Patent Application
20200344861
The present invention generally relates to light emitting diode driver systems and more particularly to a current sharing driver for light emitting diodes.
As a result of continuous technological advances that have brought about remarkable performance improvements, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are increasingly finding applications in traffic lights, automobiles, general-purpose lighting, and liquid-crystal-display (LCD) backlighting. LED lighting is poised to replace existing lighting sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps since LEDs do not contain mercury, exhibit fast turn-on and dimmability, long life-time, and require low maintenance. Compared to fluorescent lamps, LEDs can be more easily dimmed either by linear dimming or PWM (pulse-width modulated) dimming.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when its p-n junction is forward biased. While the color of the emitted light depends primarily on the composition of the material used, its brightness is directly related to the current flowing through the junction. As a result, an effective way to ensure that LEDs produce similar light output is to connect them in series so that all LEDs in a string have the same current. Unfortunately, a major drawback of the series connection of LEDs is that the cumulative voltage drop of each LED limits the number of LEDs in a string. LEDs may be placed in parallel to reduce the total voltage drop. However, often circuits placed in parallel have different currents. Thus, LEDs in parallel may output light at differing brightness. Accordingly, there is a need for a circuit to manage current flow to maintain a level of brightness between two or more LED strings placed in parallel.
Embodiments of the present disclosure include circuits for balancing the current between two or more strings of LEDs in parallel. Embodiments may include a plurality of LED strings placed in parallel to form a light output, e.g., as a replacement for a traditional incandescent or fluorescent light source. In some embodiments, the voltage of each of the plurality of strings may be measured and compared, and based on the comparison, the current provided to each of the plurality of strings may be increased or decreased. In some embodiments, this may substantially balance the current between the strings. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the ratio between the current flowing through each of the plurality of strings may be set to a predetermined level to properly blend the brightness of each string.
In one embodiment, a system of the present disclosure may comprise: a first string of LEDs; a second string of LEDs connected in parallel with the first string of LEDs; a first current control device connected in series with the first string of LEDs; a second current control device connected in series with the second string of LEDs; a first voltage measurement device coupled to the first string of LEDs and the second string of LEDs, the first voltage measurement device coupled to the first current control device and configured to control the first current control device; and a second voltage measurement device coupled to the first string of LEDs and the second string of LEDs, the second voltage measurement device coupled to the second current control device and configured to control the second current control device.
In another embodiment, a system of the present disclosure may comprise: a first string of LEDs; a second string of LEDs connected in parallel with the first string of LEDs; and a switching regulator configured to control the current flowing through the first string of LEDs.
In another embodiment, a method for manufacturing a current sharing driver may comprise the steps of: providing a first string of LEDs; providing a second string of LEDs connected in parallel with the first string; providing a first current control device connected in series with the first string of LEDs; providing a second current control device connected in series with the second string of LEDs; providing a first voltage measurement device coupled to the first string of LEDs and the second string of LEDs, the first voltage measurement device coupled to the first current control device and configured to control the first current control device; and providing a second voltage measurement device coupled to the first string of LEDs and the second string of LEDs, the second voltage measurement device coupled to the second current control device and configured to control the second current control device.
These illustrative embodiments are mentioned not to limit or define the limits of the present subject matter, but to provide examples to aid understanding thereof. Illustrative embodiments are discussed in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there. Advantages offered by various embodiments may be further understood by examining this specification and/or by practicing one or more embodiments of the claimed subject matter.
A full and enabling disclosure is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification. The specification makes reference to the following appended figures.
Reference will now be made in detail to various and alternative illustrative embodiments and to the accompanying drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation, and not as a limitation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that this disclosure include modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
One embodiment of the present disclosure comprises a plurality of LED strings used to form a light source, e.g., a replacement for a traditional incandescent bulb, fluorescent tube, compact fluorescent, or halogen bulb. Each LED string comprises one or more LEDs, and may comprise a plurality of LEDs in series. In some embodiments, the LEDs may all be of the same color, e.g., white, blue, red, etc. Alternatively, in some embodiments, one or more of the LEDs in a string may comprise a different color. Further, in some embodiments, each string of LEDs may be made up of different color LEDs.
As is well known in the art, the current flowing through two circuits in series will be equal, whereas the voltage drop across each circuit is the input voltage multiplied by the ratio of the impedance of each circuit to the total impedance of the circuit. As discussed above, the brightness of an LED is based on the current passing through that LED. Thus, each LED in a string will have substantially the same brightness. However, when a plurality of LEDs is placed in series, the total voltage drop across the LEDs limits the total number of LEDs that can be placed in a string.
In one embodiment, in order to increase the total number of LEDs in the light source, each of the plurality of strings of LEDs is placed in parallel. As is known in the art, the current flowing through two circuits in parallel is the input current multiplied by the ratio of the impedance of each circuit to the total impedance of the circuit. Thus, in the illustrative embodiment, the current flowing through each of the strings of LEDs may be different. Thus, each string may have a different brightness. The present disclosure describes in detail multiple example circuits that solve this problem by controlling the current flowing through each string of LEDs. Controlling the current between each string of LEDs may guarantee a uniform brightness between each string. Further, controlling the current may enable higher quality light by controlling the current flowing through various color strings, for example, to set a level of warmth of the overall light output.
One system for solving this problem comprises placing two transistors, such as NPN type transistors, with a common base in series with the two strings of LEDs and two current sensing resistors (one resistor associated with each string of LEDs). In such an embodiment, the common base may be connected to the collector of one of the transistors. In such an embodiment, if the two transistors are ideally matching, the voltages across the two current sensing resistors will be equal. Thus, the current shared by the two LED strings will be the ratio of the two sensing resistors. Thus, in an embodiment with two LED strings LED1 and LED2 and two resistors R1 and R2, the current across each LED string will be:
ILED1=I*R2/(R1+R2)
ILED2=I*R1/(R1+R2)
One drawback for a current sharing circuit according to this embodiment is that the voltage of the first string of LEDs (VLED1) needs to be no less than the string voltage of the second string of LEDS (VLED2). If this is not the case, then one of the transistors may enter saturation. When in saturation, the transistors may not control the current flowing through each string to the level set by the resistors, i.e., the current flowing through each string of LEDs may be different than the levels determined using the formulas above.
Another embodiment may include a third string of LEDs with a transistor connected in series with the third string and a common base with the other two transistors. Such an embodiment may further include a third sensing resistor in series with the third string of LEDs. In such an embodiment, the string voltage of the first string of LEDs (the string for which the transistor's base is connected to the collector) needs to be the highest among all the LED string voltages to ensure all the LED currents match the values set by the current sensing resistors.
In the embodiments described above, the constraint of maintaining the voltage drop across the first string of LEDs higher than the voltage drop across the other strings complicates the selection of LEDs. For example, the forward voltage drops of LED strings may vary with temperature and driving current. Thus, in one embodiment, desired operation may be ensured by selecting LEDs such that the minimum voltage of the first string of LEDs is no less than the maximum voltage of the other strings of LEDs. However, in some embodiments, this may increase power loss for the circuit. For example, in one embodiment, in a lighting fixture, if the voltage difference between the voltage of LED1 and the voltage of the other strings is 10V and the driving current is 0.35 A, the power loss will be 3.5 W. This may decrease the overall efficiency of the lighting fixture and also increase the thermal stress to the transistor and LEDs, thus shortening the operational life of the device.
Another embodiment may comprise using linear regulators to regulate the current to all but one of the strings of LEDs. However, such an embodiment may again suffer from the same deficiencies as the circuit described above.
Yet another embodiment for solving the problem discussed above may comprise current balancing transformers to equalize currents flowing through each of the LED strings. In one such embodiment, a magnetic balancer may be used to balance the current flowing through three strings of LEDs. In such an embodiment, two transformers with an equal number of turns of their primary and secondary windings may be connected between the output rectifier and the filter capacitor in three isolated outputs of a switch-mode power supply. Further, in such an embodiment, the current feedback from one output is used to set and regulate the current of the corresponding LED string. The 1:1 turn ratio of the transformer windings maintains the current flowing through each winding of the transformer at substantially the same value provided that the magnetizing current of the transformer is small compared to the winding current.
A deficiency of this embodiment is that it requires a switch-mode power supply. Thus, such an embodiment cannot be used independently, and lacks the flexibility to operate with an arbitrary DC source, for example, a DC current source. Furthermore, the addition of transformers for magnetic balancing into a switch-mode power supply increases the complexity and cost of the circuit. Furthermore, in some embodiments, separate output circuits may be detrimental if a large number of paralleled LED strings are required. Furthermore, such an embodiment lacks the capability to individually change or tune the current flowing through each LED string once the turns-ratio of the transformer has been set. Thus, such an embodiment may not be effective for color mixing or control.
Another system for compensating for this problem without the above discussed deficiencies comprises a current control device such as a JFET or MOSFET in series with each string of LEDs. In this, embodiment, referred to as the “illustrative embodiment,” each current control device is controlled by a control device, such as a comparator and/or op-amp circuit. Each control device measures the voltage drop before and/or after the current control device, and based on this measurement, varies the impedance of the current control device, e.g., by varying a voltage to the base of the JFET, to increase or decrease the current flowing through each LED string. In the illustrative embodiment, the current measurement and control devices may be able to substantially balance the current flowing through each LED string in order to cause each LED string to have substantially the same light output.
The illustrative embodiment may comprise sensing resistors placed in series with each LED string after the control circuit. Choosing resistors with different values may vary the voltage drop measured by each measurement device. Appropriate selection of the value of these sensing resistors enables the designer to vary the brightness of each string of LEDs to provide the desired light output. For example, the designer may include multiple strings of white LEDs kept at a substantially high brightness, but further include one string of red LEDs to provide a warmer light output. In such an embodiment, the designer may select sensing resistors configured to cause the string of red LEDs to receive a lower current, and therefore be dimmer than the string of white LEDs. In such an embodiment, the brightness of the red LEDs may be set to provide the desired warmth of the total light output.
These illustrative embodiments are mentioned not to limit or define the limits of the present subject matter, but to provide examples to aid understanding thereof. Illustrative embodiments are discussed in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there. Advantages offered by various embodiments may be further understood by examining this specification and/or by practicing one or more embodiments of the claimed subject matter.
Turning now to the Figures,
As shown in
The LED strings 104 and 106 comprise one or more LEDs, for example a plurality of LEDs in series. Each of LED strings 104 and 106 may comprise a plurality of inorganic LEDs, which may include semiconductor layers forming p-n junctions and/or organic LEDs (OLEDs), which may include organic light emission layers. In some embodiments, light perceived as white or near-white may be generated by a combination of red, green, and blue (“RGB”) LEDs. Output color of such a device may be altered by separately adjusting supply of current to the red, green, and blue LEDs.
The current control devices 108 and 110 comprise devices configured to control the current flow through each LED string 104 and 106. In some embodiments, current control devices 108 and 110 may comprise transistors such as a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). In such an embodiment, the BJT may be configured to act as a switch to control current flow, e.g., by connecting the BJT in series with an LED string, such that current must flow from the collector to the emitter of the BJT. In such an embodiment, varying the current applied to the base of the BJT may vary the current allowed to flow through the BJT and thus the amount of current that is allowed to flow through the string of LEDs. In another embodiment, the current control devices 108 and 110 may comprise MOSFETs. In such an embodiment, the MOSFET may be configured to act as a switch to control current flow, e.g., by connecting the MOSFET in series with an LED string such that current must flow from the MOSFET's drain to its source. In such an embodiment, varying the voltage applied to the gate of the MOSFET may vary the current allowed to flow through the MOSFET and thus the amount of current that is allowed to flow through the string of LEDs. In some embodiments, because a MOSFET can be driven using voltage, a MOSFET will require lower power and thus use less energy and reduce the total heat dissipated by the circuit. In other embodiments, current control devices 108 and 110 may comprise other transistors, e.g., junction gate field-effect transistors (JFET) or insulated gate field effect transistors (IGFET).
The voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 comprise devices configured to measure the voltage drop at a point along each LED string. For example, in some embodiments a sensing resistor of a known value may be located either before or after each string of LEDs. By measuring the voltage drop across this resistor, the voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 may be able to determine the current flowing through each string of LEDs, e.g., because V=I*R. Further, in some embodiments, each current control device is configured to measure the voltage at each string of LEDs. In some embodiments, each voltage measurement device is configured to compare the voltage of each string of LEDs and, based on the comparison, output a current/voltage to current control devices 108 and 110. As described above, this current/voltage will cause current control devices 108 and 110 to vary the current allowed to pass through each LED string.
In some embodiments, each of voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 may comprise a circuit comprising both a comparator and an op-amp. As is known in the art, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a digital signal indicating which is larger. Ordinarily, a comparator will have two analog input terminals V+and V-, and one binary digital output. The output of a comparator in ordinary operation is:
Output=high, if V+>V−
Output=low, V+<V−
Similarly, an op-amp can be configured to amplify the difference between two signals. In some embodiments, each of the comparator and the op-amp is configured to receive the voltage from each of the two LED strings. Further, each is configured to compare these voltages and output a signal indicating which voltage is higher.
In one embodiment, the comparator configured to control LED string 104 may receive the voltage associated with LED string 104 at its negative terminal and the voltage associated with LED string 106 at its positive terminal. In such an embodiment, if the voltage of LED string 104 is higher than the voltage of LED string 106, the comparator will set its output to high. Such a setting will cause the current control device 108 to increase current flow. Alternatively, if the voltage of LED string 104 is lower than the voltage of LED string 106, the comparator will set its output to low. Such a setting will cause the current control device 108 to reduce current flow.
In some embodiments, voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 may comprise op-amps configured to measure the voltage after each of current control devices 108 and 110. For example, in some embodiments, sensing resistors of a known value may be located after the output of current control devices 108 and 110. By measuring the voltage drop across these resistors, the op-amps may be able to make further determinations regarding the current flowing through each string of LEDs. For example, in the embodiment described above, wherein the voltage across LED string 104 is higher than the voltage across LED string 106, an op-amp associated with voltage measurement device 112 amplifies the difference, i.e., output=voltage of LED string 104-voltage of LED string 106. If the voltage of LED string 106 becomes lower, the op-amp will increase its output and thus provide a higher driving voltage/current to current control device 108, which increases the current flowing through LED string 104.
In some embodiments, voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 may comprise both op-amps and comparators. In other embodiments, voltage measurement devices 112 and 114 may each comprise only op-amps. An op-amp may be advantageous because generally they are of lower cost than a comparator. However, comparators may be advantageous due to a faster slew rate that can reduce noticeable oscillations in the current found on each string of LEDs.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may allow for current matching, i.e., causing both of LED strings 104 and 106 to have substantially the same current. Other embodiments are configured to allow for current tuning, i.e., causing LED strings 104 and 106 to each have a predetermined current or a predetermined relationship between currents, e.g., in one embodiment, LED string 104 will have 40% of the total current regardless of the total current. These design choices allow a designer to set the level of brightness between each string of LEDs, or the ratio of brightness between each string of LEDs.
Further, in some embodiments, different color strings of LEDs may be used. A designer may use embodiments of the present disclosure to tune the brightness of each string to provide the desired light output and color mixing. For example, the designer may include multiple strings of white LEDs kept at a substantially high brightness, but further include one string of red LEDs to provide a warmer light output. In such an embodiment, the designer may select sensing resistors configured to cause the string of red LEDs to receive a lower current, and therefore be dimmer than the strings of white LEDs. In such an embodiment, the brightness of the red LEDs may be set to provide the desired warmth of the total light output. Further, in some embodiments one or more the LED strings may comprise different color LEDs, or LEDs with different light output characteristics, e.g., dominant wavelength (“DW”), peak wavelength (“PW”), uniform light output, total luminous flux (“TLF”), and light color rendering index (“CRT”). Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used to control current flow through each string of LEDs to compensate for these factors.
In some embodiments, additional LED strings may be included. For example, in one embodiment, a third string of LEDs, a third current control device, and a third voltage measurement device may be included. In such an embodiment, the sensing resistors may be selected to provide for current matching between each of the three strings or for a predetermined ratio between the current of each of the three strings. In still other embodiments, additional LED strings, current control devices, and voltage measurement devices may be included. In still other embodiments, a plurality of circuits of the type described with regard to
In some embodiments, each of the components described with regard to
Turning now to
As shown in
As shown in
In another embodiment, if VS2 becomes higher, the output of op-amp 2 becomes lower, providing a lower driving current (Ibe2) to the bipolar transistor Q2 and the current flowing through the collector of Q2, i.e., the current of the second string of LEDs (ILED2) will decrease.
In the embodiment shown in
In another embodiment, V1 may be higher than V2 if VLED1 is lower than VLED2. In this case, the output of comparator 2 is set to high whereas the output of comparator 1 is set to low, and bipolar transistor Q2 is saturated or fully turned on, while the current through the collector and emitter of bipolar transistor Q1 is controlled by the output of op-amp 1. In such an embodiment, op-amp 1 takes the sensed current signal VS2 as the current reference for string LED1. In the same manner described above, the current ILED1 flowing through LED1 is regulated, and ILED1=ILED2*(R2/R1). Therefore, ILED2=ILED2 if R1=R2.
Thus, in the example described above, the comparator and op-amp circuits automatically differentiate which LED string has a higher voltage, and provide an exact current to the LED strings as set by the ratio of the two current sensing resistors R1 and R2.
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
In system 300, shown in
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
The PWM pulse can be a control signal from an external control unit or an on-board micro-controller. With this tuning circuit, the impedance of the control switch QT can be varied. For example, in the embodiment shown in
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
In circuit 500, each component other than the three comparators operates in substantially the same way as described above with regard to
As shown in
ILED1=((R2*R3)/Δ)*I
ILED2=((R1*R3)/Δ)*I
ILED3=((R1*R2)/Δ)*I
Where:
Δ=R1*R2+R2*R3+R1*R3.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that if R1=R2=R3, then ILED1=ILED2=ILED3. Thus, by setting each resistor to an equal value, each LED string may have substantially the same brightness. Alternatively, the resistor values may be varied in order to vary the brightness of each string. In some embodiments, this may be employed for color or lighting compensation. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of the LED strings may comprise different color LEDs, or LEDs with different light output characteristics, e.g., dominant wavelength (“DW”), peak wavelength (“PW”), uniform light output, total luminous flux (“TLF”), and light color rendering index (“CRT”). In some embodiments a designer may select values of resistors R1, R2, and R3 in order to compensate for these differences or provide a higher overall light quality. For example, in one embodiment, one of the LED strings may comprise LEDs of a different color than the other two strings. In such an embodiment, resistors R1, R2, and R3 may be selected such that this different color string has a different current level and thus a different brightness than the other two strings. This may be used to, for example, change the warmth of the light output or control the color of the light.
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
In some embodiments, the designer may set the value of resistors R1 and R2 to set a balance between the current through LED strings LED1 and LED2. This will also set the brightness of each of these strings. A designer may set this brightness in order to compensate for color or other factors associated with the LEDs in each string.
Further, in the embodiment shown in
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
Each module shown in
Further, in some embodiments, other types of current balancing circuits, such as those described throughout this application may be included in a module form. Further, in some embodiments, a plurality of modules such as those shown in
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, a benefit of using a switching regulator may be lower power loss. In some embodiments, this can improve the overall efficiency of the circuit, and reduce the amount of heat generated by the power loss. In some embodiments, this advantage may still be present even if the voltage difference between LED1 and LED2 is relatively high.
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown in
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
Turning now to
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the circuit shown in
There are numerous advantages of the current sharing circuit of present disclosure. For example, some embodiments provide more flexibility when choosing LED strings. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure enable the designer to select different LEDs with different characteristics. In some embodiments, this enables the designer to include different numbers of LEDs in each string.
Further, embodiments of the present disclosure enable additional LED strings to be placed in the same package. Because these LED strings can be placed in parallel, the total voltage drop of the circuit can be reduced. This can allow the designer to build an LED circuit with a greater number of LEDs, and therefore a higher overall light output. Furthermore, as discussed above, an even larger number of LEDs may be incorporated by using a modular approach with a plurality of current sharing drivers of the types discussed above.
Embodiments described above also allow the designer to adjust brightness to create a more pleasing (e.g., warmer light) or to compensate for other factors associated with the each LED, string of LEDs, or module of LEDs. For example, in some embodiments the resistors may be selected to compensate for different light output characteristics, e.g., dominant wavelength (“DW”), peak wavelength (“PW”), uniform light output, total luminous flux (“TLF”), and light color rendering index (“CRT”). In some embodiments, this enables a broader range of LEDs to be used, reducing production cost, because marginal LEDs that would previously have been discarded may be used. Further, the current level can be set to maximize the life of each LED or string of LEDs.
The methods, systems, and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, in alternative configurations, the methods may be performed in an order different from that described, and/or various stages may be added, omitted, and/or combined. Also, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in a similar manner. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure or claims.
Specific details are given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. This description provides example configurations only, and does not limit the scope, applicability, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.
Having described several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, the above elements may be components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the invention. Also, a number of steps may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not bound the scope of the claims.
The use of “adapted to” or “configured to” herein is meant as open and inclusive language that does not foreclose devices adapted to or configured to perform additional tasks or steps. Additionally, the use of “based on” is meant to be open and inclusive, in that a process, step, calculation, or other action “based on” one or more recited conditions or values may, in practice, be based on additional conditions or values beyond those recited. Headings, lists, and numbering included herein are for ease of explanation only and are not meant to be limiting.
Embodiments in accordance with aspects of the present subject matter can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of the preceding. In one embodiment, a computer may comprise a processor or processors. The processor comprises or has access to a computer-readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM) coupled to the processor. The processor executes computer-executable program instructions stored in memory, such as executing one or more computer programs including a sensor sampling routine, selection routines, and other routines to perform the methods described above.
While the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily produce alterations to, variations of, and equivalents to such embodiments. Accordingly, it should be understood that the present disclosure has been presented for purposes of example rather than limitation, and does not preclude inclusion of such modifications, variations and/or additions to the present subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/083,070, filed Nov. 18, 2013, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14083070 | Nov 2013 | US |
| Child | 16925682 | US |
