Patent Grant
8793291
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/313,988 entitled “Change Sets,” by Plax et al., filed Mar. 15, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
One or more implementations relate generally to application updates in an on-demand database network system.
The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.
In conventional database network systems, migrating data from one location to another has typically involved simply copying the data from the first location to the second location. However, in some situations simply copying the data has been inefficient, or even incomplete. For example, where changes made to one environment are desired to be made to another environment, the techniques traditionally utilized for migrating such changes between the environments have been limited.
Some techniques used in the past have included a user manually rekeying the changes made in one environment to another environment, using a developer-centric software tool for uploading the changes made in one environment to another environment, etc. Unfortunately, these techniques have required a low-level of understanding by a user of components being changed, etc. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide improved techniques enabling updates between environments of database network systems.
In accordance with embodiments, there are provided mechanisms and methods for deploying updates between environments of a multi-tenant on-demand database system. These mechanisms and methods for deploying updates between environments of a multi-tenant on-demand database system can enable embodiments to provide user-friendly, granular, and/or targeted updates between such environments.
In an embodiment and by way of example, a method for deploying updates between environments of a multi-tenant on-demand database system is provided. In use, an update to a portion of an application implemented at a first environment of a multi-tenant on-demand database system is created. Further, an indication of a second environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system to which the update is to be deployed is received. Moreover, the update is deployed to the second environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system.
While one or more implementations and techniques are described with reference to an embodiment in which deploying updates between environments is implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database system capable of supporting multiple tenants, the one or more implementations and techniques are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed.
Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. The one or more implementations encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies.
In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, the one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures.
General Overview
Systems and methods are provided for deploying updates between environments of a multi-tenant on-demand database system.
As used herein, the term multi-tenant database system, refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. As used herein, the term query plan refers to a set of steps used to access information in a database system.
Next, mechanisms and methods for providing deploying updates between environments of a multi-tenant on-demand database system will be described with reference to example embodiments.
To this end, the first environment at which the update to the portion of the application is implemented may include any environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system in which the application is created or installed, such that the application update may be implemented within the first environment. For example, the first environment may be specific to (e.g. customized for, solely utilized by, etc.) one of the customers. As another example, the first environment may include an organization of the multi-tenant on-demand database system implemented by the multi-tenant on-demand database system for the customer. More information regarding such organization is provided in detail with reference to the subsequent figures below.
In one exemplary embodiment, the first environment may include a sandbox environment (e.g. sandbox organization) utilized for testing the update implemented at the first environment. Thus, the first environment may implement the update to the portion of the application for testing purposes, such that the update may be tested (e.g. to verify functionality) prior to implementation thereof in another environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system separate from the first environment, as described in more detail below.
It should be noted that the application for which the update is Implemented may include any software application for which an update may be implemented, where such application includes multiple portions (e.g. components, etc). Just by way of example, the application may include a graphical user interface (GUI) with multiple fields (e.g. for allowing a user to interface with a database, etc.), a database, a role hierarchy/sharing, etc.
Accordingly, the portion of the application may include a subpart of the application, such that the update may be implemented with respect to only the subpart of the application (e.g. and not necessarily an entirety of the application). Specifically, the portion of the application may include only a subset of the application to which a change was made at the first environment, such that other portions of the application dependent on the subset of the application may be excluded from the update. In various exemplary embodiments, the portion of the application for which the update is implemented may include user interface code, application logic, a data model, fields, record types, page layouts, buttons/links, list views, documents, dashboards email templates, and/or any other particular component of the application.
As an option, the update may be created utilizing a user interface (e.g. GUI) of the multi-tenant on-demand database system. For example, a user (e.g. associated with the aforementioned customer) may select the portion of the application to which an update (e.g. change, modification, etc.) was implemented at the first environment, utilizing the user interface. Thus, the user interface may allow the user to specify the particular portion of the application which was updated at the first environment. As another option, the update may be created as a package (e.g. in a predetermined format, etc.). Such package may include a metadata zip file, for example. In this way, the update may be created after implementation of the update to the portion of the application at the first environment, for deployment to another environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system, as described below.
Additionally, as shown in operation 104, an indication of a second environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system to which the update is to be deployed is received. With respect to the present description, the second environment may include any environment of the multi-tenant on-demand database system that is separate from the above described first environment and at which the update may be deployed. Thus, the second environment may have the application created or installed thereon, such that the update may be deployed on to the second environment for updating the instance of the application created or installed at the second environment. Optionally, the second environment may be associated with a same or different customer as the first environment.
For example, where the first environment includes a sandbox environment, as described above, the second environment may include a production environment (e.g. production organization) at which the application is available for use by the customer (or other tenant) of the multi-tenant on-demand database system. Of course, in another embodiment the second environment may include another sandbox environment utilized for testing the update upon deployment (e.g. implementation) at the second environment. With respect to such embodiment, the second environment may be a sandbox environment at which more stringent testing of the update is performed than at the first environment.
Further, the indication of the second environment may be received utilizing the above described user interface via which the update is received. For example, the indication of the second environment may be received in response to a selection (e.g. user selection) of the second environment. Optionally, the second environment may be selected from a predefined list of environments, where, in one embodiment, such predefined list of environments includes at least one environment preconfigured (e.g. by the tenant) to be authorized to receive updates from the first environment. As a further option, the predefined list of environments may be stored at the above described production environment, such that if the first environment includes a sandbox environment, the predefined list of environments may be stored remotely from the first environment and may further be remotely accessed by the first environment for the selection.
Moreover, as shown in operation 106, the update is deployed to the second environment of the multi-tenant on-demand, database system. With respect to the present description, deployment of the update may include any transmittal of the update to the second environment. For example, the updated portion of the application may be deployed to the second environment (e.g. such that only updated components of the application may be deployed, etc.).
In one exemplary embodiment, in response to receipt of the update, a row may be inserted in a table of the second environment, for indicating the receipt of the update and the receipt of the indication that the update is to be deployed to the second environment. Furthermore, the second environment may access the table to identify the update, such that information associated with the update may be displayed to a user based on the identification of the update from the access to the table. Moreover, the update may be deployed to the second environment in response to the user making a selection associated with the information displayed to the user instructing the deployment of the update. As an option, upon successful deployment of the update to the second environment or a predetermined amount of time after insertion of the aforementioned row in the table, the row may be deleted.
Accordingly, the second environment may receive the update, such that the second environment may implement (e.g. write) the update to the portion of the application at the second environment. By allowing the update implemented in the first environment with respect to the particular portion of the application to be deployed to the same particular portion of the application in the second environment, deploying an update for an entirety of the application when only the particular portion is to be updated at the second environment may be avoided. For example, particular components of the application which were updated at the first environment may be specified independently of one another, and such updated components may be deployed to the second environment for implementation thereof at the second environment.
Furthermore, by allowing the update to be deployed to a particular second environment in response to receipt of an indication of such second environment, the update may be deployed in a targeted manner. In this way, the update may be deployed to the second environment without necessarily broadcasting the update to other environments of the multi-tenant on-demand database system.
Still yet, by optionally allowing the update and the indication of the second environment to be received utilizing a user interface, the update may be deployed to the portion of the application at the second environment in a user-friendly manner. For example, developer-centric techniques may be avoided for such deployment, such as manually receding the portion of the application at the second environment, requiring user knowledge and understanding of components of the application and their functionality, etc.
As shown, a copy of a production organization is sent to a sandbox organization (operation 202). The copy may include a copy of all databases, file systems, applications, etc. stored at the production organization. In this way, the sandbox organization may be a copy of the production organization (e.g. for use in development and/or testing of changes prior to implementation thereof at the production organization, etc.).
As also shown, an update to a portion of an application is developed (e.g. coded, as shown) and tested at the sandbox environment (operation 204). With respect to the present embodiment, the update may include a change to data stored by the sandbox organization. Specifically, the update may include a change to at least one component copied from the production organization to the sandbox organization (from operation 202).
Further, the update is packaged (operation 206) and deployed to the production organization (operation 208). For example, the update (e.g. the updated portion of the application) may be packaged for deployment thereof in response to validation of the update via the testing in operation 204. As another example, the update may be packaged for deployment to the production organization in response to user input. In particular, the user input may include a user selection of the portion of the application which has been updated and an indication by the user that the updated portion of the application is to be deployed to the production organization.
In this way, the update to the portion of the application that is implemented at the sandbox organization may be received for packaging thereof. It should be noted that packaging the update may include formatting the update according to a preconfigured format, in one embodiment. Moreover, the packaged update may be deployed to a targeted organization (which in the present embodiment is the production organization).
As shown, each of a plurality of development sandbox organizations (i.e. dev sandboxes, as shown) deploys a separate packaged update to an integration and system test (IST) sandbox organization (operation 302). In the present embodiment, the packaged updates may be deployed in the manner described above with respect to the method 100 of
Further, each packaged update deployed from the respective development sandbox organization may include an update to a portion of an application that has been implemented (e.g. and tested, etc.) at the sandbox organization. Thus, the packaged updates deployed in operation 302 may include different updates (i.e. updates to different portions of a single application). It should be noted that with respect to the present embodiment, the development sandbox organizations may each include at least the portion of the application to which they have Implemented the update, and the IST sandbox organization may include each of such portions of the application included at the development sandbox organizations.
As specifically shown in operation 302, the packaged updates are deployed to the IST sandbox organization for integration thereof at the IST sandbox organization. Such integration may include combining the packaged updated into a single package in any desired manner. In one embodiment, the packaged updates may all be implemented at the IST sandbox organization. Optionally, the separate packaged updates may be tested in combination at the IST sandbox organization.
As noted above, the packaged updates are packaged into a single package. Such single package is then deployed to a user acceptance testing (UAT) sandbox organization (see operation 306). In particular, the single package may be deployed in the manner described above with respect to the method 100 of
Still yet, the single package is further deployed to a staging sandbox organization (operation 308). For example, the single package may be deployed from the UAT sandbox organization to the staging sandbox organization (using the method 100 of
Moreover, the single package is deployed to the production organization (operation 310), using the method 100 of
As shown in operation 402, a sandbox organization issues a request to a production organization. It should be noted that in the present embodiment, the sandbox organization includes a copy of at least a portion of an application created or installed at the production organization. Further, in the present embodiment, the request issued by the sandbox organization to the production organization includes a request to deploy to the production organization an update to the portion of the application implemented at the sandbox organization.
In one embodiment, the request may be issued utilizing an email message. For example, a user may request the deployment of the update from the sandbox organization to the production organization, as described in more detail below with reference to the subsequent figures. Thus, such request may include an indication that the update is to be deployed to the production organization. Of course, it should be noted that the request may be issued utilizing any desired communication medium existing between the sandbox organization and the production organization.
In response to receipt of the request, the production organization authorizes the deployment. For example, the production organization may determine that the sandbox organization is authorized to deploy updates to the production organization. Such determination may be made utilizing a predefined list of organizations to which the particular sandbox organization issuing the request is authorized is deploy updates. In one embodiment, the predefined list may be stored by the production organization. Further, the production organization may authorize the deployment by issuing an indication to the sandbox organization that the deployment is authorized, as shown in operation 404.
In response to receipt of the authorization, the sandbox organization packages the update (operation 406) and deploys the packaged update to the production organization (operation 408). In the present embodiment, such deployment may be performed utilizing the method 100 described above with respect to
It should be noted that the operations shown with respect to the present method 500 may or may not be carried out in the sequence shown, and may further be carried out alone or in conjunction with one another. As shown in operation 502, a plurality of packages is viewed. With respect to the present embodiment, the packages each include a different update to a portion of an application which has been implemented at a first environment of a multi-tenant on-demand database system. Thus, each package may be for a different application, for a different portion of a single application, etc.
In particular, the packages may be viewed by a user utilizing a GUI listing packaged updates which have been developed (e.g. at a particular organization via which the packages are being viewed). One example of the GUI which may be utilized for viewing the packages is shown in
Further, a package is created, as shown in operation 504. It should be noted that operation 504 may be optional with respect to the present method 500. For example, from the GUI 900 described above, a user may select an option to create a new package (operation 504) or to view details of an existing package listed in operation 502, as described below.
It should be noted that the following operations 506-512 may be performed with respect to the newly created package (from operation 504) or one of the existing packages viewed in operation 502 (e.g. upon selection thereof). As shown, package contents are modified (operation 506). The package contents being modified may include contents of the package newly created in operation 504 or one of the existing packages listed in operation 502. With respect to the present embodiment, modifying the package contents may include adding or removing portions (e.g. components) of an application which have been updated and which may be deployed to another organization. Just by way of example,
In another embodiment, the user may create an ad hoc list of components to be included in the package. The use may further view components recommend to be included in the package, based on components specified by the user (e.g. spider determined) and optionally include these individually. As another option, the packaging metadata spider may automatically add all dependent metadata to the package (e.g. for eliminating dangling references).
In another embodiment, the user may compare the organization utilized for creating the package (i.e. the source organization) against another organization (i.e. the target organization) to determine which components are new, changed, or missing, in order to decide which components to deploy to the other organization. For each component in the source organization, the user may decide whether to include it, and the comparison may provide the additional ability to delete components from the target organization that are absent from the source organization. Optionally, conflict detection and resolution within an individual component may be provided, to ensure more recent changes to the target organization are not unintentionally overwritten via deployment of the package (e.g. something new that was created in the target organization since the source organization was copied from the target organization). Timestamps may be utilized for performing such conflict detection.
In yet another embodiment, the user may view a snapshot the source organization, make changes, and compare the current metadata state of the source organization to an earlier snapshot. From that comparison, the user may decide what to include in the package.
In addition, package details are viewed, as shown in operation 508. The package details may include portions of the application included in the package, a history of deployment of the package (e.g. an organization to which the package was requested to be deployed, a status of the deployment, etc.), dependencies within portions of the package, etc.
Still yet, the package is requested to be deployed (operation 510). Optionally, a user may utilize a GUI to request deployment of the package. In response to a request to deploy the package, a destination organization to which the package is to be deployed is chosen (operation 512). For example, a GUI may be presented for allowing the user to choose a destination organization to which the package is to be deployed.
As an option, only organizations previously authorized to receive updates from the organization carrying out the present method 500 may be provided for selection therefrom. The GUI 700 shown in
Moreover,
As another option, once the organization to which the package is to be deployed is chosen, the package may be uploaded for deployment to the chosen organization. For example, the package may be uploaded to a queue of the multi-tenant on-demand database center, and may further be deployed to the chosen organization from the queue (e.g. the in the manner described below with respect to the method 600 of
It should be noted that the operations shown with respect to the present method 600 may or may not be carried out in the sequence shown, and may further be carried out alone or in conjunction with one another. As shown in operation 602, pending deployments are viewed. The pending deployments may include any updates requested to be deployed to a particular organization via which the pending deployments are being viewed. For example, the pending deployments may include updates requested to be deployed via the method 500 of
Additionally, package details are viewed. Note operation 604. With respect to the present embodiment, the package details include details of one of the updates for which deploying is pending (listed in operation 602). The GUI 1500 shown in
Furthermore, deployment is monitored, as shown in operation 606. For example, a status of each package selected to be deployed (e.g. selected from the pending deployments listed in operation 602) may be monitored. A GUI (e.g. the GUI 1600 in
Moreover, deployment results are viewed. Note operation 608. The deployment results may be viewed for a particular one of the packages selected for deployment (e.g. see the GUI 1700 of
System Overview
Environment 1810 is an environment in which an on-demand database service exists. User system 1812 may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems 1812 can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in
An on-demand database service, such as system 1816, is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly, “on-demand database service 1816” and “system 1816” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform 1818 may be a framework that allows the applications of system 1816 to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an embodiment, on-demand database service 1816 may include an application platform 1818 that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 1812, or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 1812.
The users of user systems 1812 may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system 1812 might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a particular user system 1812 to interact with system 1816, that user system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system 1816, that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user's security or permission level.
Network 1814 is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network 1814 can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global internetwork of networks often referred to as the “Internet” with a capital “I,” that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that the one or more implementations might use are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.
User systems 1812 might communicate with system 1816 using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system 1812 might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system 1816. Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system 1816 and network 1814, but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system 1816 and network 1814 includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS' data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead.
In one embodiment, system 1816, shown in
One arrangement for elements of system 1816 is shown in
Several elements in the system shown in
According to one embodiment, each user system 1812 and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system 1816 (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and ail of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to ran using a central processing unit such as processor system 1817, which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system 1816 to intercommunicate and to process webpages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™, JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.).
According to one embodiment, each system 1816 is configured to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems 1812 to support the access by user systems 1812 as tenants of system 1816. As such, system 1816 provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant's data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence.
User system 1812, network 1814, system 1816, tenant data storage 1822, and system data storage 1824 were discussed above in
Application platform 1818 includes an application setup mechanism 1938 that supports application developers' creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage 1822 by save routines 1936 for execution by subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces 1904 managed by tenant management process 1910 for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 1934 that provides a programming language style interface extension to API 1932. A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is discussed in commonly owned co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/828,192 entitled, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXTENDING APIS TO EXECUTE IN CONJUNCTION WITH DATABASE APIS, by Craig Weissman, filed Oct. 4, 2006, which is incorporated in its entirety herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata 1916 for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine.
Each application server 1900 may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data 1825 and tenant data 1823, via a different network connection. For example, one application server 19001 might be coupled via the network 1814 (e.g., the Internet), another application server 1900N-1 might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server 1900N might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers 1900 and the database system. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used.
In certain embodiments, each application server 1900 is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there Is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server 1900. In one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers 1900 and the user systems 1812 to distribute requests to the application servers 1900. In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers 1900. Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers 1900, and three requests from different users could hit the same application server 1900. In this manner, system 1816 is multi-tenant, wherein system 1816 handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations.
As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system 1816 to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user's personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage 1822). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since ail of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby.
While each user's data might be separate from other users' data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system 1816 that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant specific data, system 1816 might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants.
In certain embodiments, user systems 1812 (which may be client systems) communicate with application servers 1900 to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system 1816 that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage 1822 and/or system data storage 1824. System 1816 (e.g., an application server 1900 in system 1816) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage 1824 may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database.
Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact, Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”.
In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004, entitled “Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database System”, and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to customers that their multiple “tables” are in fact stored in one large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as the data of other customers.
While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
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