Patent Grant
9236885
The following invention relates to systems and methods for encoding and decoding data of all types, and more particularly to systems and methods for encoding and decoding data using chain reaction codes.
Transmission of data between a sender and a recipient over a communications channel has been the subject of much literature. Preferably, but not exclusively, a recipient desires to receive an exact copy of data transmitted over a channel by a sender with some level of certainty. Where the channel does not have perfect fidelity (which covers most of all physically realizable systems), one concern is how to deal with data lost or garbled in transmission. Lost data (erasures) are often easier to deal with than corrupted data (errors) because the recipient cannot always tell when corrupted data is data received in error. Many error-correcting codes have been developed to correct for erasures and/or for errors. Typically, the particular code used is chosen based on some information about the infidelities of the channel through which the data is being transmitted and the nature of the data being transmitted. For example, where the channel is known to have long periods of infidelity, a burst error code might be best suited for that application. Where only short, infrequent errors are expected a simple parity code might be best.
Another consideration in selecting a code is the protocol used for transmission. In the case of the Internet, a packet protocol is used for data transport. That protocol is called the Internet Protocol or “IP” for short. When a file or other block of data is to be transmitted over an IP network, it is partitioned into equal size input symbols and input symbols are placed into consecutive packets. The “size” of an input symbol can be measured in bits, whether or not the input symbol is actually broken into a bit stream, where an input symbol has a size of M bits when the input symbol is selected from an alphabet of 2M symbols. In such a packet-based communication system, a packet oriented coding scheme might be suitable.
A transmission is called reliable if it allows the intended recipient to recover an exact copy of the original file even in the face of erasures in the network. On the Internet, packet loss often occurs because sporadic congestion causes the buffering mechanism in a router to reach its capacity, forcing it to drop incoming packets. Protection against erasures during transport has been the subject of much study.
The Transport Control Protocol (“TCP”) is a point-to-point packet control scheme in common use that has an acknowledgment mechanism. Using TCP, a sender transmits ordered packets and the recipient acknowledges receipt of each packet. If a packet is lost, no acknowledgment will be sent to the sender and the sender will resend the packet. With protocols such as TCP, the acknowledgment paradigm allows packets to be lost without total failure, since lost packets can just be retransmitted, either in response to a lack of acknowledgment or in response to an explicit request from the recipient.
Although acknowledgment-based protocols are generally suitable for many applications and are in fact widely used over the current Internet, they are inefficient, and sometimes completely infeasible, for certain applications as described in Luby I.
One solution that has been proposed to solve the transmission problem is to avoid the use of an acknowledgment-based protocol, and instead use Forward Error-Correction (FEC) codes, such as Reed-Solomon codes, Tornado codes, or chain reaction codes, to increase reliability. The basic idea is to send output symbols generated from the content instead of just the input symbols that constitute the content. Traditional erasure correcting codes, such as Reed-Solomon or Tornado codes, generate a fixed number of output symbols for a fixed length content. For example, for K input symbols, N output symbols might be generated. These N output symbols may comprise the K original input symbols and N−K redundant symbols. If storage permits, then the server can compute the set of output symbols for each content only once and transmit the output symbols using a carousel protocol.
One problem with some FEC codes is that they require excessive computing power or memory to operate. Another problem is that the number of output symbols must be determined in advance of the coding process. This can lead to inefficiencies if the loss rate of packets is overestimated, and can lead to failure if the loss rate of packets is underestimated.
For traditional FEC codes, the number of possible output symbols that can be generated is of the same order of magnitude as the number of input symbols the content is partitioned into. Typically, but not exclusively, most or all of these output symbols are generated in a preprocessing step before the sending step. These output symbols have the property that all the input symbols can be regenerated from any subset of the output symbols equal in length to the original content or slightly longer in length than the original content.
“Chain Reaction Coding” as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,307,487 entitled “Information Additive Code Generator and Decoder for Communication Systems” (hereinafter “Luby I”) and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/032,156 entitled “Multi-Stage Code Generator and Decoder for Communication Systems” (hereinafter “Raptor”) represents a different form of forward error-correction that addresses the above issues. For chain reaction codes, the pool of possible output symbols that can be generated is orders of magnitude larger than the number of the input symbols, and a random output symbol from the pool of possibilities can be generated very quickly. For chain reaction codes, the output symbols can be generated on the fly on an as needed basis concurrent with the sending step. Chain reaction codes have the property that all input symbols of the content can be regenerated from any subset of a set of randomly generated output symbols slightly longer in length than the original content.
Other descriptions of various chain reaction coding systems can be found in documents such as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/668,452, filed Sep. 22, 2000 and entitled “On Demand Encoding With a Window” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/691,735, filed Oct. 18, 2000 and entitled “Generating High Weight Output symbols Using a Basis.”
Some embodiments of a chain reaction coding system consist of an encoder, and a decoder. Data may be presented to the encoder in the form of a block, or a stream, and the encoder may generate output symbols from the block or the stream on the fly. In some embodiments, for example those described in Raptor, data may be pre-encoded off-line using a static encoder, and the output symbols may be generated from the plurality of the original data symbols and the static output symbols.
In some embodiments of a chain reaction coding system, the encoding and the decoding process rely on a weight table. The weight table describes a probability distribution on the set of source symbols. That is, for any number W between 1 and the number of source symbols, the weight table indicates a unique probability P(W). It is possible that P(W) is zero for substantially many values of W, in which case it may be desirable to include only those weights W for which P(W) is not zero.
In some embodiments of a chain reaction coding system the output symbols are generated as follows: for every output symbol a key is randomly generated. Based on the key, a weight W is computed from the weight table. Then a random subset of W source symbols is chosen. The output symbol will then be the XOR of these source symbols. These source symbols are called the neighbors or associates of the output symbol hereinafter. Various modifications and extensions of this basic scheme are possible and have been discussed in the above-mentioned patents and patent applications.
Once an output symbol has been generated, it may be sent to the intended recipients along with its key, or an indication of how the key may be regenerated. In some embodiments, many output symbols may make up one transmission packet, as for example described in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/792,364, filed Feb. 22, 2001 and entitled “Scheduling of multiple files for serving on a server.”
In certain applications it may be preferable to transmit the source symbols first, and then to continue transmission by sending output symbols. Such a coding system is referred to herein as a systematic coding system. On the receiving side, the receiver may try to receive as many original input symbols as possible, replace the input symbols not received by one or more output symbols and use them to recover the missing input symbols. The transmission of output symbols may be done proactively, without an explicit request of the receiver, or reactively, i.e., in response to an explicit request by the receiver. For example, for applications where no loss or a very small amount of loss is anticipated, it might be advantageous to send the original input symbols first, and to send additional output symbols only in case of erasures. This way, no decoding needs to be performed if there were no losses. As another application, consider the transmission of a live video stream to one or more recipients. Where there is expectation of some loss, it may be advantageous to protect the data using chain reaction coding. Because of the nature of a live transmission, the receiver may be able to buffer a specific part of the data only for at most a pre-determined amount of time. If the number of symbols received after this amount of time is not sufficient for complete reconstruction of data, it may be advantageous in certain applications to forward the parts of the data received so far to the video player. In certain applications, and where appropriate source coding methods are used, the video player may be able to play back the data in a degraded quality. In general, where applications may be able to utilize even partially recovered data, it may be advantageous to use a systematic coding system.
Straightforward modifications of embodiments of chain reaction coding systems as described in Luby I or Raptor to produce systematic coding systems generally leads to inefficiencies. For example, if in a chain reaction coding system the first transmitted symbols comprise the original symbols, then it may be necessary to receive a number of pure output symbols which is of the same order of magnitude as the original symbols in order to be able to recover the original data. In other words, reception of the original symbols may only minimally help the decoding process, so that the decoding process has to rely entirely on the other received symbols. This leads to an unnecessarily high reception overhead.
What is therefore needed is a systematic version of a chain reaction coding system, which has efficient encoding and decoding algorithms, and has a similar reception overhead as a chain reaction coding system.
The present invention provides systems and methods for encoding and decoding data using systematic chain reaction encoding and decoding processes. These present can be used in numerous applications, one being a data communication system in which data is communicated faster, more reliably, and with less computational expense.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a method of encoding data into a chain reaction code is presented. Initially a set of input symbols is generated from the data. Subsequently, one or more non-systematic output symbols are generated from the set of input symbols, each of the one or more non-systematic output symbols being selected from an alphabet of non-systematic output symbols, and each non-systematic output symbols generated as a function of one or more of the input symbols. As a result of this encoding process, any subset of the set of input symbols is recoverable from (i) a predetermined number of non-systematic output symbols, or (ii) a combination of (a) input symbols which are not included in the subset of input symbols that are to be recovered, and (b) one or more of the non-systematic output symbols.
Additional embodiments and features of the invention will be better understood in view of the following drawings and detailed description.
For clarity and convenience, features and components which are identified in earlier drawings retain their reference numerals in subsequent drawings.
Referring now to
There are various methods for obtaining the output symbols from the input symbols for which reference is made to Luby I and Raptor. One illustrative embodiment of such an encoding method is given in
Once the source symbols have been created, the output symbols are generated from the source symbols. In some embodiments, the output symbol's value is the XOR of the values of some of the source symbols. For each output symbol, key generator 120 produces a key, from which the weight of the output symbol is determined from a weight table 250. Once the weight W is determined, W random or pseudorandom source symbols are chosen, and the value of the output symbol is computed as the XOR of the values of these source symbols. For example, in
Various embodiments of the chain reaction decoder 170 of
In some embodiments, for each received output symbol key regenerator 160 calculates the corresponding key for the symbol, and from the key determines the neighboring source symbols.
One possible description of an embodiment of a decoding process for a chain reaction decoding can be described in terms of the corresponding Decoding Graph, as exemplified in
In some embodiments the decoding starts by identifying an output node O1 of degree one. Then the unique neighbor of O1 is declared recovered and is removed from the Decoding Graph, and the process is continued by identifying another output node O2 of degree one. For example, in the situation depicted in
For example, in the situation of
In this case decoding is successful.
In some embodiments, the graph interpretation may be used to set up a schedule for the actual computations required for the decoding, as illustrated in Luby I or Raptor. Moreover, the idealized decoder described above may be changed in a variety of ways to reduce the resources required, and to speed up the decoding process, as described in the above mentioned patents and patent applications.
In some embodiments, the decoder may output the sequence of output nodes that were used to recover the corresponding input nodes. For example, in the case outlined above, the decoder may output the indices corresponding to the output nodes 330(a), 330(c), 330(h), 330(d), 330(i), 330(b), 330(j), 330(e), 330(f), and 330(g).
It is sometimes advantageous to consider a matrix representation of the Decoding Graph, and an interpretation of the decoding algorithm in terms of this matrix, called the Decoding Matrix hereinafter. In some embodiments of the present invention the Decoding Matrix corresponding to the Decoding Graph has as many rows as there are output nodes, and as many columns as there are source nodes, and has entries 0 or 1. There is a 1 at position (k,j) of the Decoding Matrix if the j-th source node is a neighbor of the k-th output node.
M·x=b,
where x is the column vector (x1, x2, . . . , xK). The chain reaction decoding is successful if there is a permutation of rows and columns of M such that the resulting matrix is a lower triangular matrix, i.e., such that the values in the matrix above the main diagonal are zero. For example, by performing the permutation (3→2, 8→3, 2→5, 10→6, 5→7, 6→8, 7→9) on the rows, and the permutation (2→1, 5→2, 8→3, 9→4, 1→5, 3→7, 7→8, 4→9) on the columns of M a lower triangular matrix is produced. Stated in terms of matrices, this means that the chain reaction decoding algorithm produces permutation matrices P and Q such that P·M·Q is a lower triangular matrix. There are various methods for solving a system of linear equations, as is known to those of skill in the art. For example, it is possible to use the Gaussian elimination algorithm.
The matrix view of the decoding is for illustrative purposes only and not restrictive. In particular, the actual operations of the decoder may differ substantially from the preceding discussions, as described in Luby I, Raptor, and the above mentioned patent applications.
In some embodiments, if a multi-stage chain reaction coding system is used, as described in Raptor, the Decoding Graph may be augmented by a secondary graph which describes the relationship among the source symbols given by the particular static encoding used. For example, where a low-density parity-check code is used for the static encoding process, then a number of output nodes equal to the number of check symbols in this code may be added to the Decoding Graph, their value set to 0, and the Decoding Graph may be augmented by the graph of the low-density parity-check code between the source nodes and the check nodes, and the Decoding Graph may be replaced by the new graph. The choice of low-density parity-check codes is not essential to this application. In general, for any type of static encoding, the corresponding parity-check matrix defines a bipartite graph by which the Decoding Graph may be augmented. This new graph will be referred to as the Modified Decoding Graph hereinafter.
To the Modified Decoding Graph corresponds a Modified Decoding Matrix consisting of zeros and ones, which has as many columns as there are source nodes, and as many rows as the aggregate value of output nodes and check nodes. Correspondingly, the Modified Decoding Matrix consists of two sets of rows, one corresponding to the output nodes, and one corresponding to the check nodes. Where there are L output nodes, C check nodes, and K source nodes, the Modified Decoding Matrix may be decomposed into a submatrix Mo consisting of L rows and K columns, and a matrix Mc consisting of C rows and K columns. If x1, . . . , xK denote the unknown values of the source symbols, and b1, . . . , bL denote the known values of the received output symbols, the task of the decoder may be to solve the system of equations given by Mo·x=b, and Mc·x=0. The combined system of equations would be the one given in
In some embodiments of a chain reaction decoder a different decoder, called an Inactivation Decoder, may be used. This Decoder is described in greater detail in the commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/459,370, entitled “Systems and Process for Decoding a Chain Reaction Code through Inactivation,” herein incorporated by reference, and referred to as the “Inactivation Decoder.”
The method of
Referring now to
Next, one or more non-systematic output symbols are generated from the input symbols. In a particular embodiment of that process, intermediate input symbols are initially generated from the input symbols (704). Subsequently, one or more non-systematic output symbols are generated from the intermediate input symbols (706). In alternative embodiments under the invention, the process of 706 may be omitted and the non-systematic output symbols are generated from the input symbols. Each of these processes are illustrated in greater detail below.
As will be further described below, the input symbols are provided by an input symbol generator for the input data. As explained above, the input data may be data obtained in real-time from a secondary device, such as a video capture module, or it can be static, for example when the input data resides in a file or a buffer created by a secondary application. In other applications of the present invention the input data may be acquired by a combination of a real-time and a static method, for example by receiving the data from a secondary device or application, such as a network card, and storing it on a storage device for further processing by the input symbol generator.
Next at 714, one or more non-systematic output symbols are acquired. Typically, the acquisition of the non-systematic output symbols will follow the same modality as the input symbols, although other means may be used in alternative embodiments.
The method continues at 716, where one or more of the input symbols which were not acquired, are recovered. In a specific embodiment of this process, the missing input symbols may be recovered either from the non-systematic output symbols, or from a combination of non-systematic output symbols and the acquired input symbols.
The recovery process at 716 may be used to recover one, several, or all of the missing input symbols. Once the desired number of missing input symbols is recovered, they may be added to the acquired input symbols to re-form the original set of input symbols, and accordingly, a copy of the original data.
The non-systematic key generator 727 generates keys I0, I1, I2, . . . corresponding to the input symbols provided to the encoder 728, the non-systematic keys being used to compute the values of the non-systematic output symbols B(I0), B(I1), B(I2), . . . output from the encoder 728. Each non-systematic key I0, I1, I2, . . . is generated so that a large fraction of the keys for the same input file are unique. In one embodiment, the non-systematic key generator 727 comprises the key regenerator 120 illustrated in
Systematic key generator 730 generates systematic keys C0, C1, C2, . . . corresponding to the input symbols provided to the encoder 728, these keys being used to recover one or more of the input symbols not received, as will be further described below. It may use random numbers generated by random number generator 735 to generate the keys. The generation of the systematic keys will be subsequently described in greater detail. The outputs of non-systematic key generator 727 and the systematic key generator 730 are provided to encoder 728.
From each non-systematic key I provided by the non-systematic key generator 727, encoder 728 generates a non-systematic output symbol, with a value B(I), from the input symbols provided by the input symbol generator. The non-systematic output symbol generated may be that as described in Luby I (single stage encoding/decoding) or the output symbol described in Raptor (multiple stage encoding/decoding). The operation of an exemplary systematic encoder 728 will be described in more detail below. The value of each output symbol is generated based on its key, and on some function of one or more of the input symbols.
In some embodiments, the number K of input symbols is used by the systematic encoder 728 to select the associates. If K is not known in advance, such as where the input is a streaming file, K can be just an estimate. The value K might also be used by systematic encoder 728 to allocate storage for input symbols and any intermediate symbols generated by systematic encoder 728.
Systematic encoder 728 forwards the input symbols IS(0), IS(1), . . . together with the systematic keys C0, C1, . . . , CK-1, or an indication on how to regenerate the systematic keys to transmit module 740. When transmitted, the symbols IS(0), IS(1), . . . are herein referred to as “systematic output symbols”. Systematic encoder 728 may create a copy of the input symbols for the generation of further output symbols before forwarding the input symbols to the transmit module.
Systematic encoder 728 also provides the non-systematic output symbols B(I0), B(I1), B(I2), . . . to transmit module 740. Transmit module 740 is also provided the non-systematic keys (I0, I1, I2, . . . ) for each such output symbol from the non-systematic key generator 727. Transmit module 740 transmits the systematic and non-systematic output symbols, and depending on the keying method used, transmit module 740 might also transmit some data about the keys of the transmitted output symbols, over a channel 745 to a receive module 750. Channel 745 is assumed to be an erasure channel, but that is not a requirement for proper operation of communication system 700. Modules 740, 745 and 750 can be any suitable hardware components, software components, physical media, or any combination thereof, so long as transmit module 740 is adapted to transmit output symbols and any needed data about their keys to channel 745 and receive module 750 is adapted to receive symbols and potentially some data about their keys from channel 745. The value of K, if used to determine the associates, can be sent over channel 745, or it may be set ahead of time by agreement of encoder 728 and decoder 755.
As explained above, channel 745 can be a real-time channel, such as a path through the Internet or a broadcast link from a television transmitter to a television recipient or a telephone connection from one point to another, or channel 745 can be a storage channel, such as a CD-ROM, disk drive, Web site, or the like. Channel 745 might even be a combination of a real-time channel and a storage channel, such as a channel formed when one person transmits an input file from a personal computer to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) over a telephone line, the input file is stored on a Web server and is subsequently transmitted to a recipient over the Internet.
Receive module 750 receives the non-systematic and/or systematic output symbols from the channel 745 which it supplies to a decoder 755. Data corresponding to the keys of the received output symbols are provided to the non-systematic key regenerator 760, and the systematic key regenerator 780. In the illustrated embodiment of
The non-systematic key regenerator 760 regenerates the non-systematic keys for the received non-systematic output symbols and provides these keys to the systematic decoder 755. In one embodiment, the non-systematic key regenerator 760 comprises the key regenerator 160 illustrated in
Decoder 755 uses the non-systematic keys provided by non-systematic key regenerator 760 and systematic key generator 780 together with the corresponding output symbols, to recover the input symbols (again IS(0), IS(1), IS(2), . . . ). The recovered input symbols are forwarded to the input file reassembler 765. Systematic decoder 755 may forward the received systematic output symbols IS(x), IS(y), . . . , IS(z) directly to the input file reassembler 765, before recovering the remaining input symbols. In particular, if all input symbols are received, the decoder may choose to just forward the received data to input file reassembler without further computation. Input file reassembler 765 generates a copy 770 of input file 721 or input stream 725.
In the following the operations of the systematic encoder 728 and decoder 755 will be described in greater detail. In some embodiments of the present invention these units may use chain reaction encoding and decoding, as described above.
In this embodiment, the systematic encoder 728 has access to the non-systematic key generator 727, which generates as many non-systematic keys I0, I1, . . . as the number of non-systematic output symbols generated. In addition, the systematic key generator 730 generates as many systematic keys C0, C1, . . . , CK-1 as there are input symbols. Systematic Encoder 728 passes the original input symbols to the transmit module 750, these symbols being transmitted as the systematic output symbols. The systematic encoder 728 also operates to generate non-systematic output symbols B(I0), B(I1), . . . for each of the keys I0, I1, . . . generated by non-systematic key generator 727. The operation of the systematic key generator 730 is further described below.
Systematic key generator 730 and systematic key regenerator 780 (
In some embodiments, the systematic keys may have been pre-computed for some or all relevant values of the number of input symbols. In some embodiments, the systematic keys may be re-used for different sets of input symbols. In other embodiments, the systematic keys may be re-computed for every input block, using some shared information between the systematic key generator 730 and the systematic key regenerator 780.
Upon receiving the input symbols IS(0), IS(1), . . . , IS(K−1), and the systematic keys C0, C1, . . . , CK-1, chain reaction decoder 910 computes a set of intermediate input symbols S(0), S(1), . . . , S(K−1) using, for example, the decoding methods for chain reaction codes described in the patents and patent applications incorporated herein. In some embodiments of the present invention the intermediate input symbols may be stored in memory, or on disk. In other embodiments, the intermediate input symbols may be forwarded to chain reaction encoder 920 as they become available.
Chain reaction encoder 920 uses the intermediate input symbols generated by chain reaction decoder 910 together with non-systematic keys I0, I1, I2, . . . generated by non-systematic key regenerator 727, to generate non-systematic output symbols B(I0), B(I1), . . . . In some embodiments, this encoding process may be accomplished using the input symbol encoding process described in either Luby I or Raptor, with the modification that the intermediate input symbols of the present invention are used as the input symbols of Luby I. In a particular embodiment the non-systematic output symbols are supplied to the transmit module 140 after the input symbols IS(0), IS(1), . . . , IS(K−1). This is however not essential for the functioning of this invention. Further, the order of transmission from the transmit module 740 may vary as well.
Chain reaction decoder 930 uses the symbols IS(x), IS(y), . . . , IS(z), B(Ia), B(Ib), . . . , the systematic keys Cx, Cy, . . . , Cz, generated by the systematic key regenerator 780, and the non-systematic keys Ia, Ib, . . . generated by non-systematic key regenerator 760 to produce intermediate input symbols S(0), S(1), . . . , S(K−1). The systematic keys Cx, Cy, . . . , Cz, correspond to the received input symbols IS(x), IS(y), . . . , IS(z). In some embodiments, the recovered intermediate symbols may be stored to a secondary storage before being passed to the chain reaction encoder 440. In other embodiments, these intermediate symbols may be passed directly to the chain reaction encoder 940.
Chain reaction encoder 940 uses the intermediate input symbols and the systematic keys Cu, Cv, . . . , Cw corresponding to erased systematic output symbols IS(u), IS(v), . . . , IS(w) to generate and output the missing original input symbols IS(u), IS(v), . . . , IS(w). As an exemplary embodiment, for each of the initial keys Cu, Cv, . . . , Cw, the decoder identifies a weight W and W symbols among the intermediate input symbols S(0), . . . , S(K−1), and XOR's the values of output symbols to obtain the erased input symbols IS(u), IS(v), . . . , IS(w) corresponding to the systematic keys Cu, Cv, . . . , Cw. The amount of computational resources used by chain reaction encoder 940, in one embodiment, will be proportional to the number of systematic output symbols that are erased. For example, if all the systematic output symbols are received, then the decoder may not perform any computations, and forward the received symbols to input file reassembler 765.
In particular embodiments, the chain reaction encoder 940 and chain reaction decoder 910 will have access to the same weight table, and use the same static encoding/decoding, if static encoding is used. Similarly, chain reaction encoder 920 and chain reaction decoder 930 may have access to the same weight table, and use the same static encoding/decoding.
Methods for Calculating the Systematic Keys
In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the systematic keys are calculated by systematic key generator 730 before symbol transmission, and re-computed by the systematic key regenerator 780 after symbol reception. The systematic keys are used by the chain reaction decoder 910 and encoder 930 to obtain the intermediate input symbols S(0), S(1), . . . S(K−1).
In particular embodiments of the present invention the systematic keys are calculated in such a way that unique and efficient chain reaction decoding of K symbols is possible using exactly K output symbols generated with these keys. Here decoding can be any of the decoding methods described in Luby I, Raptor, or Inactivation Decoding, or more generally decoding methods based on the Gaussian elimination algorithm as for example described in Inactivation Decoding.
At 1040, a determination is made as to whether the presently configured matrix M has K rows that are linearly independent over the binary field GF(2), the binary field GF(2) referring to the set consisting of 0 and 1 in which multiplication and addition are performed modulo the integer 2. This process in 1040 can be performed in a variety of ways. For example, Gaussian elimination over the binary field GF(2) could be used to check this. However, there are many other ways as known to those skilled in the art. For example, if the teachings of Inactivation Decoding are applied to the matrix M, then M contains K linearly independent rows only if the Inactivation Decoder applied to M is successful.
If the test in 1040 is positive, and rows r(0), r(1), . . . , r(K−1) of M are discovered to be linearly independent, then the systematic keys C0, C1, . . . , CK-1 are set to the keys D(r(0)), . . . , D(r(K−1)), and the keys are output. If the test in 1040 is negative, then the counter j is incremented in 1060, and the computation is repeated from 1020 on.
Other equivalent or substantially similar methods of generating the systematic keys can be envisioned by those skilled in the art. For example, instead of generating the keys D(j) one at a time during the course of the algorithm, a set of L such keys could be generated beforehand, and key D(j) could be taken from this pool of keys at step j of the algorithm. Herein, L could be a function of the number of input symbols.
A second method for generating the systematic keys is exemplified in
At 1110, L keys D(0), . . . , D(L−1) are generated. This process may be accomplished through the use of a random number generator 735. In other embodiments, these keys may be generated from a fixed list of re-usable keys. This process may also provide an indication of how the keys were generated. For example, if a random number generator is used, the seed for the generator may be recorded for future use by the systematic key regenerator.
Using the keys D(0), D(1), . . . , D(L−1) a Modified Decoding Graph is set up in 1120 as described above and exemplified in
At 1130, the Modified Decoding Graph is decoded using any of the methods presented earlier. As a by-product of the decoding, the indices r(0), r(1), . . . , r(K−1) of those output nodes that trigger the recovery of an input node are recorded. At 1140, the systematic keys are outputted as C0=D(r(0)), . . . , CK=D(r(K−1)).
At 1310 L keys D(0), . . . , D(L−1) are generated. Similar to the above description, this process may be accomplished through the use of a random number generator 735, or the keys may be generated from a fixed set of re-usable keys. At 1315, the decoder is used to decide whether or not it is possible to decode the K symbols from the set of keys D(0), . . . , D(L−1). If decoding is not successful, then the given set of keys does not contain as a subset the systematic keys, and the algorithm aborts at 1325. Otherwise, three sets are initialized at 1330. These sets are called Systematic, Non_Systematic, and Unvisited, respectively. At the end of the algorithm, the set Systematic will contain the set of systematic keys. Originally, at 1330 the sets Systematic and Non Systematic are initialized to empty sets, while the set Unvisited contains all the original keys D(0), . . . , D(L−1). At processes 1335 through 1360 a key is removed from the set Unvisited and a decoding attempt is made on the keys contained in the sets Systematic and Unvisited. If the attempt is successful, then the chosen key C does not belong to the set of systematic keys. On the contrary, if decoding is not successful, then the key does belong to the set of systematic keys. The procedure consisting of removal of an unvisited key and decoding (1335), a test as to whether decoding was successful (1340), and the following addition of the chosen key to the set Systematic or Non_Systematic based on the outcome of the decoder (1345 and 1350) are repeated as long as the set Systematic has fewer than the number K of original input symbols.
Next at 1420, a similar procedure is applied to construct a square matrix C with as many rows and columns as the number of input symbols from the systematic keys C0, C1, . . . , CK-1. This process also computes the inverse of the matrix C, called A. Computing the inverse of A can be performed in a variety of ways, as is known to those of skill in the art. For example, a Gaussian elimination algorithm can be used to calculate A. In other embodiments a version of chain reaction decoding can be utilized to perform this step. This is further illustrated in an example later in this disclosure.
At 1430, the product of the matrices B and A is calculated over the binary field GF(2) to obtain a matrix H. Next at 1440, two sets of indices E and R are determined: E is the set of indices of the non-received systematic symbols, while R is the set of indices of the received systematic symbols. For example, assume there are 11 input symbols with indices 0, 1, 2, . . . , 10. If, after the transmission, the systematic symbols corresponding to the indices 0, 3, 9, 10 are received, then R={0, 3, 9, 10}, while E={1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. The matrix H, computed in 1430 as the product of B and A is then subdivided into two submatrices HE and HR: HE is the submatrix of H obtained by taking the columns of H corresponding to the indices of the systematic symbols not received, and HR is the submatrix of H corresponding to the indices of the received systematic symbols. In the example above, HE would be the submatrix of H formed by the columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of H.
At 1450, the matrix HR is multiplied with the vector formed by the received systematic symbols IS(x), IS(y), . . . , IS(z). For example, in the scenario above, HR would be multiplied with the values of the systematic symbols 0, 3, 9, 10 (in this ordering). The actual multiplication can be performed in a variety of ways, as is known to those skilled in the art. The result of this multiplication, called the vector y in the following, may be stored for future use. At 1460, the non-systematic received output symbols are used to set up a vector b. Where there are L such symbols, the number of entries in the vector b is L. This step may only be logical. In other words, this step may not require any computations. Next, the results of the previous multiplication stored in the vector y is component-wise XOR'd with the entries of the vector b, i.e., each of the non-systematic received output symbols are XOR'd with the corresponding symbols of the vector y. The result of this operation may be stored in place of the received non-systematic symbols, or it may be stored at a different location.
Once this XOR has been determined, a system of linear equations is set up using the matrix HE corresponding to the erased systematic symbols. The solution x of the system HE*x=y+b then corresponds to the values of the erased systematic symbols. These values are output in 1470. Again, this process can be performed in a variety of ways, for example using Gaussian elimination, or any of the variants of chain reaction decoding disclosed in Luby I, Raptor, or Inactivation Decoding.
This matrix view of the decoding is for illustrative purposes only and not restrictive. Many variations of this decoding procedure will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of this disclosure.
A brief example of some aspects of the operations of some embodiments of a systematic chain reaction coding system will now be given with reference to
Computing the Systematic Keys
In operation, node 1530(a) may be used to recover the input node 1520(b). Accordingly, the first systematic key C0 is then equal to the first of the generated keys, namely D(0). Recovery of input node 1520(b) causes output node 1530(c) to become of degree 1, and hence to trigger recovery of node 1520(e). Continuing in this way, it can be seen that the nodes colored light gray in
It should be noted that the recovery process for the illustrated chain reaction decoding is only conceptual. In particular, no XOR operation is performed in this particular example.
Systematic Encoding
As outlined in
In the example of
Systematic Decoding
Using the keys C1, C6, and C7 corresponding to the received systematic output symbols, and the keys corresponding to the received non-systematic output symbols, a graph is set up between the received output symbols, and the intermediate input symbols S(0), . . . , S(8). A connecting line is drawn between an output symbol and all the intermediate input symbols whose XOR yields the value of the output symbol. The individual connections are the same as the ones shown in
This graph is extended by another layer of nodes, corresponding to the erased systematic output symbols. This graph corresponds to the upper part of
The process of decoding in this particular example may start by applying the chain reaction decoding to the lower graph; every time one of the intermediate symbols is recovered, its value may be XOR'd to the value of the all the neighbors of this symbol among the non-received original symbols in the upper part of the figure. Originally, the values of these symbols may be set to zero.
For example, output symbol O(4) may be used to recover the value of S(3). The value of S(3) may then be XOR'd into the current value of IS(5). After this step, the value of IS(5) is equal to that of S(3). Recovery of S(3) reduces the degree of the output node O(10) to one. This output node in turn recovers the value of the intermediate symbol S(6). This value is XOR'd into the current value of IS(5), so that after this step the value of IS(5) is recovered. The process may continue until all the non-received systematic input symbols are recovered.
For example, symbol O(4) is used to recover S(3). Symbol O(10) is used to recover S(6). S(3) and S(6) together recover S(5). Recovery of S(6) triggers the recovery of S(8) (using O(9)) and the recovery of S(0) (using the received systematic output symbol IS(7)). Recovery of S(8) triggers the recovery of IS(3). Recovery of S(0) triggers the recovery of S(4) (using IS(1)). On the other hand, using O(0), the recovery of S(8) triggers that of S(1), which together with S(4) recovery IS(2). Furthermore, recovery of S(1) leads to recovery of IS(0), since these values are identical. Using O(8), and the recovered value of S(4), the value of S(5) is obtained. This, in turn, recovers the value of IS(8), since the latter is the XOR of S(5), S(4), and S(0), and all these values are known at this stage. Using IS(6) and S(4), the value of S(7) is obtained. Using O(7), this recovers the value of S(2), which together with S(7) recovers the value of the last remaining input symbol, namely IS(4).
The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The described embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
The present application is a continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/894,670, filed Aug. 20, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,532,132, which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/104,391, filed Apr. 11, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,394,407, which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 10/677,624, filed Oct. 1, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,909,383, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/319,597 entitled “Systematic Encoding and Decoding of Chain Reaction Codes,” filed Oct. 5, 2002. The entire contents of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/894,670, U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 10/677,624, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/319,597 are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090189792 A1 | Jul 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60319597 | Oct 2002 | US |
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| Parent | 11894670 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12418378 | US | |
| Parent | 11104391 | Apr 2005 | US |
| Child | 11894670 | US | |
| Parent | 10677624 | Oct 2003 | US |
| Child | 11104391 | US |
