Patent Application
20150265834
The embodiments described herein relate generally to gait modulation systems, and more particularly, to a functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthosis for gait modulation and methods of using the same.
It is known that pathologies of the neuromuscular system due to disease or trauma to the central nervous system, such as for example, stroke, spinal cord injury, head injury, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis can impede limb function of the arms or legs (or portions thereof). Gait, the biomechanical description of walking, can suffer static and dynamic parameter variations due to neuromuscular impairments, which cause non-symmetrical walking, reduced walking speed, and reduced walking stability. For example, drop foot describes a gait attributable to weak or uncoordinated activation of the ankle dorsiflexors due to disease or trauma to the central nervous system. Patients suffering from drop foot tend to drag the foot during the swing phase of walking and usually try to compensate for this dragging by hiking the corresponding hip or swinging the corresponding leg in a circular motion. These patients tend to have reduced stability, are prone to frequent falls, and their walking movements are unaesthetic and energy consuming.
Limb muscles, however, can generally be activated with functional electrical stimulation (FES). In FES, precisely timed bursts of short electrical pulses (e.g., from a neuroprosthetic, an FES orthosis, and/or the like) are applied to motor nerves to generate muscle contraction, which can be applied to enhancing limb function. Although neuroprosthetic systems are known, some such systems suffer from drawbacks that prevent the systems from being widely used by potential patients. For example, in instances in which stroke or brain injury results in problems with arm movement or gait, such problems are often accompanied by hand impairment on the same side of the body as the problematic limb. Thus, donning an FES orthosis is often carried out using solely the contra-lateral, unaffected hand. Moreover, the posture of the plegic limb is often problematic, especially in cases where spasticity results in reduced voluntary movements and/or limited passive range of motion of the limb joints. Consequently, objective biomechanical problems exist in donning some known orthotic devices as well as locating the electrodes in exact positions onto the limb, which is essential for activating the desired movement pattern. As such, some known neuroprosthetic devices fail to enable facile, quick, and accurate donning of the device by an impaired patient using a single hand, and particularly, when the least effected hand is shaky or otherwise unstable.
FES devices typically utilize a stimulator unit to create and control the electrical pulses being applied to motor nerves that is physically separate from the FES orthosis. The external stimulator unit, which is connected to the FES orthosis by several electrical wires, is located on the body of the user and/or is otherwise worn by the user. These devices can be inconvenient for the user. Specifically, the wiring, which is usually arranged to run along the leg under the clothing to connect the device components, can be difficult to operate, cumbersome and uncomfortable.
In other instances, an FES orthosis can be a self-contained device. For example, some known orthoses can include a stimulator unit coupled to a narrow band that is made of a thermoplastic material, which is molded to the limb anatomy of an individual user by heating and softening the thermoplastic material and subsequently fitting the band to the contour of the underlying limb segment. Thus, the shape and size of the device and the electrode positioning is custom-fitted to the leg of one user and individualized for the user. This procedure is carried out by a medical professional trained, for example, to accurately identify the stimulation points that cause contraction of the muscles, positioning and locking the electrodes thereto.
Activation of the leg muscles by electrical stimulation typically includes transferring high stimulation currents through one or more electrodes to the skin surface of the patient, which activates skin sensory receptors in addition to underlying excitable motor nerve and muscle tissue. As a result, the intensity of sensory activation often depends on the intensity of the current density passing through the skin surface. The level of muscle activation, therefore, is often limited to the patient's individual tolerance to activation of such skin pain sensors. Thus, the stimulation parameters of the device are adjusted for each patient, which can be time consuming and often includes attaching the orthosis to a control device via wires.
Therefore, a need exists for improved systems and apparatus for a neuroprosthetic system that can be easily and accurately donned on the limb by patient and that includes a stimulation unit that can be remotely controlled and/or adjusted.
Systems and apparatus for gait modulation and methods of use are described herein. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a frame assembly, a sensor, and an electric stimulator. The frame is configured to be removably coupled to a portion of a limb such that the portion of the limb is substantially enveloped by the frame. The sensor is operably coupled to the frame and is configured to produce a first signal associated with a gait characteristic at a first time, and a second signal associated with the gait characteristic at a second time, after the first time. The first time and the second time define a time period therebetween. The electric stimulator is removably coupled to the frame and is in electrical communication with the sensor and an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly is in electrical communication with a portion of a neuromuscular system of the limb when the frame is coupled thereto and is configured to receive the first signal from the sensor substantially at the first time and the second signal from the sensor substantially at the second time. Based at least in part on the gait characteristic at the first time, the electric stimulator is configured to send a third signal to the electrode assembly substantially at the first time operable to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb substantially during the time period.
The embodiments and methods described herein relate to an improved functional electrical stimulation (FES) orthosis for users suffering from gait problems such as drop foot. The orthosis can easily be donned on the leg, even by patients suffering from impairments that might otherwise hinder the donning of the orthosis. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a frame assembly, a sensor, and an electric stimulator. The frame is configured to be removably coupled to a portion of a limb such that the portion of the limb is substantially enveloped by the frame. The sensor is operably coupled to the frame and is configured to produce at least a first signal associated with a gait characteristic at a first time, and a second signal associated with the gait characteristic at a second time, after the first time. The first time and the second time define a time period therebetween. The electric stimulator is removably coupled to the frame and is in electrical communication with the sensor and an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly is in electrical communication with a portion of a neuromuscular system of the limb when the frame is coupled thereto and is configured to receive the first signal from the sensor substantially at the first time and the second signal from the sensor substantially at the second time. Based at least in part on the gait characteristic at the first time, the electric stimulator is configured to send a third signal to the electrode assembly substantially at the first time operable to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb substantially during the time period.
In some embodiments, a method includes receiving, at an electric stimulator and from a sensor, a first signal associated with a gait characteristic. Based at least in part on the first signal associated with the gait characteristic, one or more system parameters is calculated. A signal is sent, based at least in part on the one or more system parameters, from the electric stimulator to an electrode assembly to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to a portion of a neuromuscular system of a limb. A second signal associated with the gait characteristic is received at the electric stimulator from the sensor. The method includes terminating the electric stimulation of the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb based on receiving the second signal associated with the gait characteristic.
In some embodiments, a method of using an electric stimulator having a sensor and an electrode assembly in electrical communication with a portion of a neuromuscular system of a limb includes receiving, at the electric stimulator, a first signal that is sent from a control device via a first communication channel associated with a wireless communication over a network. The first signal is associated with a system parameter. A second signal is sent from the electric stimulator to the control device via the first communication channel. The second signal is associated with a confirmation of the system parameter. The electric stimulator receives a third signal that is sent from the sensor via a second communication channel, different from the first communication channel. The third signal is associated with a gait characteristic. The method includes sending, from the electric stimulator to the electrode assembly, a fourth signal. The fourth signal is operable to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb based at least in part on the system parameter and the gait characteristic.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term “a member” is intended to mean a single member or a combination of members, “a material” is intended to mean one or more materials, or a combination thereof.
As used herein, the term “limb segment” refers to at least a portion of a mammalian appendage. For example, the embodiments described herein can be coupled to and/or otherwise placed in contact with a limb segment that can include a portion of the upper and/or lower arm, or a portion of the upper and/or lower leg of a human body.
As used herein, the terms “envelop,” “enveloping,” and/or the like, with regard to a limb segment and an article or device coupled thereto, refer to an article or device that substantially surrounds and/or covers at least one half the circumference of a limb segment when coupled thereto. For example, if when coupled to a limb segment, an article or device substantially circumscribes a portion of the limb segment, the article or device can be said to envelop the portion of the limb segment.
As used herein, the terms “FES orthosis,” “orthosis,” “neuroprosthetic,” “FES device,” “device,” and/or the like can be used interchangeably and refer generally to a medical apparatus that is selectively placed in contact with a portion of a patient. As described herein, such devices can include one or more electrodes that can transmit a flow of electrical current to a portion of a neuromuscular system associated with the portion of the patient, thereby providing functional electrical stimulation to, for example, an impaired limb.
As used herein, the terms “reversible,” “reversibly,” and/or the like when used to described a process and/or procedure generally refer to a non-destructive process or procedure that can be subsequently undone by a similar yet substantially opposed, inverse, and/or opposite non-destructive process or procedure. When used herein with respect to attachment and/or detachment of an element or assembly, a reversible attachment refers to a non-destructive, repeatable attachment and/or detachment of the element or assembly.
As used herein, the term “set” can refer to multiple features or a singular feature with multiple parts. For example, when referring to a set of walls, the set of walls can be considered as one wall with multiple portions, or the set of walls can be considered as multiple, distinct walls. Thus, a monolithically constructed item can include a set of walls. Such a set of walls may include multiple portions that are either continuous or discontinuous from each other. A set of walls can also be fabricated from multiple items that are produced separately and are later joined together (e.g., via a weld, an adhesive, or any suitable method).
As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” generally mean plus or minus 10% of the value stated, unless the context clearly expresses otherwise. For example, about 0.5 would include 0.45 and 0.55, about 10 would include 9 to 11, about 1000 would include 900 to 1100. In some instances, such as when assessing a gait phase of a stimulation parameter and/or the like, the terms about and approximately can generally mean greater than plus or minus 10% of the value stated.
As used herein, the terms “communication channel,” “communication mode,” and/or “modality” can be used interchangeably and refer generally to one or more modes of communication using, for example, one or more electronic devices. Such modes of communication can be associated with a specific format (e.g., a data unit format) that, in some instances, can be unique to that mode of communication (e.g., a different protocol, a different data unit structure or arrangement, etc.). For example, a cellular telephone (e.g., a smart phone) can send a communication to another electronic device such as an electric stimulator via a modality and/or via a network that is associated with the cellular telephone (e.g., a short message service (SMS) modality, a multimedia message service (MMS) modality, a Bluetooth® modality, a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) modality, etc.). Thus, when referring to a channel and/or modality, the channel and/or modality includes, defines, and/or otherwise is associated with a data unit format suitable for transmission of data via that communication mode.
As used herein, the term “module” refers to any assembly and/or set of operatively-coupled electrical components that can include, for example, a memory, a processor, electrical traces, optical connectors, software (executing in hardware), and/or the like. For example, a module executed in the processor can be any combination of hardware-based modules (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP)) and/or software-based modules (e.g., a module of computer code stored in memory and/or executed at the processor) capable of performing one or more specific functions associated with that module.
The orthosis 105 includes a frame 110, an electrode assembly 120, one or more sensors 130, and an electrical stimulator 140. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the orthosis 105 can be substantially similar in form and function as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,899,556 entitled, “Gait Modulation System and Method,” filed Apr. 27, 2006 (referred to henceforth as the “'556 patent”), U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,036 entitled, “Gait Modulation System and Method,” filed Nov. 12, 2006 (referred to henceforth as the “'036 patent”), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/532,597 entitled, “Gait Modulation System and Method,” filed Jun. 25, 2012 (referred to henceforth as the “'597 application”), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
At least a portion of the frame 110 can be formed from a semi-rigid material such as, for example, a relatively thin metal, a thermoplastic, a polymer, and/or the like, which can enable the frame 110 to provide structural support for the orthosis 105. The frame 110 can have any suitable shape and/or size that can be, for example, associated with a segment of the limb 10 (e.g., a lower segment of a patient's leg). Moreover, at least a portion of the frame 110 can be transitioned between a first configuration and a second configuration to couple the frame 110 to the limb 10. For example, in some embodiments, the frame 110 can include a coupling portion or the like that can be transitioned between a first (e.g., open) configuration and a second (e.g., closed) configuration to at least temporarily couple the frame 110 to the limb 10. Expanding further, when the orthosis 105 is coupled to the limb 10, the frame 110 can be configured to substantially envelop and/or circumscribe the limb 10. In some embodiments, the coupling portion can be one or more straps, clips, ratchets, and/or the like that can allow for facile placement and coupling to the frame 110 to the limb 10, as described in further detail herein.
The electrode assembly 120 of the orthosis 105 is coupled to an inner surface of the frame 110. As such, when the frame 110 is coupled to the limb 10 (e.g., transitioned from its first configuration to its second configuration), at least a portion of the electrode assembly 120 is placed in contact with a surface of the limb 10, as described in further detail herein. The electrode assembly 120 can be any suitable arrangement of hardware and/or software. For example, in some embodiments, the electrode assembly 120 can include one or more electrodes that are each electrically coupled to a wire, electrical trace, and/or the like that are operable in electrically coupling the one or more electrodes to the electric stimulator 140. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrode assembly 120 can be disposed within a portion of the frame 110. For example, in such embodiments, the electrode assembly can include a set of wires that are substantially enclosed by a portion of the frame 110. The wires can include end portions that each include a connector or the like that can, for example, be electrically coupled to the electric stimulator 140 at a first end portion and that can, for example, be electrically coupled to the electrodes at a second end portion. In some embodiments, the electrode assembly 120 can be substantially similar in form and function as those described in the '556 patent, the '036 patent, and/or the '597 application.
The sensor 130 of the orthosis 105 can be any suitable sensor device or can include a combination of sensor devices. For example, in some embodiments, the sensor 130 can include a tilt sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a pressure sensor, a speedometer, and/or the like. In this manner, when the system 100 is used for gait modulation of a patient with an impaired limb (i.e., leg), the sensor 130 can be configured to sense and/or otherwise detect a characteristic associated with, for example, a gait event such as position of the sensor 130 relative to the orthosis 105, position of the limb 10 relative to a reference plane or the like, angular position of the limb 10 relative to a reference plane or the like, velocity, rate of change in velocity (i.e., acceleration), tilt of the patient's foot, pressure (e.g., when the foot and/or shoe contacts a surface upon which the patient is walking), etc.
In some embodiments, the sensor 130 can be included in and/or integrated with the frame 110, the electrode assembly 120, and/or the electric stimulator 140. In other embodiments, the sensor 130 can be physically distinct from the orthosis 105 and in electrical communication with the electric stimulator 140 via a wireless communication channel. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator 140 can be coupled to the frame 110, which in turn, is coupled to a first segment of the limb (e.g., adjacent to the knee of the patient's leg) and the sensor 130 can be coupled to and/or otherwise can be associated with a second segment of the limb 10 (e.g., adjacent to the foot and/or ankle of the patient's impaired leg). In some embodiments, the sensor 130 can be coupled and/or otherwise can be associated with a segment of the contralateral leg (e.g., adjacent to the foot and/or ankle of the patient's leg not donning the electric stimulator 140). In some embodiments, the system 100 can include multiple distinct sensors 130. For example, in some embodiments, the system 100 can include a first sensor that is integrated with the electric stimulator 140 and a second sensor that is physically distinct from, yet in electrical communication with, the electric stimulator 140 (e.g., disposed within and/or coupled to a shoe of the patient). In such embodiments, the electrical stimulator 140 can be configured to receive signals from and/or send signals to the first sensor via a first communication channel, associated with a wired signal transmission (e.g., signals transmitted along a wire or signal trace), and a second communication channel, associated with a wireless signal transmission (e.g., WiFi®, Bluetooth®, etc.), as described in further detail herein.
The electric stimulator 140 of the orthosis 105 can be any suitable functional electrical stimulation device having any combination of hardware and software. For example, the electric stimulator 140 can be an electronic device that can include one or more electrical circuits operable in providing a flow of electrical current to at least a portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb 10. The electric stimulator 140 of the orthosis 105 is removably coupled to the frame 110. For example, in some embodiments, the frame 110 can form a cradle and/or the like that can be configured to at least temporarily retain the electrical stimulator 140 therein, as described below with respect to specific embodiments. Moreover, the electric stimulator 140 is configured to be placed in electrical communication with the electrode assembly 120 and the sensor 130. In some embodiments, the electrode assembly 120 and/or the sensor 130 can be included in (e.g., integrated with) the electric stimulator 140. In other embodiments, the electrode assembly 120 and the sensor 130 can be operably coupled to the electric stimulator 140 via any suitable wiring, connector, interface, and/or structure. For example, in some embodiments, the frame 110 can include a connector and/or the like configured to place the electric stimulator 140 in electrical communication with, for example, the electrode assembly 120 and/or the sensor 130.
In some embodiments, the electric stimulator 140 can receive and/or send signals to a set of external and/or implanted electrical devices via any suitable communication mode. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator 140 can include two, three, four, five, six, or more communication and/or electrical channels that can be operable in sending and/or receiving signals to and/or from, respectively, the electrode assembly 120, the sensor 130, and/or any other suitable electronic device operably coupled thereto. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the communication and/or electrical channels can be associated with sending and/or receiving signal via a wireless communication modality (e.g., a modality, format, and/or the like associated with WiFi®, Bluetooth®, near field communication (NFC), cellular communication such as, short message service (SMS) or multimedia message service (MMS), and/or the like), as described in further detail herein.
As described above, in some instances, the system 100 can be used for gait modulation of patients with an impaired limb. More specifically, the system 100 can be used to enhance the limb function of a patient experiencing drop foot. In such instances, the patient can manipulate the orthosis 105 in such a manner as to couple the orthosis 105 to the impaired limb. For example, the patient can position the orthosis 105 adjacent to the knee of an impaired leg and can transition the frame 110 from a first configuration to a second configuration (as described above) to removably couple the orthosis 105 to the leg. The placement of the orthosis 105 can be such that a set of electrodes included in the electrode assembly 120 are disposed in a location relative to the leg that is associated and/or corresponds to a desired portion of the neuromuscular system of the leg. More specifically, to enhance the leg function of a patient experiencing drop foot during gait, the orthosis 105 can be positioned relative to the leg to place the electrodes in electric communication with the peroneal nerve and/or the tibial nerve. Thus, the electrodes can transmit functional electrical stimulation to the peroneal nerve, which can result in dorsiflexion of the foot, and/or the tibial nerve, which can result in plantarflexion of the foot, thereby enhancing the function of the impaired leg to mitigate the effects of drop foot, as described in further detail herein.
With the frame 110 retained in the desired position relative to the impaired leg, the patient can begin walking. During walking, the sensor 130 can be configured to sense and/or detect a set of characteristics (such as those described above) associated with a gait event and can send a signal associated with the characteristic to the electric stimulator 140. For example, in some embodiments, the gait event can be associated with a “heel-off” event (i.e., the point during gait at which the heel is lifted off the surface upon which the patient is walking). The sensor 130 can send the signal to the electric stimulator 140 via any suitable communication channel. For example, if the sensor 130 is collocated with at least a portion of the electric stimulator 140 and/or the frame 110, the sensor 130 can send the signal via a communication channel associated with a wired signal transmission. If, however, the sensor 130 is physically distinct from the other portions of the orthosis 105, the sensor can send the signal via a communication channel associated with a wireless signal transmission, such as those described above. In some embodiments, the electric stimulator 140 can receive a signal from multiple sensors 130 that can be configured to sense and/or detect a characteristic associated with a gait event at different segments along the leg of the patient.
Upon receiving the signal from the sensor 130, the electric stimulator 140 can be configured to transmit an electrical current resulting from a relatively high voltage (e.g., generated by a power supply or the like included in the electric stimulator 140) along an electric circuit that is electrically coupled to the electrode assembly 120. Thus, the current resulting from the relatively high voltage (also referred to herein as “high current”) is transmitted to the electrodes of the electrode assembly 120, which in turn, provide FES to the peroneal nerve, thereby resulting in dorsiflexion and/or plantarflexion of the foot substantially at the time of the heel-off event (e.g., a very short time after the sensor 130 detects the heel-off event consistent with a rate of electrical signal and/or electrical current transmission such as, 0.10 seconds, 0.05 seconds, 0.01 seconds, 0.001 seconds, 0.0001 seconds, or less). As a result, the foot of the patient flexes toward the leg, enhancing a portion of the patient's gait.
In some instances, the sensor 130 can sense and/or detect a characteristic associated with a second gait event such as, for example, a “heel-on” event (i.e., the point during gait at which the heel is placed in contact with the surface of upon which the patient is walking). As described above, the sensor 130 can send a signal associated with the characteristic to the electric stimulator 140 and, upon receipt, the electric stimulator 140 can terminate the flow of the relatively high current to the electrodes in electrical contact with the peroneal nerve. In some instances and in a substantially concurrent process, the electric stimulator 140 can generate a relatively high current along an electric circuit that is electrically coupled to one or more electrodes in electrical communication with the tibial nerve. Thus, the electrodes can provide FES to the tibial nerve resulting in plantarflexion of the foot substantially at the time of the heel-on event (as described above). In this manner, the termination of the FES to the peroneal nerve relaxes the portion of the neuromuscular system resulting in a relaxation of the dorsiflexion, while substantially concurrently, the FES provided to the tibial nerve results in plantarflexion of the foot. As such, the foot flexes away from the leg, enhancing a portion of the patient's gait.
In some embodiments, the electric stimulator 140 can include, for example, a memory or the like that can be configured to store information at least partially defining a set parameters associated with the FES. For example, in some embodiments, the electrical stimulator 140 can be configured to store information associated with a voltage and/or current level associated with the FES, a sensitivity associated with the sensor 130, a repository of actions to perform based on information received from the sensor 130, and/or any other suitable information and/or logic. Thus, the electric stimulator 140 can be configured to provide FES to the impaired leg with a set of characteristics that can be uniquely associated with the patient. In some instances, the patient and/or a health care professional can manipulate the electric stimulator 140 to change one or more parameters and/or characteristics associated with the FES provided to the impaired leg.
As shown in
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The cradle 212 of the frame 210 extends from the inner structure 211 to define a recess within which the electric stimulator 240 can be disposed. Similarly stated, the cradle 212 includes and/or is otherwise formed by a relatively thin set of walls extending from an outer surface of the inner structure 211 that have a size and a shape that are associated with the electric stimulator 240. The cradle 212 can include any suitable surface finish, protrusion, detent, etc. that can act to at least temporarily retain the electric stimulator 240 within the walls forming the cradle 212. For example, in some embodiments, the cradle 212 can form and/or define a set of detents that can matingly receive a set of corresponding protrusions extending from an outer surface of the electric stimulator 240 when therein (or vice versa). In other embodiments, an inner surface of the cradle 212 can have a finish and/or can be formed from a material with a relatively high coefficient of friction. Thus, when the electric stimulator 240 is disposed within the cradle 212 an outer surface of the electric stimulator 240 and an inner surface of the cradle 212 can form and/or define a friction fit that can at least temporarily retain the electric stimulator 240 in the cradle 212. As shown in
The coupling portion 214 of the frame 210 can be transitioned between a first (e.g., open) configuration and a second (e.g., closed) configuration to reversibly couple the frame 210 to the leg 20. Said another way, the frame 210 can be positioned about a portion of the leg 20 and the coupling portion 214 can be transitioned to the second configuration to removably couple (i.e., at least temporarily couple) the frame 210 to the leg 20, as shown in
The cover 216 of the frame 210 can be configured to substantially enclose the inner structure 211 and includes an (see e.g.,
As shown in
Although the electrodes 221 are particularly shown and described with reference to
The sensor 230 (see e.g.,
As described above, in some embodiments, the sensor 230 can be included in and/or integrated with the frame 210, the electrode assembly 220, and/or the electric stimulator 240. In other embodiments, the sensor 230 can be physically distinct from the orthosis 205 and in electrical communication with the electric stimulator 240 via a wireless communication channel. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can be coupled to the frame 210, which in turn, is coupled to a first segment of the leg 20 (e.g., adjacent to the knee of the patient as shown in
In some embodiments, the sensor 230 can be substantially similar in form and/or function as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,239 entitled, “Sensor Device for Gait Enhancement,” filed Oct. 23, 2006, U.S. Pat. No. 8,382,688 entitled, “Sensor Device for Gait Enhancement,” filed Dec. 4, 2009, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0069865 entitled, “Functional Electrical Stimulation Systems,” filed May 1, 2007, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The electric stimulator 240 can be any suitable electronic device configured to generate a flow of a relatively high current. As described above, the electric stimulator 240 can be positioned within the cradle 212 of the frame 210 to at least temporarily couple the electric stimulator 240 thereto. As shown in
In some embodiments, the power supply 243 can receive electrical current from the battery 242 and can, for example, increase and/or convert a voltage of a first portion of the electrical current by a first amount (e.g., to a first voltage), and increase and/or convert a voltage of a second portion of the electrical current by a second amount (e.g., to a second voltage), less than the first amount. In such embodiments, the power supply 243 can include a first electrical circuit (not shown in
The high voltage circuit 244 can include any suitable electrical component. For example, although not shown in
The digital circuit 245 can be any suitable electrical circuit including any suitable electrical component. For example, as shown in
The memory 246 can be, for example, a random access memory (RAM), a memory buffer, a hard drive, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the memory 246 can be configured to store, for example, one or more modules that can include instructions to cause the processor 247 to perform one or more processes, functions, and/or the like. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 246 can store instructions and/or code representing one or more parameters associated with providing FES to a patient, as described in further detail herein.
The processor 247 of the digital circuit 245 can be any suitable processing device configured to run and/or execute a set of instructions or code such as, for example, a general purpose processor (GPU), a central processing unit (CPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a front end processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or the like. As such, the memory 246 can store instructions to cause the processor 247 to execute modules, processes, and/or functions associated with providing FES to the patient. In this manner, based on the instructions stored by the memory 246, the processor 247 can change, modify, update, and/or otherwise control one or more parameters associated with FES. For example, in some instances, the memory 246 can include instructions to cause the processor 247 to perform one or more functions, processes, and/or modules based on receiving a signal from the sensor 230 (e.g., in communication with the digital circuit 245, as described in further detail herein). In some such instances, the functions, processes, and/or modules can be operable in providing and/or terminating a flow of relatively high current to the electrode assembly 220, as described in further detail herein.
The communication device 248 of the digital circuit 245 can be any suitable device that can communicate with one or more electrical components and/or with one or more networks. For example, the communication device 248 can include one or more wired and/or wireless interfaces, such as, for example, Ethernet interfaces, optical carrier (OC) interfaces, and/or asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) interfaces. In some embodiments, the communication device 248 can be, for example, a network interface card and/or the like that can include at least an Ethernet port and/or a wireless radio (e.g., a WiFi® radio, a Bluetooth® radio, cellular network radio (e.g., global system for mobile communications (GSM), personal communications service (PCS), digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS), etc.). In this manner, the communication device 248 can be configured to place the orthosis 205 in electrical communication (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) with any suitable external device such as, for example, a control device, a sensor, a second orthosis (similar to or different from the orthosis 205), and/or the like via one or more networks. Such a network can be, for example, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a worldwide interoperability for microwave access network (WiMAX), a telephone network, an intranet, the Internet, an optical fiber (or fiber optic)-based network, a virtual network, a cellular network (e.g., GSM, PCS, D-AMPS, etc.), and/or any other suitable network. By way of example, in some embodiments, the communication device 248 can be configured to receive signals from and/or send signals to the sensor 230 coupled to the shoe worn on the foot of the impaired leg 20 via Bluetooth® (see e.g.,
As shown in
As described above, in some instances, the system 200 can be used for gait modulation of the patient having the impaired leg 20. More specifically, the system 200 can be used to enhance the leg 20 function of the patient experiencing drop foot. In such instances, the patient can manipulate the orthosis 205 in such a manner as to couple the orthosis 205 to the impaired leg 20. For example, the patient can position the orthosis 205 adjacent to the patella 21 of the impaired leg 20 and can transition the coupling portion 214 of the frame 210 from its first configuration to its second configuration to removably couple the orthosis 205 to the leg 20, as described above with reference to
With the frame 210 retained in the desired position relative to the impaired leg 20 via the inner structure 211 and the coupling portion 214, the patient can begin walking. During walking, the sensor 230 can be configured to sense and/or detect a set of characteristics (such as those described above) associated with a gait event and can send a signal associated with the characteristic to the electric stimulator 240. For example, in some embodiments, the sensor 230 can be coupled to and/or disposed in a shoe worn on the foot of the impaired leg 20 and can be configured to sense and/or detect a gait event associated with a “heel-off” event based at least in part on a change in pressure. The sensor 230 can then send the signal to the electric stimulator 240 via, for example, a protected wireless communication channel.
In other embodiments, the sensor 230 can be collocated with at least a portion of the electric stimulator 240 and/or the frame 210. As such, the sensor 230 can be configured to sense and/or detect the “heel-off” event based at least in part on an acceleration, tilt, relative position, and/or movement of the sensor 230. In this manner, the sensor 230 can send a signal via a communication channel associated with a wired signal transmission to the electric stimulator 240. In still other embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can receive a signal from multiple sensors 230 that can be configured to sense and/or detect a characteristic associated with a gait event at different segments along the leg of the patient. For example, the electric stimulator 240 can receive a signal from a collocated sensor 230 via a first communication channel associated with a wired signal transmission and can receive a signal from a physically distinct sensor 230 via a second communication channel associated with a wireless signal transmission such as, for example, Bluetooth®.
In this manner, the communication device 248 of the electric stimulator 240 can receive the signal from the sensor 230 and can forward the signal and/or otherwise send a signal representing the received signal to the processor 247. Upon receipt, the processor 248 can determine, reference, and/or calculate one or more system parameters based at least in part on information stored in the memory 246 and the signal sent from the sensor 230. In some instances, the processor 247 can perform one or more processes, functions, modules and/or the like that can, for example, cause the power supply 243 to generate and transmit a relatively high current along the high voltage circuit 244 to the stimulation circuit 249. In addition and substantially in a parallel process, the processor 247 can send a relatively low voltage electrical current signal to the stimulation circuit 249 that can, for example, place the stimulation circuit 249 in a closed state or the like. Thus, the relatively high current is transmitted to the electrodes 221 of the electrode assembly 220, which in turn provides FES to the peroneal nerve, thereby resulting in dorsiflexion of the foot substantially at the time of the heel-off event (e.g., a very short time after the sensor 230 detects the heel-off event as described above). As a result, the foot of the patient flexes toward the leg, enhancing a portion of the patient's gait.
In some instances, the sensor 230 can sense and/or detect a characteristic associated with a second gait event such as, for example, a “heel-on” event (i.e., the point during gait at which the heel is placed in contact with the surface of upon which the patient is walking). As described above, the sensor 230 can send a signal associated with the characteristic to the electric stimulator 240 and, upon receipt, the processor 247 can send a signal to the power supply 243 to terminate the flow of the relatively high current to the high voltage circuit 244. In addition and in a substantially parallel process, the processor 247 can send a relatively low voltage electrical current signal to the stimulation circuit 249 that can, for example, place the stimulation circuit 249 in an open circuit state or the like. Thus, current is no longer transferred to the electrodes 221 in electrical contact with the peroneal nerve, thereby allowing the associated muscles to relax, which in turn results in the foot moving in a direction away from the leg. In this manner, the FES provided to the peroneal nerve can facilitate the gait of the patient.
In other instances, the processor 247 need not send a signal to the power supply 243 to terminate the flow of relatively high current to the high voltage circuit 244. For example, in such instances, the stimulation circuit 249 can define multiple electrical circuits between the stimulation circuit 249 and different portions of the electrode assembly 240. In this manner, the processor 247 can send a signal to the stimulation circuit 249 that can be operable in opening the electrical circuit associated with the peroneal nerve, thereby terminating the FES provided thereto, and can be operable in closing a different electrical circuit associated with, for example, the tibial nerve. Thus, the relatively high current can flow along the now closed electric circuit that is electrically coupled to one or more electrodes 221 in electrical communication with the tibial nerve. As such, the electrodes 221 can provide FES to the tibial nerve resulting in plantarflexion of the foot substantially at the time of the heel-on event (as described above). More specifically, the termination of the FES to the peroneal nerve relaxes the portion of the neuromuscular system resulting in a relaxation of the dorsiflexion, while substantially concurrently, the FES provided to the tibial nerve results in plantarflexion of the foot. As a result, the foot flexes away from the leg, enhancing the patient's gait.
In some embodiments, the memory 246 of the digital circuit 245 can store information at least partially defining a set parameters associated with the FES. For example, in some embodiments, the memory 246 can store information associated with a voltage and/or current level associated with the FES, a sensitivity associated with the sensor 230, a repository of actions to perform based on information received from the sensor 230, a skin sensitivity of the patient, and/or any other suitable information and/or logic. Thus, the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to provide FES to the impaired leg 20 with a set of characteristics that can be uniquely associated with the patient. In some instances, the patient and/or a health care professional can manipulate the electric stimulator 240 to change one or more parameters and/or characteristics associated with the FES provided to the impaired leg 20. For example, although not shown in
Although the electric stimulator 240 is described above as providing FES to, for example, a first portion of the neuromuscular system of the patient, and upon receiving a signal from the sensor 230, terminating the FES to the first portion of the neuromuscular system and providing FES to, for example, a second portion of the neuromuscular system, in other embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to provide FES to the first portion and the second portion of the neuromuscular system in substantially concurrent and/or complementary processes. Moreover, the processor 247 can be configured to perform and/or execute one or more processes, functions, and/or modules associated with selectively modulating a flow of electrical current to one or more portions of the neuromuscular system. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to provide FES to a portion of the peroneal nerve, which can result in dorsiflexion of the foot on an impaired leg. Based at least in part on a signal received from the sensor 230, the processor 247 can perform one or more processes and/or functions that can, for example, reduce a voltage of the FES that is provided to the portion of the peroneal nerve, thereby reducing dorsiflexion of the foot. In a substantially parallel and/or concurrent process, the processor 247 can execute one or more functions that can close a circuit (e.g., within the stimulation circuit 249) or the like to provide FES to a second portion of the neuromuscular system (e.g., a second portion of the peroneal nerve and/or a portion of the tibial nerve) that can result in plantarflexion of the foot. In some instances, a voltage associated with the FES provided to cause plantarflexion can be increased in a substantially concurrent and/or inversely proportional process as the decrease in the voltage of the FES provided to cause dorsiflexion. In this manner, the processor 247 of the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to direct, divert, steer, and/or otherwise control a flow of current through, for example, the stimulation circuit 249 to selectively provide at least a portion of the flow of current to the electrode assembly 220.
In some embodiments, the electrode assembly 220 can include one or more electrodes in electrical communication with a portion of the neuromuscular system that is associated with eversion or inversion of the foot. In such embodiments, a sensor (e.g., the sensor 230) can sense and/or determine a characteristic associated with eversion or inversion of the foot of an impaired leg and can send a signal associated with the characteristic to the electric stimulator 240. In this manner, the processor 247 can be configured to perform or execute one or more functions, processes, modules, and/or the like that is associated with directing, diverting, and/or otherwise controlling a flow of current through the stimulation circuit 249 such that a desired amount of FES is provided to the portion of the neuromuscular system controlling eversion and inversion (e.g., superficial portions of the peroneal nerve and/or the like).
In some embodiments, the electrode assembly 220 can include a set of electrodes, with each electrode being in electrical communication with a different portion of the neuromuscular system. Moreover, the electrode assembly 220 can be electrically coupled to the electric stimulator 240 such that each electrode is in electrical connection with a different electric communication channel of the electric stimulator 240. In this manner, the set of electrodes can define and/or bound an area of stimulation to be applied to, for example, an impaired limb. As described above, the processor 247 can be configured to execute a set of instructions (e.g., stored in the memory 246) associated with increasing or decreasing a voltage provided to each electrode in a substantially concurrent process based at least in part on a signal received from the sensor 230 (or multiple sensors). Thus, the electric stimulator 240 can direct, steer, divert, and/or otherwise control (i.e., increase or decrease) a voltage provided to the set of electrodes to continuously control (e.g., during gate) an amount of dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, inversion, and/or the like to, for example, increase a stability of the impaired limb and/or the patient during gait.
As shown in
In some instances, the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to communication with any number of electronic devices. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can be in electrical communication with the control devices 260 and 260′, a physically distinct sensor 230, and an electric stimulator 240′ of a second orthosis 205′. In such embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 and/or the communication device 248 can be configured to communicate with the electronic devices via, for example, unique communication channels. Thus, the control devices 260 and 260′, the physically distinct sensor 230, and the orthosis 205 and 205′ can collectively provide FES to a patient that can, for example, enhance the patient's gait or the like. More specifically, in some embodiments, the orthosis 205′ can be configured to be disposed, for example, about the thigh of the patient donning the orthosis 205 (i.e., the thigh of the impaired leg). The electrodes (not shown) of the orthosis 205′ can be, for example, in electrical communication with one or more portions of the neuromuscular system associated with, for example, the hamstring and/or the quadriceps. In some embodiments, the orthosis 205′ can be substantially similar to or the same as the devices described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/022,149 entitled, “Adjustable Orthosis for Electrical Stimulation of a Limb,” filed Feb. 7, 2011, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thus, the electric stimulator 240 can be configured to communicate with the electric stimulator 240′ to provide FES to substantially the entirety of an impaired limb of the patient. Moreover, in some embodiments, the electronic stimulator 240′ can be substantially similar to or the same as the electric stimulator 240 and as such, can be in direct electric communication with the sensor 230′ (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection). In other words, the sensor 230′ can be configured to send a signal associated with a gait event to the electric stimulator 240 of the orthosis 205 and the electric stimulator 240′ of the orthosis 205.
In some embodiments, the electric stimulator 240 can be in electrical communication with, for example, an electric stimulator 240″ of an orthosis 205″ disposed about a portion of a contralateral leg, as shown in
Upon receipt, one or more system parameters are calculated based at least in part on the first signal associated with the gait characteristic, at 1002. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator can include at least a memory and a processor. The memory can store instructions to cause the processor to perform and/or execute one or more functions, processes, modules, and/or the like associated with calculating the one or more system parameters. As such, the processor can receive the first signal from the sensor and can calculate and/or otherwise determine the one or more system parameters associated with that gait characteristic. By way of example, in some embodiments, the memory can include and/or can store a repository that includes a list of gait characteristics and a list of processes and/or functions to be executed by the processor that are associated therewith. In such embodiments, the processor can, for example, query the repository to determine the one or more system parameters associated with the first signal received from the sensor. In other embodiments, the electric stimulator can be in communication with a control device or the like (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) that can include and/or store the repository. For example, in some embodiments, the control device can be substantially similar to the control device 260 described above with reference to
Based at least in part on the one or more system parameters, a signal is sent from the electric stimulator to the electrode assembly to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to a portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb, at 1003. For example, in some embodiments, the FES orthosis can be disposed about and/or can at least partially envelop a portion of the impaired leg to substantially align and/or otherwise place one or more electrodes in electrical communication with, for example, the peroneal nerve of the impaired leg. Thus, electric stimulation is provided to a set of muscles associated with the portion of the neuromuscular system of the impaired leg, resulting in dorsiflexion of the foot of the impaired leg (i.e., a pivoting of the foot substantially about the ankle towards the leg).
The method 1000 includes receiving, at the electric stimulator and from the sensor, a second signal associated with the gait characteristic, at 1004. For example, in some embodiments, the gait characteristic can be associated with a “heel-on” event or the like of the impaired leg (e.g., an increase in pressure as a result of the heel being placed in contact with the surface and/or any other suitable characteristic). As such, the sensor can sense and/or detect the gait characteristic and can send the second signal to the electric stimulator.
Based on receiving the second signal associated with the gait characteristic, the electric stimulation of the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb is terminated, at 1005. For example, in some embodiments, the electric stimulator can be configured to open an electrical circuit between a power supply (e.g., that generates the electric current for stimulation) and the electrode assembly. In other embodiments, the electric stimulator can transition the power supply or the like from an “on” state, in which electrical current is transmitted to the electrode assembly, to an “off” state or the like (e.g., sleep, hibernate, standby, etc.), in which electrical current is not transmitted to the electrode assembly. In still other embodiments, the electric stimulator can modulate an amount of stimulation (e.g., a voltage of the current provided to the electrode assembly) from a first amount resulting in, for example, the dorsiflexion of the limb to a second amount resulting in a substantially relaxing of the portion of the neuromuscular system. Said another way, the electric stimulator can modulate stimulation such that an intensity of the stimulation provided to the portion of the neuromuscular system of the limb is reduced (i.e., the electric stimulator does not substantially terminate the stimulation but reduces the amount of stimulation to a minimal setting and/or the like). As a result, the electric stimulation applied to, for example, the peroneal nerve is terminated and/or modulated, thereby allowing the set of muscles associated therewith to relax. Thus, the foot of the impaired leg can pivot about the ankle away from the leg (i.e., plantarflexion). In this manner, the FES orthosis can provide functional electrical stimulation that can enhance the function of the impaired leg to facilitate gait.
Although the method 1000 described above includes the electric stimulator receiving a first signal and a second signal from the sensor, in some instances, the sensor can be configured to send any number of signals to the electric stimulator that can be, for example, associated with adjusting one or more parameters of the electric stimulation provided to the neuromuscular system of the limb. By way of example, in some instances, the sensor can send the signal to the electric stimulator (i.e., at 1003) and can be configured to sense and/or otherwise detect an amount of the dorsiflexion and/or inversion or eversion of the foot in response to the electric stimulation and based on the sensed and/or detected characteristic, can send one or more signals to the electric stimulator (i.e., prior to the signal sent at 1004) associated with adjusting one or more parameters of the electric stimulation (e.g., a voltage provided to one or more portions of the electrode assembly and/or the like).
Although the method 1000 described above includes the electric stimulator terminating and/or modulating the electric stimulation based on receiving the second signal from the sensor, in some instances, the electric stimulator can terminate and/or modulate the electric stimulation based on any set of signals, parameters, history, and/or the like. For example, in some instances, the electric stimulator can receive the second signal from the sensor and can compare data included in and/or represented by the second signal with historical data such as, for example, a previous gait event and/or the like. As such, the electric stimulator can be configured to adjust, terminate, and/or modulate the electric stimulation provided to the portion of the neuromuscular based at least in part on the second signal and/or any other data associated with a gate event, characteristic, and/or parameter.
In some embodiments, the system parameter can be associated with, for example, an initialization of the FES orthosis. For example, in some embodiments, the patient can be receiving FES therapy for the first time and as such, system parameters and/or settings of the FES orthosis may not be appropriately defined for the patient. As such, a health care provider can manipulate the control device (e.g., a smart phone, a PC, a tablet, etc.) to define an initial set of system characteristics and/or a second of calibration parameters for the FES orthosis that are uniquely established for the patient. In some instances, with the first communication channel being associated with a wireless communication over a network, a health care professional can manipulate the control device to define the system parameter substantially remotely (e.g., at a location physically distinct from the FES orthosis). By way of example, the health care professional can be at a medical facility and can manipulate the control device to define the system parameter and can send the first signal via, for example, a LAN and the Internet to the FES orthosis worn by a patient that is at his or her home (or any other location other than the medical facility). Upon receipt of the first signal, a second signal that is associated with a confirmation of the system parameter is sent from the electric stimulator to the control device, at 1102. In some embodiments, the second signal can be sent in a similar manner as described with reference to the first signal.
The electric stimulator receives a third signal that is from the sensor via a second communication channel, different from the first communication channel, at 1103. The sensor can be substantially similar in form and function as the sensor 230 described above with reference to
Based at least in part on the system parameter and the gait characteristic, a fourth signal is sent, from the electric stimulator to the electrode assembly, to cause the electrode assembly to provide an electric stimulation to a portion of a neuromuscular system of the limb (e.g., the impaired leg), at 1104. For example, in some embodiments, the FES orthosis can be disposed about and/or can at least partially envelop a portion of the impaired leg to substantially align and/or otherwise place one or more electrodes included in the electrode assembly in electrical communication with, for example, the peroneal nerve of the impaired leg. Thus, electric stimulation is provided to a set of muscles associated with the portion of the neuromuscular system of the impaired leg, resulting in dorsiflexion of the foot of the impaired leg (i.e., a pivoting of the foot substantially about the ankle towards the leg). Thus, the FES orthosis can be used to enhance limb function of the impaired leg to mitigate the effects of, for example, lower leg paralysis such as drop foot or the like.
Although the embodiments and methods have been described above as providing functional electrical stimulation to an impaired leg of a patient experiencing, for example, drop foot, in other embodiments, the embodiments and methods can be used to enhance the function of any suitable limb or other portion of the body. By way of example, in some embodiments, an FES orthosis can include a frame, an electrode assembly, a sensor, and an electric stimulator and can be adapted to enhance the function of a patients hand or the like. In some instances, the sensor of such FES orthosis can be configured to sense and/or detect one or more characteristics associated with the function of the hand and can send a signal to the electric stimulator (in a similar manner as described above) that is associated with the one or more characteristics. As such, the electric stimulator can generate an electrical current that can be transmitted through one or more electrodes included in the electrode assembly, thereby providing FES to one or more nerves associated with the function of the hand.
While the embodiments and methods have been described above as including an electrode assembly that is physically coupled to an FES orthosis and that is disposed adjacent to an external surface of the body of a patient, in other embodiments, an FES orthosis can include and/or can otherwise be coupled to an electrode assembly that can be at least partially disposed within a portion of the body of the patient. For example, in some embodiments, an FES orthosis can be operably coupled to an electrode assembly that includes electrodes disposed within the body of a patient. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrode assembly can be disposed within the body in such a manner that the electrodes are disposed adjacent to and/or in electrical communication with, for example, the peroneal nerve, the tibial nerve, and/or any other suitable portion of a neuromuscular system of the patient. In some embodiments, the electrode assembly can include one or more external connectors configured to place the electrodes disposed within the body in electrical communication with an electric device that is disposed externally of the body. In other embodiments, the electrode assembly need not include such connectors and can transmit a flow of electrical current via, for example, inductive coupling and/or the like.
Although the embodiments and methods have been described above as including a sensor that can be integrate into an FES orthosis and/or that can be coupled to a structure substantially outside of the body (e.g., a shoe, the orthosis, etc.), in other embodiments, an FES orthosis can include and/or can otherwise be in communication with one or more sensors disposed within the body of a patient. For example, in some embodiments, a relatively small sensor can be subcutaneously implanted into a portion of the patient's foot, ankle, lower leg, upper leg, and/or any other suitable portion of the body.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where schematics and/or embodiments described above indicate certain components arranged in certain orientations or positions, the arrangement of components may be modified. While the embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and details may be made. Although various embodiments have been described as having particular features and/or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible having a combination of any features and/or components from any of embodiments as discussed above.
Where methods and/or events described above indicate certain events and/or procedures occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain events and/or procedures may be modified. Additionally, certain of the events may be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above.
Some embodiments described herein relate to a computer storage product with a non-transitory computer-readable medium (also can be referred to as a non-transitory processor-readable medium) having instructions or computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The computer-readable medium (or processor-readable medium) is non-transitory in the sense that it does not include transitory propagating signals per se (e.g., a propagating electromagnetic wave carrying information on a transmission medium such as space or a cable). The media and computer code (also can be referred to as code) may be those designed and constructed for the specific purpose or purposes. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as Compact Disc/Digital Video Discs (CD/DVDs), Compact Disc-Read Only Memories (CD-ROMs), and holographic devices; magneto-optical storage media such as optical disks; carrier wave signal processing modules; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and execute program code, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Read-Only Memory (ROM) and Random-Access Memory (RAM) devices. Other embodiments described herein relate to a computer program product, which can include, for example, the instructions and/or computer code discussed herein.
Some embodiments and/or methods described herein can be performed by software (executed on hardware), hardware, or a combination thereof. Hardware modules may include, for example, a general-purpose processor, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and/or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Software modules (executed on hardware) can be expressed in a variety of software languages (e.g., computer code), including C, C++, Java™, Ruby, Visual Basic™, and/or other object-oriented, procedural, or other programming language and development tools. Examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, micro-code or micro-instructions, machine instructions, such as produced by a compiler, code used to produce a web service, and files containing higher-level instructions that are executed by a computer using an interpreter. Additional examples of computer code include, but are not limited to, control signals, encrypted code, and compressed code.
