K562, Jurkat, U937) are tested. Normal cell lines such as LD419 are included in this experiment as controls for the unintended effects of miRNAs. Studies have indicated that miRNA expression profiles vary by tissue and by cancer type (74, 1). Therefore, different cancer cell lines have different responses to a single miRNA or even to a single miRNA cluster or family. The final goal is to combine multiple tumor suppressor miRNAs found to be involved in many different types of cancer into one expression vector that has robust anti-tumor effects on most, if not all, cancers.
Cell lines. Bladder cancer (T24, UMUC3, RT4), prostate cancer (PC3, LNCaP, DU145), colon cancer (HCT116, LoVo, RKO), breast cancer (MCF7,MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-361), lung cancer (A549, H1299), and leukemia (K562, Jurkat, U937) cell lines will be used in this study. Some of the cell lines such as T24, UMUC, RT4, and MCF7, PC3 are available in the lab; the others are obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.). Culture conditions will follow the instructions of ATCC.
Create expression vectors with multiple miRNA tumor suppressors. Expression vectors are made by PCR amplifying 50 to 100 bp surrounding the pre-miRNAs (10 to 12) and cloning these separately into multiple restriction sites of pcDNA3.1(+) (Invitrogen) resulting in an insert of less than 2 kb containing 10 to 12 miRNAs. The inventors only include let-7b and let-7e as members of the let-7 family because they are the most divergent (77) of the 16 family members.
Cellular proliferation. The comparison of colony and cell counts between empty vector control and miRNA expression vectors are done using Dunnet's Method (78). Briefly, the analysis is based on log-transformed data where means and 95% confidence intervals are calculated and transformed back to the original scale. Cell doubling time and a focus-forming assay is performed to measure cell growth in the cells with or without multiple miRNA expression vectors to identify tumor suppressor properties in vivo (79, 80). The cell proliferation assays are conducted in triplicate as described previously (81). Each well is trypsinized and equal cell numbers plated onto 10 cm dishes with medium containing G418 (Sigma). Medium is changed every 3-4 days and total cell numbers counted after 13-14 days.
Colony formation assays are conducted as described previously (82). 48 hours after transfection equal numbers of cells are plated in triplicate into 6-well dishes containing medium with C418 (Sigma) at the same concentrations as the cell proliferation assay. Medium is changed every 3-4 days and colonies counted after 13-14 days by washing with PBS, fixing with methanol and staining with Giemsa.
DNA fragmentation and apoptosis assay. As mentioned before, some of miRNAs including in the expression vector can induce apoptosis. Apoptosis is measured in various cancer cell lines with or without multiple miRNAs expression vector using the In Site Cell Death Detection Kit (TUNEL assay) from Roche.
Invasion assay. Cellular potential for invasiveness is determined using six-well Matrigel invasion chambers (BD Biosciences Discovery Labware). Cells are seeded into upper inserts at 2×105 per insert in serum-free DMEM and outer wells are filled with DMEM containing 5% FBS as chemoattractant. Cells are incubated at 37° C. with 5% carbon dioxide for 48 h, and then noninvading cells are removed by swabbing the top layer of the Matrigel with a Q-tip. The membrane containing invading cells is stained with hematoxylin for 3 min, washed, and mounted on slides. The entire membrane with invading cells are counted under a light microscope at 40× objective.
Western blots. Cells are harvested by treatment with trypsin and resuspended in RIPA buffer. The resuspended cells are lysed by 2 cycles of sonication for 15 sec. Equal amounts of protein (20-50 μg) are separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to PVDF membranes. The blot is probed with antibodies against the potential target protein and control protein and Image of individual proteins are visualized using ECL detection system (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) (80).
Reverse transcription and Taqman real-time PCR. RNA is isolated from cell lines using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. All reagents for miRNA Taqman assays to detect mature miRNAs are purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) and used according to the manufacturer's protocol (83). U6 is used as the internal control and all reactions are done in duplicate.
Based on the results from above, 4 to 6 different cancer cell lines that are able to form xenograft tumors into nude mice after transfection with the multiple miRNA expression vector to test the effects in vivo are injected into mice. The animal experiments used are standardized.
Animal experiments. Animal studies are performed according to institutional guidelines. Cancer cell lines of different tissue types (4-6 cell lines) are transfected in vitro with 100 nM (final concentration) of the control expression vector or the multiple miRNA expression vector DNA by using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen), according to the protocol of the manufacturer. At 48 after transfection, 0.5 to 3×106 cells (injection) are inoculated subcutaneously into the right and left flanks (along the midaxillary lines) of 4- to 6-week-old male BALB/c nu/nu mice (Harlan, San Diego, Calif.). In order to obtain statistically meaningful results, at least six mice per group (control and 6 cancer cell lines) are used. Tumor diameters are measured 7 days after injection and every 5 days thereafter. After 3 weeks (the days might be various based on the cell lines), mice are killed and tumors are weighted after necropsy. Tumor volumes are determined using the equation V (in mm3)=A X B2/2, where A is the largest diameter and B is the perpendicular diameter. Tumors are removed and each tumor is divided into two separate portions. One portion is immediately fixed with neutral buffered formalin, embedded in OCT compound, frozen, and then sectioned. The frozen sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin. All histologic examinations are carried out by light microscopy using a Leica DM LB microscope (Leica Microsystems, Inc., Bannockburn, Ill.). The other potion of each tumor is used for isolating DNA and total RNA for analysis of DNA methylation by Ms-SNuPE, which was developed in the inventors lab (84), and of miRNAs and related gene expression by stem loop RT-PCR or real-time RT-PCR, respectively.
Identification of Target Genes of the Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs From Our Multiple MicroRNA Expression Vector by Transacting Cells, Screening for Down-Regulated mRNAs by Microarray, and Enriching Target mRNAs Using RISC Immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Identifying the mRNAs by Microarray (RIP on Chip). Confirmation of Potential Target Genes From Microarray Results by Prediction Algorithms, Western Blot, Real-Time RT-PCR, and Luciferase Assay.
Although the inventors expect the multiple miRNA expression vector to inhibit tumor cell growth, knowing the exact gene targets of the tumor suppressor miRNAs helps to understand the mechanism behind any synergistic effects. Furthermore, since the final goal is to use this expression vector for treatment for human cancers, identifying potential target genes helps to predict the consequences of this therapy such as any potential side-effects due to up-regulating harmful genes or down-regulating beneficial genes in normal cells. Experimental validation of miRNA targets is challenging because of the low accuracy (˜30%) of miRNA target prediction algorithms (58). There is a need for a simple and high-throughput assay for biologically validating miRNA targets. The miRNA:mRNA association is mediated by the RISC complex, the most important member of which is AGO2. The inventors are able to identify de novo miRNA:RNA interactions by immunoprecipitating AGO2 and isolate the accompanying RNA (63, 85). As described above, the inventors interrogate the enriched mRNA with an expression array in order to determine potential target genes and screen out background levels using mRNA from cells transfected with the empty control vector. Potential targets are confirmed by real time RT-PCR, Western blots, microRNA target prediction algorithms, and/or luciferase assay. This approach allows for the establishment of a novel high-throughput assay for validating miRNA targets and be especially useful in identifying the exact targets of the tumor suppressor miRNAs in the expression vector.
Coimmunoprecipitation of AGO2 and mRNA Targets. This assay takes advantage of the RISC-miRNA-mRNA interaction necessary for gene repression and coimmunoprecipitates AGO-2, a component of the RISC complex, and target mRNAs containing miRNA binding sites (64). Cells with either the multiple miRNA expression vector or a control vector and prepare extracts are transacted. Cells are harvested 48 h after transfection and washed in PBS followed by hypotonic lysis buffer [10 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 10 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM DTT, and 1 tablet per 10 ml of protease inhibitors, EDTA-free (Roche)]. Cells are incubated in lysis buffer for 15 min and lysed by douncing. Immediately after douncing, the lysates are supplemented with 5×ATP depletion mix [4 units/μl RNaseIn (Promega), 100 mM glucose, 0.5 unites/μl hexokinase (Sigma), 1 mg/ml yeast tRNA (Invitrogen), 450 mM KCl] to a final concentration of 1×. The lysates are cleared by centrifugation at 16,000×g for 30 min at 4° C. Before immunoprecipitation, anti AGO2 (eIF2C) (sc-32877, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc) is pre-blocked for 30 min in wash buffer [0.5% Nonidet P-40, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 5 mM DTT, and 1 tablet per 10 ml of protease inhibitors] supplemented with 1 mg/ml yeast tRNA and 1 mg/ml BSA, followed by a wash in wash buffer. One volume of wash buffer is added to the lysates, and AGO2 is immunoprecipitated with pre-blocked beads for 4 h at 4° C. The beads are washed once with wash buffer and twice in wash buffer containing 650 mM NaCl, the slurry is transferred to a new tube on the last wash, and bound RNA is extracted with TRIzol.
Microarray analysis. Total RNA or RNA from AGO2 coimmunoprecipitation is isolated from cells transfected with either the multiple miRNA expression vector or a control vector using TRIzol. To look at global gene expression RNA is hybridrized to the human 6 v2 Expression BeadChip (Illumina) and data analysis is performed using Illumina software by the Epigenome Center on a fee-for service-basis.
MicroRNA target prediction algorithms. The potential target genes are first confirmed by the following four prediction algorithms:
Western blots. The same as above.
Luciferase assay. The luciferase assay is performed in order to further confirm the identity of miRNA target genes and determine the miRNA binding site in the target gene. This assay has been used in the inventors' lab (10). Briefly, luciferase constructs are made by ligating oligonucleotides containing the wild type or mutant target site of the identified gene's 3′UTR into the XbaI site of pGL3-control vector (Promega). Cells both with and without expression of the miRNA is transfected with 0.4 μg of firefly luciferase reporter vector containing a wild-type or mutant target site and 0.02 μg of the control vector containing Renilla luciferase, pRL-CMV (Promega), using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Luciferase assays are performed 48 h after transfection using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). Firefly luciferase activity is normalized to Renilla luciferase.
Many modifications and variation of the invention as hereinbefore set forth can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and therefore only such limitations should be imposed as are indicated by the appended claims.
All patent and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirely.
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The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/100,646 filed Sep. 26, 2008 and PCT/US09/53203, filed Aug. 7, 2009, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/087,128 filed Aug. 7, 2008, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61100646 | Sep 2008 | US | |
| 61087128 | Aug 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13072576 | Mar 2011 | US |
| Child | 13296121 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US09/58451 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Child | 13072576 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US09/53203 | Aug 2009 | US |
| Child | PCT/US09/58451 | US |
