Patent Grant
8760160
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and, more particularly, to MR imaging using a waveguide to transmit radio frequency (RF) pulses of an MR scan sequence.
When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B0), the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue partially align with this polarizing field, to the extent permitted by thermal agitation. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B1) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, or “longitudinal magnetization”, MZ, may be rotated, or “tipped”, into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment Mt. The transverse moment precesses at the Larmor frequency; and the signal emitted by the excited (precessing) spins after the excitation signal B1 may be received and processed to form an image.
When utilizing these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (Gx, Gy, and Gz) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received NMR signals is digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques.
In typical MR systems, as is known in the art, RF coils are used to generate RF signals that generate the excitation signal B1 to tip and excite the spins in the tissue being imaged. These signals are strictly localized in the vicinity of the antenna (or coil) which produces them. In another type of recently introduced MR system that reflects a new paradigm for MR transduction, a hollow, cylindrical tube within the bore of the main magnet may under certain conditions, be used as a waveguide to propagate the excitation RF signals, in the form of travelling waves and indeed to receive the RF emissions from the resulting transverse magnetization. A major benefit of travelling wave MR is the ability to produce RF excitations along the entire length of the human body, using only a single transmitter mounted at an extremity (head or foot) of the subject to be imaged.
In a typical MR system, the geometries of such a cylindrical tube result in a cutoff frequency for the waveguide at or near 300 MHz for its principal mode of operation i.e. the TE11 mode, as is known in the art. For an MR system having a main magnetic field strength of 7.0 T (corresponding to a Larmor frequency of 300 MHz for protons), travelling wave MRI near the cutoff 300 MHz is therefore practicable. Travelling wave MR imaging has heretofore been applied such very high Larmor frequencies (e.g., 300 MHz). This value of the cutoff frequency is fortuitously determined by the diameter of the conductive gradient shield, which, as is known in the art, forms a conductive cylinder between the radiofrequency body/volume transmit coil, and the tube on which are mounted the imaging gradients. That is, the cutoff near 300 MHz is a consequence of the shield diameter, which is chosen for reasons not related to selection of a particular frequency.
However, most MR systems designed for use with live imaging subjects have magnetic field strengths less than 7.0 T. For example, many MR systems are designed with magnetic field strengths of 3.0 T or 1.5 T. To use a waveguide in a 3.0 T or 1.5 T MR system in its principal (e.g., transverse electric) mode of operation, the waveguide would have to have a diameter larger than the main magnet bore of a typical MR system.
It would therefore be desirable to have a system for MR imaging using a waveguide in a typical MR system having a magnetic field strength less than 7.0 T.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, an MR imaging apparatus comprises a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system including a magnet coil assembly having a magnet coil bore extending therethrough, a gradient coil assembly positioned within the magnet coil bore and having a gradient coil bore extending therethrough, and a waveguide positioned within the gradient coil bore. The waveguide has a waveguide bore extending therethrough. A transmission line is coupled to the waveguide and forms a single conductor waveguide. The MRI system also includes a computer programmed to access a scan sequence comprising an RF pulse sequence and execute the scan sequence. During execution of the scan sequence, the computer is programmed to operate the waveguide in a hybrid mode to transmit an RF pulse of the RF pulse scan sequence as a travelling wave at a frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within the waveguide bore. The computer is also programmed to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of making an MR imaging system comprises positioning a gradient coil assembly within a bore of a magnet coil assembly, positioning a waveguide within a bore of the gradient coil assembly, and coupling a transmission line to the waveguide to form a single conductor waveguide. The method also comprises configuring a computer to operate the waveguide in a hybrid mode during execution of a scan sequence to transmit an RF pulse as a travelling wave at frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within the waveguide bore during execution of the scan sequence. The computer is further configured to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute a scan sequence configured to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within a bore of a magnet coil assembly, the scan sequence comprising an RF pulse sequence. During execution of the scan sequence, the instructions cause the computer to control a single conductor waveguide positioned within the bore of a magnet coil assembly to transmit an RF pulse of the RF pulse scan sequence in a hybrid mode as a travelling wave at frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from the imaging subject. The instructions further cause the computer to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
Various other features and advantages will be made apparent from the following detailed description and the drawings.
The drawings illustrate embodiments presently contemplated for carrying out the invention.
In the drawings:
Embodiments of the invention are directed to MR imaging using a waveguide having a partial filling of dielectric (i.e., a dielectric core or slug) therein. In particular, the dielectric filling may be provided by placement of the subject to be imaged inside the waveguide positioned in the magnet bore.
Referring to
The system control 32 includes a set of modules connected together by a backplane 32a. These include a CPU module 36 and a pulse generator module 38 which connects to the operator console 12 through a serial link 40. It is through link 40 that the system control 32 receives commands from the operator to indicate the scan sequence that is to be performed. The pulse generator module 38 operates the system components to carry out the desired scan sequence and produces data which indicates the timing, strength and shape of the RF pulses produced, and the timing and length of the data acquisition window. The pulse generator module 38 connects to a set of gradient amplifiers 42, to indicate the timing and shape of the gradient pulses that are produced during the scan. The pulse generator module 38 can also receive patient data from a physiological acquisition controller 44 that receives signals from a number of different sensors connected to the patient, such as ECG signals from electrodes attached to the patient. And finally, the pulse generator module 38 connects to a scan room interface circuit 46 which receives signals from various sensors associated with the condition of the patient and the magnet system. It is also through the scan room interface circuit 46 that a patient positioning system 48 receives commands to move the patient to the desired position for the scan.
The gradient waveforms produced by the pulse generator module 38 are applied to the gradient amplifier system 42 having Gx, Gy, and Gz amplifiers. Each gradient amplifier excites a corresponding physical gradient coil in a gradient coil assembly generally designated 50 to produce the magnetic field gradients used for spatially encoding acquired signals. The gradient coil assembly 50 forms part of a resonance assembly 52 which includes a polarizing magnet 54 and a whole-body RF coil 56. A transceiver module 58 in the system control 32 produces pulses which are amplified by an RF amplifier 60 and coupled to the RF coil 56 by a transmit/receive switch 62. The resulting signals emitted by the excited nuclei in the patient may be sensed by the same RF coil 56 and coupled through the transmit/receive switch 62 to a preamplifier 64. The amplified MR signals are demodulated, filtered, and digitized in the receiver section of the transceiver 58. The transmit/receive switch 62 is controlled by a signal from the pulse generator module 38 to electrically connect the RF amplifier 60 to the coil 56 during the transmit mode and to connect the preamplifier 64 to the coil 56 during the receive mode. The transmit/receive switch 62 can also enable a separate RF coil (for example, a surface coil) to be used in either the transmit or receive mode.
The MR signals picked up by the RF coil 56 are digitized by the transceiver module 58 and transferred to a memory module 66 in the system control 32. A scan is complete when an array of raw k-space data has been acquired in the memory module 66. This raw k-space data is rearranged into separate k-space data arrays for each image to be reconstructed, and each of these is input to an array processor 68 which operates to Fourier transform the data into an array of image data. This image data is conveyed through the serial link 34 to the computer system 20 where it is stored in memory. In response to commands received from the operator console 12 or as otherwise directed by the system software, this image data may be archived in long term storage or it may be further processed by the image processor 22 and conveyed to the operator console 12 and presented on the display 16.
Polarizing magnet 54 has a bore or opening 70 therethrough into which gradient coil assembly 50 is positioned. Gradient coil assembly 50 has a bore or opening 72 therethrough into which a gradient shield 74 may be positioned. Gradient shield 74 serves to reduce or eliminate a coupling of RF pulses generated by RF local receiver coil 56 or by another component with the gradient coils of gradient coil assembly 50. A patient bore wall 76 is positioned inside a bore or opening 78 of gradient shield 74 and defines an opening or patient bore 80 into which a table 82 of patient positioning system 48 moves to position the patient or imaging object to the desired position for the scan.
As shown in
Two types of Hertzian dipoles are commonly understood in the art, as sources of electromagnetic fields: electric dipoles, which typically comprise a short linear element of alternating electric current and magnetic dipoles, which comprise a small planar loop of current. It is straightforwardly shown that the magnetic field of a electric dipole is perpendicular (or transverse) to the direction of current flow, whereas the electric field of a magnetic dipole is transverse to the axis of the loop, which is defined as perpendicular to the plane containing the loop, and passing through its center. Therefore, the fields of an electric dipole are called “transverse magnetic” or TM, and those of a magnetic dipole “transverse electric,” or TE. In practice, most NMR antennas are loops, so that TE fields are generally more prevalent than TM in NMR.
Mathematically, these two types of fields may be derived by applying the vector differential operation of “curl” to a suitable vectorial potential functions. That is, an electric dipole has a magnetic vector potential directed along the dipole axis, whose curl gives the magnetic field. Conversely, a magnetic dipole has an electric vector potential (also directed along the dipole axis) whose curl gives the electric field. It should be noted that each type of dipole produces both electric and magnetic fields, although the “signature field” of the electric dipole is transverse magnetic, while that of the magnetic dipole is transverse electric. The other fields may be derived by further application of vector differential operations, according to Maxwell's equations.
The designations TE and TM are also useful in describing and classifying the electromagnetic wave fields that can propagate inside hollow conductive pipes (i.e., waveguides). This is not because the fields need be sourced by electric or magnetic dipoles, but rather because the allowed forms of propagating waves are derivable from magnetic and electric vector potentials analogous to those which pertain to the dipoles themselves. It is noted that the terms “electric” and “magnetic” may occur in seemingly perverse reversals of apparent sense (e.g., with an electric dipole giving rise to a magnetic vector potential, which gives rise in turn to a transverse magnetic field). In addition, the terminology in the art also allows for the introduction of a pair of designations: “E waves” (referring to transverse magnetic waves) and “H waves” (referring to transverse electric waves).
In general, the notation for the waveguide mode refer to the type of dipole (e.g., TE or TM) followed by a notation indicating the vector potential of the mode expressed in cylindrical coordinates (i.e., azimuth and radius). The potential function is characterized, in general, by the number of nodes (or zero crossings) traversed by each coordinate in tracing its full excursion. For example, for a TE mode of operation, the notation may be expressed as the TEnm mode, where n corresponds with the number of nodes in the azimuth and where m corresponds with that in the radius. The principle mode (i.e., having the lowest cutoff frequency) for a circular, cylindrical hollow tube, such as gradient shield 74, as a waveguide is the TE11 mode, for example.
In addition to its nodes, each waveguide mode is characterized by a cutoff frequency below which wave propagation cannot occur. The lowest cutoff frequency (i.e., of the principal mode) is determined by geometric considerations and corresponds roughly to the frequency whose wavelength equals the diameter of the tube. For a typical MR system, the size of gradient shield 74 within the main magnet bore may yield a cutoff frequency near 300 MHz for the TE11. For executing imaging scans in a 3.0 T or 1.5 T MR system, a cutoff frequency near 300 MHz does not obviously allow gradient shield 74 to be used as a waveguide for propagating RF pulses near 128 MHz or 64 MHz, respectively, in the TE or TM modes.
According to an embodiment of the invention, with the presence of a patient or other imaging object to be imaged in patient bore 80, the waveguide becomes a hollow tube loaded with a dielectric slug. By virtue of the presence of the dielectric load presented by the patient or imaging object, system control 32 is configured to control gradient shield 74 as a single conductor waveguide in a hybrid waveguide mode. System control 32 controls second conductor 88 as a drive probe to drive gradient shield 74 according to the RF pulses of a pulse sequence train designed to excite and acquire MR signals from an imaging subject. In this manner, gradient shield 74 is controlled and used as a waveguide that allows for low frequency, travelling wave NMR, for example. As used herein, low frequency refers to frequencies below one half of the cutoff frequency of the principal mode of the empty waveguide.
As used herein, the hybrid mode or hybrid waveguide mode corresponds with a large class of electromagnetic modes whose components correspond not exclusively to a pure TE or TM modes (i.e., H or E modes), but are instead given by linear combinations of components comprising both H and E modes. For example, the hybrid mode is defined herein as an HEnm or EHnm mode comprising a linear combination of both of the TE and TM modes. Hybrid modes typically appear as solutions of Maxwell's equations for waveguides comprising a hollow tube partially filled with dielectric. They are not solutions of Maxwell's equations for empty hollow tubes, which are given instead by TE and TM modes. In one embodiment, system control 32 is configured to control gradient shield 74 in the HE11 mode, which has a low cutoff frequency. In general, the hybrid mode is enabled by the presence of a dielectric slug which partly fills the otherwise hollow waveguide tube.
According to the embodiment shown in
Referring now to
In addition, patient bore wall 76 is lined with a thin, metal film or foil 92. While metal foil 92 is shown attached to one side of patient bore wall 76, it is contemplated that metal foil 92 may be attached to the opposite side of patient bore wall 76.
As in the embodiment discussed with respect to
To control or drive metal foil 92 to transmit RF signals, first and second conductors 86, 88 of transmission line 84 are coupled to a waveguide drive probe 96. In one embodiment, drive probe 96 is an inductive loop configured to inductively couple to the waveguide. In addition, drive probe 96 may be tuned via capacitors (not shown) to the Larmor frequency of the system or to another frequency useful for imaging. The use of drive probe 96 allows for a non-direct coupling of transmission line 84 to the waveguide, unlike the direct coupling of transmission line 84 to the waveguide as illustrated in
Technique 106 continues with execution of the scan sequence as indicated generally by reference numeral 112. During execution of the scan sequence, a single conductor waveguide is operated at block 114 according to a hybrid mode as described herein to transmit the one or more RF pulses of the RF pulse scan sequence in order to excite spins in the imaging object. According to embodiments of the invention, the frequency of the transmitted RF pulses is lower than the cutoff frequency of the principal mode of the waveguide. For example, the frequency of the transmitted RF pulses for a 3.0 T MR system are approximately equal to 128 MHz, while the frequency of the transmitted RF pulses for a 1.5 T MR system are approximately equal to 64 MHz as described herein. Both of these frequencies are lower than a cutoff frequency of approximately 300 MHz when the waveguide is used in its principal mode such as TE11, for example. According to one embodiment, the gradient shield of the MR system is used as the waveguide. In another embodiment, a different metal shield or foil is used as the waveguide. In this embodiment, the metal shield may be positioned on either side of a patient bore wall within a bore of the main magnet of the MR system.
At block 116, MR signals are acquired from the imaging object positioned within the waveguide bore. In one embodiment, the MR signals are acquired using an RF coil such as a whole-body RF coil. In another embodiment, the MR signals are acquired using the waveguide as the RF coil. At block 118, technique 106 reconstructs an image based on the acquired MR signals.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments of technique 104 may be interfaced to and controlled by a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program. The computer readable storage medium includes a plurality of components such as one or more of electronic components, hardware components, and/or computer software components. These components may include one or more computer readable storage media that generally stores instructions such as software, firmware and/or assembly language for performing one or more portions of one or more implementations or embodiments of a sequence. These computer readable storage media are generally non-transitory and/or tangible. Examples of such a computer readable storage medium include a recordable data storage medium of a computer and/or storage device. The computer readable storage media may employ, for example, one or more of a magnetic, electrical, optical, biological, and/or atomic data storage medium. Further, such media may take the form of, for example, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, hard disk drives, and/or electronic memory. Other forms of non-transitory and/or tangible computer readable storage media not list may be employed with embodiments of the invention.
A number of such components can be combined or divided in an implementation of a system. Further, such components may include a set and/or series of computer instructions written in or implemented with any of a number of programming languages, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. In addition, other forms of computer readable media such as a carrier wave may be employed to embody a computer data signal representing a sequence of instructions that when executed by one or more computers causes the one or more computers to perform one or more portions of one or more implementations or embodiments of a sequence.
A technical contribution for the disclosed method and apparatus is that it provides for computer implemented MR imaging using a waveguide to transmit RF pulses of an MR scan sequence.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an MR imaging apparatus comprises a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system including a magnet coil assembly having a magnet coil bore extending therethrough, a gradient coil assembly positioned within the magnet coil bore and having a gradient coil bore extending therethrough, and a waveguide positioned within the gradient coil bore. The waveguide has a waveguide bore extending therethrough. A transmission line is coupled to the waveguide and forms a single conductor waveguide. The MRI system also includes a computer programmed to access a scan sequence comprising an RF pulse sequence and execute the scan sequence. During execution of the scan sequence, the computer is programmed to operate the waveguide in a hybrid mode to transmit an RF pulse of the RF pulse scan sequence as a travelling wave at a frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within the waveguide bore. The computer is also programmed to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a method of making an MR imaging system comprises positioning a gradient coil assembly within a bore of a magnet coil assembly, positioning a waveguide within a bore of the gradient coil assembly, and coupling a transmission line to the waveguide to form a single conductor waveguide. The method also comprises configuring a computer to operate the waveguide in a hybrid mode during execution of a scan sequence to transmit an RF pulse as a travelling wave at frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within the waveguide bore during execution of the scan sequence. The computer is further configured to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to execute a scan sequence configured to acquire MR signals from an imaging subject positioned within a bore of a magnet coil assembly, the scan sequence comprising an RF pulse sequence. During execution of the scan sequence, the instructions cause the computer to control a single conductor waveguide positioned within the bore of a magnet coil assembly to transmit an RF pulse of the RF pulse scan sequence in a hybrid mode as a travelling wave at frequency lower than a cutoff frequency of a principal mode of the waveguide absent a dielectric core and to acquire MR signals from the imaging subject. The instructions further cause the computer to reconstruct an image based on the acquired MR signals.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130082710 A1 | Apr 2013 | US |
