SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ADDRESSING DOPPLER EFFECT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to systems, methods, and devices for addressing the Doppler Effect in wireless communications systems.

2. Background

In many telecommunication systems, communications networks are used to exchange messages among several interacting spatially-separated devices. Networks may be classified according to geographic scope, which could be, for example, a metropolitan area, a local area, or a personal area. Such networks would be designated respectively as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), or personal area network (PAN). Networks also differ according to the switching/routing technique used to interconnect the various network nodes and devices (e.g. circuit switching vs. packet switching), the type of physical media employed for transmission (e.g. wired vs. wireless), and the set of communication protocols used (e.g. Internet protocol suite, SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking), Ethernet, etc.).

Wireless networks are often preferred when the network elements are mobile and thus have dynamic connectivity needs, or if the network architecture is formed in an ad hoc, rather than fixed, topology. Wireless networks employ intangible physical media in an unguided propagation mode using electromagnetic waves in the radio, microwave, infra-red, optical, etc. frequency bands. Wireless networks advantageously facilitate user mobility and rapid field deployment when compared to fixed wired networks.

The devices in a wireless network may transmit or receive information as signals between each other. In some cases, the signals may need to be transmitted over extended distances. The signals may be subject to the Doppler Effect during propagation of the signal from transmitter to receiver due to, for example, reflections off of moving objects such as cars. Thus, improved systems, methods, and devices for addressing the Doppler Effect in wireless communication systems are desired.

SUMMARY

The systems, methods, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention as expressed by the claims which follow, some features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages that include accounting for the Doppler Effect in wireless communication systems.

One aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive coded data tones during a first symbol over a communication channel. The apparatus further includes a processor. The processor is configured to estimate a common phase offset of the communication channel based on pilot tones received over the communication channel. The processor is configured to determine, prior to decoding, a residual phase offset per data tone based on a phase difference between an estimate of the data tones and a reference symbol. The processor is configured to update channel state information of the communication channel based on the estimated common phase offset and the determined residual phase offset per data tone.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus includes a processor configured to fragment a data packet into a plurality of data packets based on a duration that a channel estimate is valid when subject to Doppler Effect. The apparatus includes a transmitter configured to transmit the plurality of data packets.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method for wireless communication. The method includes receiving coded data tones during a first symbol over a communication channel. The method includes estimating a common phase offset of the communication channel based on pilot tones received over the communication channel. The method includes determining, prior to decoding, a residual phase offset per data tone based on a phase difference between an estimate of the data tones and a reference symbol. The method includes updating channel state information of the communication channel based on the estimated common phase offset and the determined residual phase offset per data tone.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method for wireless communication. The method includes fragmenting a data packet into a plurality of data packets based on a duration that a channel estimate is valid when subject to Doppler Effect. The method includes transmitting the plurality of data packets.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus includes means for receiving coded data tones during a first symbol over a communication channel. The apparatus includes means for estimating a common phase offset of the communication channel based on pilot tones received over the communication channel. The apparatus includes means for determining, prior to decoding, a residual phase offset per data tone based on a phase difference between an estimate of the data tones and a reference symbol. The apparatus includes means for updating channel state information of the communication channel based on the estimated common phase offset and the determined residual phase offset per data tone.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus includes means for fragmenting a data packet into a plurality of data packets based on a duration that a channel estimate is valid when subject to Doppler Effect. The apparatus includes means for transmitting the plurality of data packets.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a computer readable medium comprising instructions that when executed cause an apparatus to receive coded data tones during a first symbol over a communication channel. The instructions when executed further cause the apparatus to estimate a common phase offset of the communication channel based on pilot tones received over the communication channel. The instructions when executed further cause the apparatus to determine, prior to decoding, a residual phase offset per data tone based on a phase difference between an estimate of the data tones and a reference symbol. The instructions when executed further cause the apparatus to update channel state information of the communication channel based on the estimated common phase offset and the determined residual phase offset per data tone.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a computer readable medium comprising instructions that when executed cause an apparatus to fragment a data packet into a plurality of data packets based on a duration that a channel estimate is valid when subject to Doppler Effect. The instructions when executed further cause the apparatus to transmit the plurality of data packets.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed.

FIG. 2 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a wireless device that may be employed within the wireless communication system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device of FIG. 2 to transmit wireless communications.

FIG. 4 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device of FIG. 2 to receive wireless communications.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of an example MIMO system that may be implemented in wireless devices such as the wireless device of FIG. 2 to transmit wireless communications.

FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of an example MIMO system that may be implemented in wireless devices such as the wireless device of FIG. 2 to receive wireless communications.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble and payload of a physical layer packet.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble and payload of a physical layer packet for transmission over a bandwidth of substantially 1 MHz.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble and payload of a physical layer packet for transmission over a bandwidth of substantially 2 MHz according to a single user mode.

FIG. 8C is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble and payload of a physical layer packet for transmission over a bandwidth of substantially 2 MHz according to a multi user mode.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a format of a packet having a signal field.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a travelling pilot pattern that can be used for channel estimation.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example channel estimation procedure based on the use of scrambling sequences.

FIG. 12 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure.

FIG. 13 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure.

FIG. 14 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure.

FIG. 15 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary wireless device that may be employed within the wireless communication system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the novel systems, apparatuses, and methods are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The teachings disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the novel systems, apparatuses, and methods disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the invention. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the invention is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the invention set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

Although particular aspects are described herein, many variations and permutations of these aspects fall within the scope of the disclosure. Although some benefits and advantages of the preferred aspects are mentioned, the scope of the disclosure is not intended to be limited to particular benefits, uses, or objectives. Rather, aspects of the disclosure are intended to be broadly applicable to different wireless technologies, system configurations, networks, and transmission protocols, some of which are illustrated by way of example in the figures and in the following description of the preferred aspects. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the disclosure rather than limiting, the scope of the disclosure being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Wireless network technologies may include various types of wireless local area networks (WLANs). A WLAN may be used to interconnect nearby devices together, employing widely used networking protocols. The various aspects described herein may apply to any communication standard, such as WiFi or, more generally, any member of the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless protocols. For example, the various aspects described herein may be used as part of the IEEE 802.11ah protocol, which uses sub-1 GHz bands.

In some aspects, wireless signals in a sub-gigahertz band may be transmitted according to the 802.11ah protocol using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) communications, a combination of OFDM and DSSS communications, or other schemes. Implementations of the 802.11ah protocol may be used for sensors, metering, and smart grid networks. Advantageously, aspects of certain devices implementing the 802.11ah protocol may consume less power than devices implementing other wireless protocols, and/or may be used to transmit wireless signals across a relatively long range, for example about one kilometer or longer.

Certain of the devices described herein may further implement Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology and be implemented as part of the 802.11ah standard. A MIMO system employs multiple (N_T) transmit antennas and multiple (N_R) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the N_Ttransmit and N_Rreceive antennas may be decomposed into N_Sindependent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels or streams, where N_S≦min {N_T, N_R}. Each of the N_Sindependent channels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system can provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.

In some implementations, a WLAN includes various devices which are the components that access the wireless network. For example, there may be two types of devices: access points (“APs”) and clients (also referred to as stations, or “STAs”). In general, an AP serves as a hub or base station for the WLAN and an STA serves as a user of the WLAN. For example, an STA may be a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, etc. In an example, an STA connects to an AP via a WiFi (e.g., IEEE 802.11 protocol such as 802.11ah) compliant wireless link to obtain general connectivity to the Internet or to other wide area networks. In some implementations an STA may also be used as an AP.

An access point (“AP”) may also comprise, be implemented as, or known as a NodeB, Radio Network Controller (“RNC”), eNodeB, Base Station Controller (“BSC”), Base Transceiver Station (“BTS”), Base Station (“BS”), Transceiver Function (“TF”), Radio Router, Radio Transceiver, or some other terminology.

A station “STA” may also comprise, be implemented as, or known as an access terminal (“AT”), a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, user equipment, or some other terminology. In some implementations an access terminal may comprise a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem. Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smartphone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a headset, a portable computing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a gaming device or system, a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.

As discussed above, certain of the devices described herein may implement the 802.11ah standard, for example. Such devices, whether used as an STA or AP or other device, may be used for smart metering or in a smart grid network. Such devices may provide sensor applications or be used in home automation. The devices may instead or in addition be used in a healthcare context, for example for personal healthcare. They may also be used for surveillance, to enable extended-range Internet connectivity (e.g. for use with hotspots), or to implement machine-to-machine communications.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure may be employed. The wireless communication system 100 may operate pursuant to a wireless standard, for example the 802.11ah standard. The wireless communication system 100 may include an AP 104, which communicates with STAs 106a, 106b, 106c, 106d (collectively STAs 106).

A variety of processes and methods may be used for transmissions in the wireless communication system 100 between the AP 104 and the STAs 106. For example, signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 in accordance with OFDM/OFDMA techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as an OFDM/OFDMA system. Alternatively, signals may be sent and received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106 in accordance with CDMA techniques. If this is the case, the wireless communication system 100 may be referred to as a CDMA system.

A communication link that facilitates transmission from the AP 104 to one or more of the STAs 106 may be referred to as a downlink (DL) 108, and a communication link that facilitates transmission from one or more of the STAs 106 to the AP 104 may be referred to as an uplink (UL) 110. Alternatively, a downlink 108 may be referred to as a forward link or a forward channel, and an uplink 110 may be referred to as a reverse link or a reverse channel.

The AP 104 may act as a base station and provide wireless communication coverage in a basic service area (BSA) 102. The AP 104 along with the STAs 106 associated with the AP 104 and that use the AP 104 for communication may be referred to as a basic service set (BSS). It should be noted that the wireless communication system 100 may not have a central AP 104, but rather may function as a peer-to-peer network between the STAs 106. Accordingly, the functions of the AP 104 described herein may alternatively be performed by one or more of the STAs 106.

FIG. 2 illustrates various components that may be utilized in a wireless device 202 that may be employed within the wireless communication system 100. The wireless device 202 is an example of a device that may be configured to implement the various methods described herein. For example, the wireless device 202 may comprise the AP 104 or one of the STAs 106 of FIG. 1.

The wireless device 202 may include a processor 204 which controls operation of the wireless device 202. The processor 204 may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU). Memory 206, which may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), provides instructions and data to the processor 204. A portion of the memory 206 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). The processor 204 typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on program instructions stored within the memory 206. The instructions in the memory 206 may be executable to implement the methods described herein.

When the wireless device 202 is implemented or used as a transmitting node, the processor 204 may be configured to select one of a plurality of packet formats, and to generate a packet having that format. For example, the processor 204 may be configured to data packets, as discussed in further detail below.

When the wireless device 202 is implemented or used as a receiving node, the processor 204 may be configured to process packets.

The processor 204 may comprise or be a component of a processing system implemented with one or more processors. The one or more processors may be implemented with any combination of general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate array (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information.

The processing system may also include machine-readable media for storing software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean any type of instructions, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code). The instructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processing system to perform the various functions described herein.

The wireless device 202 may also include a housing 208 that may include a transmitter 210 and/or a receiver 212 to allow transmission and reception of data between the wireless device 202 and a remote location. The transmitter 210 and receiver 212 may be combined into a transceiver 214. An antenna 216 may be attached to the housing 208 and electrically coupled to the transceiver 214. The wireless device 202 may also include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, multiple transceivers, and/or multiple antennas.

The transmitter 210 may be configured to wirelessly transmit packets and/or signals. For example, the transmitter 210 may be configured to transmit different types of packets generated by the processor 204, discussed above.

The receiver 212 may be configured to wirelessly receive packets and/or signals.

The wireless device 202 may also include a signal detector 218 that may be used to detect and quantify the level of signals received by the transceiver 214. The signal detector 218 may detect such signals as total energy, energy per subcarrier per symbol, power spectral density, and other signals. The wireless device 202 may also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 220 for use in processing signals. The DSP 220 may be configured to generate a packet for transmission. In some aspects, the packet may comprise a physical layer data unit (PPDU).

The wireless device 202 may further comprise a user interface 222 in some aspects. The user interface 222 may comprise a keypad, a microphone, a speaker, and/or a display. The user interface 222 may include any element or component that conveys information to a user of the wireless device 202 and/or receives input from the user.

The various components of the wireless device 202 may be coupled together by a bus system 226. The bus system 226 may include a data bus, for example, as well as a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus. The components of the wireless device 202 may be coupled together or accept or provide inputs to each other using some other mechanism.

Although a number of separate components are illustrated in FIG. 2, one or more of the components may be combined or commonly implemented. For example, the processor 204 may be used to implement not only the functionality described above with respect to the processor 204, but also to implement the functionality described above with respect to the signal detector 218 and/or the DSP 220. Further, each of the components illustrated in FIG. 2 may be implemented using a plurality of separate elements. Furthermore, the processor 204 may be used to implement any of the components, modules, circuits, or the like described, or each may be implemented using a plurality of separate elements.

For ease of reference in this disclosure, when the wireless device 202 is configured as a transmitting node, it may hereinafter be referred to as a wireless device 202t. Similarly, when the wireless device 202 is configured as a receiving node, it may hereinafter be referred to as a wireless device 202r. A device in the wireless communication system 100 of FIG. 1 may implement only functionality of a transmitting node, only functionality of a receiving node, or functionality of both a transmitting node and a receive node.

Wireless device 202r and/or wireless device 202t may perform channel estimates to gather channel state information (CSI), which may include channel properties, about a communication link between the wireless device 202t and the wireless device 202r. The CSI may describe how a signal propagates from the wireless device 202t to the wireless device 202r. The CSI allows the devices to adapt transmissions to the current channel conditions to increase transmission performance.

Signals transmitted from the wireless device 202t to the wireless device 202r may be subject to the Doppler Effect. In particular, transmissions may be subject to a frequency shift, which may be the mean (average) of the Doppler spread of the transmission. Further, the transmissions may be subject to random frequency spread, which may be the variance of the Doppler spread. Based on this Doppler Effect, channel estimates of the communication link between the wireless device 202t and the wireless device 202r may change beyond tolerance levels quickly (e.g., within a few milliseconds). To reduce the performance loss due to the Doppler Effect, systems, methods, and devices discussed herein can be utilized.

The wireless device 202t of FIG. 3 may comprise a modulator 302 configured to modulate bits for transmission. For example, the modulator 302 may determine a plurality of symbols from bits received from the processor 204 (FIG. 2) or the user interface 222 (FIG. 2), for example by mapping bits to a plurality of symbols according to a constellation. The bits may correspond to user data or to control information. In some aspects, the bits are received in codewords. In one aspect, the modulator 302 comprises a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) modulator, for example a 16-QAM modulator or a 64-QAM modulator. In other aspects, the modulator 302 comprises a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulator or a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulator.

The wireless device 202t may further comprise a transform module 304 configured to convert symbols or otherwise modulated bits from the modulator 302 into a time domain. In FIG. 3, the transform module 304 is illustrated as being implemented by an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) module. In some implementations, there may be multiple transform modules (not shown) that transform units of data of different sizes. In some implementations, the transform module 304 may be itself configured to transform units of data of different sizes. For example, the transform module 304 may be configured with a plurality of modes, and may use a different number of points to convert the symbols in each mode. For example, the IFFT may have a mode where 32 points are used to convert symbols being transmitted over 32 tones (i.e., subcarriers) into a time domain, and a mode where 64 points are used to convert symbols being transmitted over 64 tones into a time domain. The number of points used by the transform module 304 may be referred to as the size of the transform module 304.

In FIG. 3, the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 are illustrated as being implemented in the DSP 320. In some aspects, however, one or both of the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 are implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202 (e.g., see description above with reference to FIG. 2).

As discussed above, the DSP 320 may be configured to generate a data unit for transmission. In some aspects, the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 may be configured to generate a data unit comprising a plurality of fields including control information and a plurality of data symbols. The fields including the control information may comprise one or more training fields, for example, and one or more signal (SIG) fields. Each of the training fields may include a known sequence of bits or symbols. Each of the SIG fields may include information about the data unit, for example a description of a length or data rate of the data unit.

In some aspects, the DSP 320 is configured to insert one or more training fields between a plurality of data symbols. The DSP 320 may determine a position or location of the one or more training fields in the data unit based on information received from the processor 204 (FIG. 2), and/or stored in the memory 206 (FIG. 2) or in a portion of the DSP 320. Inserting the training fields in the data unit will be discussed in additional detail.

Returning to the description of FIG. 3, the wireless device 202t may further comprise a digital to analog converter 306 configured to convert the output of the transform module into an analog signal. For example, the time-domain output of the transform module 306 may be converted to a baseband OFDM signal by the digital to analog converter 306. The digital to analog converter 306 may be implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2. In some aspects, the digital to analog converter 306 is implemented in the transceiver 214 (FIG. 2) or in a data transmit processor.

The analog signal may be wirelessly transmitted by the transmitter 310. The analog signal may be further processed before being transmitted by the transmitter 310, for example by being filtered or by being upconverted to an intermediate or carrier frequency. In the aspect illustrated in FIG. 3, the transmitter 310 includes a transmit amplifier 308. Prior to being transmit, the analog signal may be amplified by the transmit amplifier 308. In some aspects, the amplifier 308 comprises a low noise amplifier (LNA).

The transmitter 310 is configured to transmit one or more packets or data units in a wireless signal based on the analog signal. The data units may be generated using the processor 204 (FIG. 2) and/or the DSP 320, for example using the modulator 302 and the transform module 304 as discussed above. Data units that may be generated and transmitted as discussed above are described in additional detail in this disclosure.

In some aspects, the transmitter 310 is configured to transmit the data units over a bandwidth of approximately 2.5 MHz or 1.25 MHz, or lower. When using such bandwidths, transmission of the data unit may be performed over a relatively lengthy period of time. For example, a data unit composed of 500 bytes may be transmitted over a period of approximately 11 milliseconds. Such transmission is approximately sixteen times slower than comparable transmissions implemented pursuant to the 802.11ac standard over bandwidths of approximately 20 MHz.

FIG. 4 illustrates various components that may be utilized in the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 to receive wireless communications. The components illustrated in FIG. 4 may be used, for example, to receive OFDM communications. For example, the components illustrated in FIG. 4 may be used to receive data units transmitted by the components discussed above with respect to FIG. 3.

The receiver 412 of wireless device 202r is configured to receive one or more packets or data units in a wireless signal. Data units that may be received and decoded or otherwise processed as discussed below are described in additional detail in this disclosure.

In some aspects, the receiver 412 is configured to receive the data units over a bandwidth of approximately 2.5 MHz or 1.25 MHz, or lower. When using such bandwidths, reception of the data unit may be performed over a relatively lengthy period of time, for example approximately 11 milliseconds when the data unit is composed of 500 bytes. During this time, the channel over which the data unit is received may be changing. For example, conditions of the channel may change due to movement of the wireless device 202r or of a device transmitting the data unit, or due to weather or other environmental conditions such as the introduction of various obstacles. In such circumstances, information near the end of the data unit may not be correctly decoded if the wireless device 202r uses settings determined when reception of the data unit began. As described in additional detail below, however, the wireless device 202r may use the training fields interposed between the plurality of data symbols to form an updated estimate of the channel in order to properly decode one or more of the data symbols.

In the aspect illustrated in FIG. 4, the receiver 412 includes a receive amplifier 401. The receive amplifier 401 may be configured to amplify the wireless signal received by the receiver 412. In some aspects, the receiver 412 is configured to adjust the gain of the receive amplifier 401 using an automatic gain control (AGC) procedure. In some aspects, the automatic gain control uses information in one or more received training fields, such as a received short training field (STF), for example, to adjust the gain. Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand methods for performing AGC. In some aspects, the amplifier 401 comprises an LNA.

The wireless device 202r may comprise an analog to digital converter 410 configured to convert the amplified wireless signal from the receiver 410 into a digital representation thereof. Further to being amplified, the wireless signal may be processed before being converted by the digital to analog converter 410, for example by being filtered or downconverted to an intermediate or baseband frequency. The analog to digital converter 410 may be implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202 (FIG. 2). In some aspects, the analog to digital converter 410 is implemented in a transceiver or in a data receive processor.

The wireless device 202r may further comprise a transform module 404 configured to convert the representation of the wireless signal into a frequency spectrum. In FIG. 4, the transform module 404 is illustrated as being implemented by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module. In some aspects, the transform module may identify a symbol for each point that it uses. As described above with reference to transform module 304 of FIG. 3, the transform module 404 may be configured with a plurality of modes, and may use a different number of points to convert the signal in each mode. For example, the transform module 404 may have a mode where 32 points are used to convert a signal received over 32 tones into a frequency spectrum, and a mode where 64 points are used to convert a signal received over 64 tones into a frequency spectrum. The number of points used by the transform module 404 may be referred to as the size of the transform module 404. In some aspects, the transform module 404 may identify a symbol for each point that it uses.

The wireless device 202r may further comprise a channel estimator and equalizer 405 configured to form an estimate of the channel over which the data unit is received, and to remove certain effects of the channel based on the channel estimate. For example, the channel estimator may be configured to approximate a function of the channel, and the channel equalizer may be configured to apply an inverse of that function to the data in the frequency spectrum.

In some aspects, the channel estimator and equalizer 405 uses information in one or more received training fields, such as a long training field (LTF) for example, to estimate the channel. The channel estimate may be formed based on one or more LTFs received at the beginning of the data unit. This channel estimate may thereafter be used to equalize data symbols that follow the one or more LTFs. After a certain period of time or after a certain number of data symbols, one or more additional LTFs may be received in the data unit. The channel estimate may be updated or a new estimate formed using the additional LTFs. This new or updated channel estimate may be used to equalize data symbols that follow the additional LTFs. In some aspects, the new or updated channel estimate is used to re-equalize data symbols preceding the additional LTFs. Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand methods for forming a channel estimate.

The wireless device 202r may further comprise a demodulator 406 configured to demodulate the equalized data. For example, the demodulator 406 may determine a plurality of bits from symbols output by the transform module 404 and the channel estimator and equalizer 405, for example by reversing a mapping of bits to a symbol in a constellation. The bits may be processed or evaluated by the processor 204 (FIG. 2), or used to display or otherwise output information to the user interface 222 (FIG. 2). In this way, data and/or information may be decoded. In some aspects, the bits correspond to codewords. In one aspect, the demodulator 406 comprises a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) demodulator, for example a 16-QAM demodulator or a 64-QAM demodulator. In other aspects, the demodulator 406 comprises a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) demodulator or a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) demodulator.

In FIG. 4, the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406 are illustrated as being implemented in the DSP 420. In some aspects, however, one or more of the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406 are implemented in the processor 204 or in another element of the wireless device 202 (e.g., see description above with reference to FIG. 2).

As discussed above, the wireless signal received at the receiver 412 comprises one or more data units. Using the functions or components described above, the data units or data symbols therein may be decoded evaluated or otherwise evaluated or processed. For example, the processor 204 (FIG. 2) and/or the DSP 420 may be used to decode data symbols in the data units using the transform module 404, the channel estimator and equalizer 405, and the demodulator 406.

Data units exchanged by the AP 104 and the STA 106 may include control information or data, as discussed above. At the physical (PHY) layer, these data units may be referred to as physical layer protocol data units (PPDUs). In some aspects, a PPDU may be referred to as a packet or physical layer packet. Each PPDU may comprise a preamble and a payload. The preamble may include training fields and a SIG field. The payload may comprise a Media Access Control (MAC) header or data for other layers, and/or user data, for example. The payload may be transmitted using one or more data symbols. The systems, methods, and devices herein may utilize data units with training fields that are also interposed between data symbols in the payload.

The wireless device 202t shown in FIG. 3 shows an example of a single transmit chain to be transmitted over an antenna. The wireless device 202r shown in FIG. 4 shows an example of a single receive chain to be received over an antenna. In some implementations, the wireless devices 202t and 202r may implement a portion of a MIMO system using multiple antennas to simultaneously transmit data.

FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of a MIMO system that may be implemented in wireless devices such as the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 to transmit and receive wireless communications. The MIMO system may make use of some or all of the components described with reference to FIG. 3. Bits for transmission that are to be received at an output of the receiver are provided to an encoder 504. The encoder 504 may apply a forward error correcting (FEC) code on the bit stream. The FEC code may be a block code, a convolutional code, or the like. The encoded bits are provided to an interleaving system 505 that distributes the encoded bits into N transmit streams.

The interleaving system 505 includes a stream parser 506 that parses an input bit stream from the encoder 504 to N spatial stream interleavers 508a, 508b, and 508n (collectively interleaver 508). The stream parser 506 may be provided with the number of spatial streams and parse bits on a round-robin basis. Other parsing functions may also be used. One parsing function that may be used is k_n=N_TX*k+n (i.e., round-robin with one bit per spatial stream, then on to the next spatial stream where k_nis the input bit index and N_TXis the number of transmitters/spatial streams). Another more general function f(k,n) may also be used, for example, sending two bits to a spatial stream, then moving on to the next spatial stream. Each interleaver 508a, 508b, and 508n may each thereafter distribute bits so that errors may be recovered due to fading or other channel conditions.

Each transmit stream may then be modulated by a modulator 502a, 502b, or 502n. As described above with reference to FIG. 3, the bits may be modulated using modulation techniques such as QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) modulation, BPSK (mapping one bit at a time), 16-QAM (mapping group of six bits), 64-QAM, and the like. The modulated bits for each stream may be provided to transform modules 510a, 510b, and 510n. In some implementations, the transform modules 510a, 510b, and 510n may perform an inverse discrete time fourier transform (IDFT) to convert the modulated bits from a frequency domain into a time domain. The transform modules 510a, 510b, and 510n may operate according to different modes as described above with reference to FIG. 3. For example, the transform modules 510a, 510b, and 510n may be configured to operate according to a 32 point mode or a 64 point mode. In some implementations, the modulated bits may be encoded using space time block coding (STBC) and spatial mapping may be performed before being provided to transform modules 510a, 510b, and 510n. After the modulated bits have been converted into time domain signals for each spatial stream, the time domain signal may be converted into an analog signal via converters 512a, 512b, and 512n as described above with reference to FIG. 3. The signals may then be transmitted using transmitters 514a, 514b, and 514c and using antennas 516a, 516b, or 516n, into a wireless radio space over a desired frequency bandwidth (e.g., 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz, or higher).

In some embodiments, antennas 516a, 516b, and 516n are distinct and spatially separated antennas. In other embodiments, distinct signals may be combined into different polarizations off of fewer than N antennas. An example of this is where spatial rotation or spatial spreading is done and multiple spatial streams are mapped on a single antenna. Further, distinct spatial streams can be organized in different manners. For example, a transmit antenna may carry data from more than one spatial stream or several transmit antennas may carry data from a spatial stream. For example, consider the case of a transmitter with four transmit antennas and two spatial streams. Each spatial stream can be mapped onto two transmit antennas, so two antennas are carrying data from just one spatial stream.

FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary MIMO system that may be implemented in wireless devices such as the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 to receive wireless communications. The MIMO system may make use of some or all of the components described with reference to FIG. 4. The wireless device 202r may be configured to receive transmissions from the antennas 516a, 516b, and 516n of FIG. 5. A wireless device 202r receives signals from the channel at N antennas 518a, 518b, and 518n or 618a, 618b, and 618n (counting separate polarizations, as appropriate) coupled to N receive circuits. The signals are then provided to receivers 620a, 620b, and 620n that each may include an amplifier configured to amplify the received signals. The signals may then be converted into a digital form via converters 622a, 622b, and 622n.

Converted signals may then be converted into a frequency spectrum via transform modules 624a, 624b, and 624n. As described above, the transform modules 624a, 624b, and 624n may operate according to various modes and according to the size and bandwidth used (e.g., 32 point 64 point, etc.). The transformed signals may be provided to respective channel estimator and equalizer blocks 626a, 626b, and 626n that may function similarly as described above with reference to FIG. 4. After channel estimation, the outputs may be provided to a MIMO detector 628 (e.g., corresponding to MIMO detector 528 of FIG. 5) which may thereafter provide its output to demodulators 630a, 630b, and 630n which may demodulate the bits according to one of the modulation techniques as described above. Demodulated bits may then be provided to deinterleavers 632a, 632b, and 632n which may pass bits into a stream de-parser 634 which may provide the bits into a single bit stream into a decoder 636 (e.g., corresponding to decoder 536 of FIG. 5) that may decode the bits into an appropriate data stream.

As described above, data units exchanged by the AP 104 and the STA 106 may include control information or data in the form of physical (PHY) layer packets or physical layer protocol data units (PPDUs).

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble 702 and payload 710 of a physical layer packet 700. The preamble 702 may include a short training field (STF) 704 that includes an STF sequence of known values. In some aspects, the STF may be used for packet detection (e.g., to detect the start of a packet) and for coarse time/frequency estimation. The STF sequence may be optimized to have a low PAPR and include a subset of non-zero tones with a particular periodicity. The STF 704 may span one or multiple OFDM symbols. In some aspects, the preamble 702 may include a long training field (LTF) 706 that may span one or multiple OFDM symbols and may include one or more LTF sequences of known non-zero values. The LTF may be used for channel estimation, fine time/frequency estimation, and mode detection. Further, in some aspects, the preamble 702 may include a signal field (SIG) 708 as described above that may include a number of bits or values used in one aspect for mode detection purposes and determination of transmission parameters.

Certain implementations described herein may be directed to wireless communication systems that may be used for smart metering or in a smart grid network. These wireless communication systems may be used to provide sensor applications or in home automation. Wireless devices used in such systems may instead or in addition be used in a healthcare context, for example, for personal healthcare. They may also be used for surveillance, to enable extended-range Internet connectivity (e.g., for use with hotspots), or to implement machine-to-machine communications. Accordingly, some implementations may use low data rates such as approximately 150 Kbps. Implementations may further have increased link budget gains (e.g., around 20 dB) over other wireless communications such as 802.11b. In accordance with low data rates, if wireless nodes are configured for use in a home environment, certain aspects may be directed to implementations with good in-home coverage without power amplification. Furthermore, certain aspects may be directed to single-hop networking without using a MESH protocol. In addition, certain implementations may result in significant outdoor coverage improvement with power amplification over other wireless protocols. Furthermore, certain aspects may be directed to implementations that may accommodate large outdoor delay-spread and reduced sensitivity to Doppler. Certain implementations may achieve similar LO accuracy as traditional WiFi.

Accordingly, certain implementations are directed to transmitting and receiving wireless signals in sub-gigahertz bands. In one aspect, this may result in a propagation gain of, for example, 8.5 dB (e.g., available due to 900 MHz vs. 2.4 GHz). In another aspect, obstruction loss may be reduced by using sub-gigahertz signal which may result in, for example, a 3 dB gain.

Certain implementations are further directed to sending wireless signals with low bandwidths in sub-gigahertz bands. This may further allow achieving greater link budget gains over other wireless communication systems. For example, in one implementation, a symbol may be configured to be transmitted or received using a bandwidth of 1 MHz. The wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 may be configured to operate in one of several modes. In one mode, symbols such as OFDM symbols may be transmitted or received using a bandwidth of 1 MHz. In another mode, symbols may be transmitted or received using a bandwidth of 2 MHz. Additional modes may also be provided for transmitting or receiving symbols using a bandwidth of 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and the like. The bandwidth may also be referred to as the channel width.

Each mode may use a different number of tones/subcarriers for transmitting the information. For example, in one implementation, a 1 MHz mode (corresponding to transmitting or receiving symbols using a bandwidth of 1 MHz) may use 32 tones. In one aspect, using a 1 MHz mode may provide for a 13 dB noise reduction as compared to a bandwidth such as 20 MHz. In addition, low rate techniques may be used to overcome effects such as frequency diversity losses due to a lower bandwidth which could result in 4-5 dB losses depending on channel conditions. To generate/evaluate symbols sent or received using 32 tones, a transform module 304 or 404 as described in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be configured to use a 32 point mode (e.g., a 32 point IFFT or FFT). The 32 tones may be allocated as data tones, pilot tones, guard tones, and a DC tone. In one implementation, 24 tones may be allocated as data tones, 2 tones may be allocated as pilot tones, five tones may be allocated as guard tones, and 1 tone may be reserved for the DC tone. In this implementation, the symbol duration may be configured to be 40 μs including cyclic prefix.

For example, a wireless device 202t of FIG. 3 may be configured to generate a packet for transmission via a wireless signal using a bandwidth of 1 MHz. In one aspect, the bandwidth may be approximately 1 MHz where approximately 1 MHz may be within a range of 0.8 MHz to 1.2 MHz. The packet may be formed of one or more OFDM symbols having 32 tones allocated as described using a DSP 320 (FIG. 3). A transform module 304 (FIG. 3) in a transmit chain may be configured as an IFFT module operating according to a thirty-two point mode to convert the packet into a time domain signal. A transmitter 310 (FIG. 3) may then be configured to transmit the packet.

Likewise, a wireless device 202r of FIG. 4 may be configured to receive the packet over a bandwidth of 1 MHz. In one aspect, the bandwidth may be approximately 1 MHz where approximately 1 MHz may be within a range of 0.8 MHz to 1.2 MHz. The wireless device 202r may include a DSP 420 (FIG. 4) including a transform module 404 (FIG. 4) in a receive chain that may be configured as an FFT module operating according to a thirty-two point mode to transform the time domain signal into a frequency spectrum. A DSP 420 may be configured to evaluate the packet. The 1 MHz mode may support a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for both a low data rate and a “normal” rate. According to some implementations, the preamble 702 may be designed for a low rate mode that offers reliable detection and improved channel estimation as will be further described below. Each mode may be configured to use a corresponding preamble configured to optimize transmissions for the mode and desired characteristics.

In addition to a 1 MHz mode, a 2 MHz mode may additionally be available that may be used to transmit and receive symbols using 64 tones. In one implementation, the 64 tones may be allocated as 52 data tones, 4 pilot tones, 1 DC tone, and 7 guard tones. As such, a transform module 304 or 404 of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be configured to operate according to a 64 point mode when transmitting or receiving 2 MHz symbols. The symbol duration may also be 40 μs including cyclic prefix. Additional modes with different bandwidths (e.g., 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz) may be provided that may use transform modules 304 or 404 operating in modes of corresponding different sizes (e.g., 128 point FFT, 256 point FFT, 512 point FFT, etc.). In addition, each of the modes described above may be configured additionally according to both a single user mode and a multi user mode. Wireless signals using bandwidths less than or equal to 2 MHz may provide various advantages for providing wireless nodes that are configured to meet global regulatory constraints over a broad range of bandwidth, power, and channel limitations.

In some aspects, the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 is configured to operate according to several wireless standards, for example, according to one of the 802.11 standards. In this configuration, the wireless device 202 may have a mode for operating in a 20 MHz channel width in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band, as well as a mode for operating in a 40 MHz channel width in the 2.4 GHz band. In another aspect, the wireless device 202 is configured to operate pursuant to the 802.11ac standard. In this configuration, the wireless device 202 has a mode for operating in each of a 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz channel width. Generally, the transform module 304 or 404 may use 64 tones when the wireless device 202 is operating in the 20 MHz band, may use 128 tones when the wireless device 202 is operating in the 40 MHz band, and may use 256 tones when the wireless device 202 is operating in the 80 MHz band.

In some aspects, a controller (e.g., such as processor 204 or DSP 220 of FIG. 2) is configured to adjust operation of the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 so as to operate in a sub-gigahertz band as described above. In one implementation, to operate according to a mode such as 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, etc. as described above, a controller may be configured to downclock one or more of the components in the wireless device 202 such that the wireless device 202 will operate in a 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, or 16 MHz. In addition, the processor 204 may be configured to downclock operation of one or more of the components in the wireless device 202 such that the wireless device 202 will operate in modes corresponding to using bandwidths of 5 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 1.25 MHz, and/or 0.625 MHz channel width. During such downclocked operation, the number of tones used by the transform module 304 or 404 may remain the same in some aspects.

Downclocking operation of the wireless device 202 may comprise operating one or more of the components illustrated in FIG. 2 at a reduced clock rate. For example, the downclocking may comprise operating the processor 204, the signal detector 218, the DSP 220, and/or any other digital signal circuitry at a lower rate, for example by adjusting, modifying, or assigning the timing settings of one or more of these components. In some aspects, the downclocked operation is performed in response to a command from the processor 204. In some aspects, the processor 204 provides a clock signal which is reduced in comparison to a clock signal used when operating in the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, or 80 MHz channel width.

In some aspects, the processor 204 is configured to cause the operation of the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 to be downclocked by a factor of 10 (e.g., by 10×). In such configuration, operation in the 20 MHz channel width will be downclocked to operation in a 2 MHz channel width, and operation in the 40 MHz channel width will be downclocked to operation in a 4 MHz channel width. Furthermore, operation in the 80 MHz channel width will be downclocked to operation in an 8 MHz channel width, and operation in the 160 MHz channel width will be downclocked to operation in a 16 MHz channel width.

Similarly as described above, in one aspect, when a 1 MHz bandwidth for transmission or reception of OFDM symbols is used, a 32 point transform module 304 or 404 may be used. In this case, tones may be allocated as 24 data tones, 2 pilot tones, 5 guard tones, and a DC tone. In another aspect, when a 2 MHz bandwidth for transmission or reception of OFDM symbols is used, a 64 point transform module 304 or 404 may be used. In this case, tones may be allocated as 52 data tones, 4 pilot tones, 7 guard tones, and a DC tone. In yet another aspect, when a 4 MHz bandwidth for transmission or reception of OFDM symbols is used, a 64 point transform module 304 or 404 of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be used. In this case tones may be allocated as 108 data tones, 6 pilot tones, 11 guard tones, and three DC tones. In yet a further aspect, when a 8 MHz bandwidth for transmission or reception of OFDM symbols is used, a 256 point transform module 304 or 404 may be used. In this case tones may be allocated as 234 data tones, 8 pilot tones, 11 guard tones, and three DC tones. Accordingly, the spacing between tones for these bandwidths may be 31.25 KHz. In addition, the symbol duration may be 40 μs including a cyclic prefix of either 4 μs (for short cyclic prefixes) or 8 μs (for long cyclic prefixes). A longer cyclic prefix may be used to accommodate outdoor delay spreads. Furthermore, large symbol durations may be needed to keep cyclic prefix overhead manageable.

In some aspects, the amount by which operation of the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 is downclocked is predetermined For example, the downclocking factor may be stored in the memory 206, and loaded at startup of the wireless device 202. In such configuration, the processor 204 may cause the wireless device 202 to operate in a downclocked mode according to the predetermined or loaded downclocking factor.

In some aspects, the amount by which operation of the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 is downclocked at any given time may be determined in situ. For example, the signal detector 218 may determine a downclocking factor from a beacon or pilot received by the receiver 212. In some aspects, this factor is determined at startup of the device, or when connecting to the network for the first time. In some aspects, a new factor is determined during handoff of the wireless device 202 or each time the wireless device 202 connects to a new network. In some aspects, a predetermined factor may be modified or updated based on a received signal, such as based on a received beacon or pilot. In this way, the wireless device 202 may operate in different bandwidths pursuant to a location of the device or a network to which the device is connecting, for example. The processor 204 may cause the wireless device 202 to operate in a downclocked mode according to the determined downclocking factor.

In some aspects, the wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 is permanently configured to operate in the downclocked mode. For example, the components of the wireless device 202 may be hardwired or have firmware installed therein that causes the device to always perform downclocked operation. In such aspects, the wireless device 202 may be incapable of communicating in the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz channel widths. Further, the factor of downclocking may be fixed in such aspects. For example, the components may be manufactured and/or installed so as to implement only the fixed downclocking factor. In other aspects, the wireless device may be operated in any of the 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz channel widths, or may be selectively downclocked by the processor 204 to operate in the 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4, MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz channel width.

In some implementations, when transmitting in a sub-gigahertz range (e.g., 900 MHz), a repetition mode may be used where repetition coding is implemented. A repetition mode may allow for accurate transmission over long distances without sacrificing too much preamble overhead. In some implementations 2× repetition encoding may be used. For example, repetition encoding may allow for as little as 105 dB of pathloss to provide good in-home coverage. When using a wireless sensor network, without repetition coding, customers may have to install higher-power sensors in difficult to reach places. It may not be practical to sell two types of sensors (sensors for “easy to reach places” versus “difficult to reach places”). Furthermore, high-power sensors may not be able to work with low power batteries (e.g., coin-cell batteries) due to peak current drain. Alternatively, without repetition, multiple APs could be installed. However, choosing location and configuration of the APs could be non-trivial for an average consumer. As such, repetition coding may provide various advantages for certain implementations for low data rate applications such as sensor networks.

As an example, in one aspect BPSK rate ½ coding may be used with 4× repetition yielding 94 Kbps. In another aspect, BPSK rate ½ coding may be used with 2× repetition yielding 188 Kbps. In yet another aspect, BPSK rate ½ coding may be used yielding 375 Kbps. In a further aspect, 64 QAM rate ¾ coding may be used resulting in 3.75 Mbps.

In some implementations, the 1 MHz mode and the 2 MHz mode may be required and configured to be interoperable. Using two required modes may avoid issues where devices could be configured for some regulatory regions but may not work for other regulatory regions and may allow for devices to have more options if regulatory constraints change allowing for less restrictive communications. Higher bandwidths (e.g., 8 MHz) may be used for cellular offload.

With reference to FIG. 7, when transmitting packets in sub-gigahertz bands with bandwidths as described above, the preamble 702 may be designed to have robust mode detection in an early state of the preamble to detect between different modes. The preamble 702 may further be optimized to minimize overhead and provide adequate coexistence of devices transmitting using the 1 MHz mode and devices transmitting using greater than or equal to 2 MHz modes. The preamble 702 may be designed to have robust mode detection in an early state of the preamble to detect between 1 MHz transmissions (32 pt FFT) and 2 MHz transmissions (64 pt FFT). The physical layer packet 700 may be generated for transmission for different data rates to allow in one aspect for transmission of data over greater distances. For example, the physical layer packet 700 may be generated for a low data rate along with another “normal” data rate as described above.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble 802a and payload 810a of a physical layer packet 800a for transmission over a bandwidth of substantially 1 MHz according to certain implementations. The physical layer packet 800a may be generated using a transform module 304 (FIG. 3) that is configured according to a 32 point FFT mode for transmitting an OFDM symbol with 32 tones as described above.

The preamble 802a may include a short training field (STF) 804a. The STF 804a may include a sequence of known values with a subset of non-zero values corresponding to a subset of non-zero tones with a particularly chosen periodicity. The periodicity of the non-zero tones may be the same as used for STF sequences used in higher bandwidths such as 2 MHz. In some implementations, the STF field 804a may be boosted, such as by 3 dB for repetition coding. The STF 804a may be sent over four OFDM symbols where each symbol repeats a known STF sequence.

The preamble 802a may include a long training field (LTF) 806a. The LTF 806a may be formed of four OFDM symbols and may include an LTF sequence transmitted in each symbol. The LTF sequences may be formed of known non-zero values corresponding to non-zero tones for all pilot and data tones. In some implementations, the LTF sequences may therefore include 26 non-zero values.

The preamble 802a may include a signaling field (SIG) 808a. In some implementations, the SIG field 808a may be repetition coded or 2× repetition coded. The physical layer packet 800a may further include the payload 810a that may be generated using 24 tones in each OFDM symbol allocated for data. The preamble 802a may be used for generating either a low rate or a normal rate 1 MHz transmission. The preamble 802a may be used according to a single user mode.

As described above, the SIG field 808a for a 1 MHz mode may be two symbols. In one implementation, the entries into the SIG field 808a may correspond to the entries shown in Table 1 below. As such, the SIG field 808a may include 36 bits. The SIG field 808a may be coded at BPSK-rate ½ repetition 2×.

TABLE 1

Field
Bits
Description

Space Time
1
May indicate whether Space Time Block Coding

Coding Block

is used

Number of
2

Spatial Streams

Short Guard
1

Interval

Coding
2
1^stbit may be coding type (LDPC/BCC) while

2^ndbit may be for LDPC N_symambiguity

Modulation
4

Coding

Scheme (MCS)

Aggregation
1
Signals use of AMPDU

Bit

Length
9
My be in symbols when aggregation is on or in

bytes when aggregation is off. An AMPDU may

be required for packet sizes greater than 511

bytes

Reserved
6
May be used for MAC bits

CRC
4

Tail
6
May be needed for BCC but could be less bits

FIG. 8B is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble 802b and payload 810b of a physical layer packet 800b for transmission over a bandwidth of substantially 2 MHz according to a single user mode. The physical layer packet 800b may be generated using a transform module 304 (FIG. 3) that is configured according to a 64 point FFT mode for transmitting an OFDM symbol with 64 tones as described above.

The preamble 802b may include a short training field (STF) 804b. The STF 804b may include a sequence of known values with a subset of non-zero values corresponding to a subset of non-zero tones over 64 tones with a determined periodicity. The periodicity of the non-zero tones may be the same as used for STF sequences used for 1 MHz transmissions. The preamble 802b may further include a long training field (LTF) 806b. The LTF 806b may be formed of two OFDM symbols and may include LTF sequences transmitted in each symbol. The LTF sequences may comprise non-zero values corresponding to non-zero tones for all pilot and data tones. The LTF sequences may therefore include 56 non-zero values in some implementations. The preamble 802b may further include a signaling field (SIG) 808b. The SIG field 808b may be formed from two OFDM symbols. The two OFDM symbols of the SIG field 808b may each be QBPSK rotated. If more than one spatial streams are being used, the preamble 802b may include additional long training fields (LTFs) 816b for each of the additional spatial streams being used (e.g., as the LTF 804b may correspond to the first spatial stream if there are more than one). The physical layer packet 800b may further include the payload 810b that may be generated using 52 tones in each OFDM symbol allocated for data. The preamble 802b may be used according to a single user mode.

FIG. 8C is a block diagram showing an example structure of a preamble 802c and payload 810c of a physical layer packet 800c for transmission over a bandwidth of 2 MHz according to a multi-user mode. As described above with reference to FIG. 8B, the physical layer packet 800c may be generated using a transform module 304 (FIG. 3) that is configured according to a 64 point FFT mode for transmitting an OFDM symbol with 64 tones.

The preamble 802c may include a short training field (STF) 804c. The STF 804c may include a sequence of known values with a subset of non-zero values corresponding to a subset of non-zero tones over 64 tones with a determined periodicity. The periodicity of the non-zero tones may be the same as used for STF sequences used for 1 MHz transmissions. The preamble 802c may further include a long training field (LTF) 806c. The LTF 806c may be formed of two OFDM symbols and may include LTF sequences transmitted in each symbol. The LTF sequences may comprise non-zero values corresponding to non-zero tones for all pilot and data tones. The LTF sequences may therefore include 56 non-zero values according to some implementations. The preamble 802c may further include a signaling field (SIG) 808c. The SIG field 808c may be formed from two OFDM symbols. The first of the two OFDM symbols of the SIG field 808c may be QBPSK rotated. In one aspect, this allows for the receiver to detect whether the packet 800c is multi-user mode packet or a single user mode packet based on whether only one of the SIG field symbols is QBPSK rotated. The preamble 802c may further include a very high throughput short training field (VHT-STF) 814c. The VHT-STF 814c may correspond to a VHT-STF used for IEEE 802.11ac transmissions. The preamble 802c may further include one or more very high throughput long training fields (VHT-LTFs) 816c corresponding to each spatial stream being used. The VHT-LTFs 816c may correspond to VHT-LTFs used for IEEE 802.11ac transmissions. The preamble 802c may further include a very high throughput signal field (VHT-SIG-B) 818c. The VHT-SIG-B 818c may correspond to the VHT-SIG-B used for IEE 802.11ac transmissions. The physical layer packet 800c may further include the payload 810c that may be generated using 52 tones in each OFDM symbol allocated for data. The preamble 802c may be used according to a multi-user mode.

Differentiating between a 32 point mode (i.e., 1 MHz) and a 64 point mode (2 MHz) may be done by using an LTF sequence that is orthogonal in frequency across 32 and 64 tone mode, or by detecting the QBPSK rotation on the 1^stSIG symbol.

As described above, a wireless device 202 of FIG. 2 may be configured to generate OFDM symbols for transmission over bandwidths greater than 2 MHz, such as for 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and 32 MHz. In some implementations, when sending OFDM symbols over bandwidths greater than 2 MHz, the SIG field 808b (FIG. 8B) may be duplicated in every 2 MHz segment of the OFDM symbol and may be used to be able to determine the bandwidth of the symbol. As the OFDM symbol for the SIG field may use 52 tones allocated for data, duplication of the SIG field may leave 7 guard tones (3 and 4 tones on the ends of the symbol) for higher bandwidths (4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz).

In some cases, it may be desirable to use additional guard tones for the LTF 806b and/or SIG 808b fields (FIG. 8B). For example, it may be desirable for the 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz preamble symbols to correspond to corresponding symbols used for 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz of 802.11ac transmissions. As one example, the LTF 806b may use the VHT-LTFs for 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz 802.11ac transmissions depending on whether the OFDM symbol is for 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz respectively. As the VHT-LTFs for 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz have 11 guard tones (5/6), using these VHT-LTFs may not provide non-zero values for channel estimation for 2 tones at each edge, for example if the SIG 808b field allocated 52 tones for data. Furthermore, there may be stricter filtering requirements for symbols being transmitted using greater bandwidths (4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz) if the LTF 806b and SIG 808b are transmitted using 52 data tones (i.e., having less guard tones). Duplicating the LTF 806b used for 2 MHz transmissions may inadequately address these issues as the LTF uses 52 non-zero tones, and thus the same guard tone issue remains. As such, an optimized LTF 806b and SIG 808b may be provided for 2, 4, and 8 MHz transmissions. In one aspect, the fields are chosen so as to be able to re-use 20, 40, and 80 MHz LTF sequences used for IEEE 802.11ac packets.

As such, in one implementation, for the 2 MHz packets shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C, the SIG fields 808b and 808c may be transmitted using a different tone allocation than the rest of the fields of the packets 800b and 800c. For example, The SIG fields 808b and 808c may be transmitted using 48 data tones rather than 52 data tones. This may correspond to the tone allocation used for an L-SIG of 802.11a tone allocation. This SIG field 808b and 808c may then be duplicated for each 2 MHz segment for transmissions over 2 MHz. In another implementation, the STFs 804b and 804c, the LTFs 806b and 806c, and the SIG fields 808b and 808c may be generated for transmission using a different tone allocation than the rest of the fields of the packet. For example the STFs 804b and 804c, the LTFs 806b and 806c, and the SIG fields 808b and 808c may be generated for transmission using 48 tones allocated for data.

As described above, the SIG fields 808b and 808c for a 2 MHz mode may use two symbols transmitting up to 52 bits of data. The entries into the SIG fields 808b and 808c may correspond to the entries shown in Table 2 below. The first 26 bits that are un-shaded may correspond to the first symbol while the last 26 bits that are shaded may correspond to the second symbol. It should be appreciated that while 52 bits of data are shown in the table below, however as described above, in some implementations, the SIG fields 808b and 808c may be sent using 48 data tones and as such the SIG field may correspond to 48 bits. In one corresponding implementation, the number of reserved bits shown in Table 2 below may be reduced so that 48 bits are sent or received.

TABLE 2

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a format of a packet 900. The packet 900 may comprise a PPDU for use in the wireless communication system 100 of FIG. 1. The packet 900 includes a preamble 910 and a payload 920. The preamble 910 includes a short training field (STF) 912, a long training field (LTF) 914, and a signal (SIG) field 916. In the aspect illustrated in FIG. 9, the SIG field 916 is referred to as an Omni-SIG. The payload 920 may include user information or data and directly follow the SIG field 916 in the aspect illustrated in FIG. 9.

The STF 912 may comprise one or more sequences. In some aspects, the sequence in the STF 912 is repeated a plurality of times. The STF 912 may be used by the receiver 212 of the wireless device 202r to set or adjust a gain of a receive amplifier. For example, automatic gain control may be performed to set a gain of a low noise amplifier (LNA). The receiver 212 or the wireless device 202r may use the STF 912 to detect a beginning of the packet 900. As shown, the STF 912 may comprise 2 symbols.

The LTF 914 may also comprise one or more sequences. The LTF 914 may be used by the processor 204, the signal detector 218, or the DSP 220 of the wireless device 202r to estimate a channel over which the packet 900 is received, and/or to equalize symbols received in the payload 920. As shown, the LTF 914 may comprise one or two symbols.

The SIG field 916 may comprise information regarding parameters of the packet 900 and the payload 920. For example, the SIG field 916 may indicate a length of the packet 900 or a modulation coding scheme (MCS) of the payload 920. As shown, the SIG field 916 may comprise one or two symbols.

Typically, channel estimation may be performed based on the preamble 910 of the packet 900 received at the wireless device 202r. In particular, the channel estimation may be based on the reception of the training sequences in the LTF 914. However, the duration of the packet 900 may exceed the time for which the channel estimate is valid or usable. Therefore, the channel estimate may not be valid for the entire time period during which the packet 900 is communicated. In one aspect, the wireless device 202t may be configured to insert additional LTFs periodically in the packet 900 during transmission of the packet. The wireless device 202r, accordingly, may be configured to utilize the additional LTFs to perform additional channel estimates to update the CSI of the communication link between the wireless device 202t and the wireless device 202r. In some aspects, the periodicity of inserting additional LTFs may be based on the channel model used for transmitting the packet 900. For example, if the channel estimation is valid for ˜1-2 ms, the additional LTFs may be transmitted every ˜1-2 ms.

In another aspect, the packet 900 may be fragmented into short packets (e.g., PPDUs). The short packets may be of a duration that allows the packet to be transmitted within a period that a channel estimation is valid (e.g., ˜1-2 ms), for instance, when the channel is subject to the Doppler Effect. In one example, the wireless communication system 100 may have a set aggregated media access control (MAC) protocol data unit (A-MPDU) length. This length sets the maximum size of a MAC frame. Therefore, in some aspects, the A-MPDU length is set based a duration that a channel estimation is valid (e.g., ˜1-2 ms), for instance, when the channel is subject to the Doppler Effect. Thus, packet fragments generated may be of a duration that is less than the period that a channel estimation is valid.

In another example, if the wireless communication system 100 of FIG. 1 uses contention-free access scheme for accessing communication channels, there may defined a period of time referred to as a transmit opportunity (TXOP) which is a bounded time interval during which a station can send as many frames of data as possible. Therefore, in some aspects, the TXOP duration is set based on a period that a channel estimation is valid (e.g., ˜1-2 ms), for instance, when the channel is subject to the Doppler Effect. Thus, packets generated may be of a duration that is less than the period that a channel estimation is valid. Setting TXOP instead of A-MPDU length may be beneficial in certain wireless communication systems that use multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) and/or single-user beamforming (SU-BF) because adjusting A-MPDU may merely adjust how many fragments a packet is broken up into while leaving the overall packet length the same. Since in MU-MIMO and SU-BF the precoder may be calculated only once based on CSI feedback, channel estimation updates may not help remove the interference from outdated precoding that would occur for later received packet fragments of the same packet.

In another aspect, travelling pilots, such as those disclosed in the 802.15.4g standard, may be used for channel estimation. For example, rotating pilots may be transmitted across tones (i.e., different frequencies) from symbol to symbol (i.e., time period to time period) to enable 2-D channel estimation once every k symbols, where k is any positive integer. Further, fixed pilots may be used for common phase tracking.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a travelling pilot pattern 1000 that can be transmitted from the wireless device 202r to the wireless device 202t for channel estimation. The pilot pattern 1000 is designed for a 64-pt fast Fourier transform (FFT). However, other pilot patterns may be used, such as pilot patterns for 128-pt and/or 256-pt FFTs. As shown, the pilot pattern 1000 is transmitted over 7 symbols, each symbol including 4 pilot tones, such as pilot tone 1005. The pattern 1000 enables channel estimation for single input multiple output (SIMO) communications when the channel is changing due to the Doppler Effect. For example, based on the 7 symbol length of the pattern 1000, each tone is transmitted in at least two different symbols, allowing for the wireless device 202r receiving the pattern 1000 to have a complete picture of the channel. For example, common phase offset estimation or correction can be made based on the two pilot tones with the same tone index. Further, the pilot tones may be small enough (as shown, 4 tones) for channel interpolation in frequency.

In some aspects, use of the pilot pattern 1000 may be performed in a particular manner to allow for channel estimation for MIMO communications. For example, a scrambling sequence may be applied on the 14 pilot tone indexes shown in FIG. 4 to separate the channel estimates for different transmit antennas used at the wireless device 202t. For example, a length-14 Chu sequence and its cyclic-shifted versions may be used to transmit the 14 pilot tone indexes for each different antenna. Accordingly, for transmission of the 14 pilot tone indexes over a first antenna, the 14 pilot tone indexes may be multiplied by the length-14 Chu sequence. Further, for transmission over a second antenna, the 14 pilot tone indexes may be multiplied by a cyclic-shifted version of the length-14 Chu sequence. Multiplying the tones by a different cyclic-shifted version of the same Chu sequence for different antennas may allow the channel for each antenna to be orthogonal to one another.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example channel estimation procedure 1100 based on the use of scrambling sequences. At block 1105, a pilot pattern, such as the pilot pattern 1000 of FIG. 10, is multiplied by a Chu sequence, such as a length-14 Chu sequence, and transmitted over a first antenna of the wireless device 202t to the wireless device 202r. At block 1110, the pilot pattern is multiplied by a cyclic-shifted version of the Chu sequence and transmitted over a second antenna of the wireless device 202t to the wireless device 202r. Though transmission over two antennas is discussed, the pilot pattern may be sent over additional antennas, such as if the wireless device 202t has more than two antennas. Each antenna may be used to transmit the pilot pattern multiplied by a different cyclic-shifted version of the Chu sequence. Continuing, at block 1115, the wireless device 202r receives the scrambled pilot patterns transmitted by the wireless device 202t. Further, at block 1120, the wireless device 202r multiplies the received scrambled pilot patterns by the conjugate of each of the Chu sequences to obtain a frequency domain output. Continuing, at block 1125, the frequency domain output is transformed to the time domain and windows are applied to the time domain output with different chip delays to determine the time domain channel responses from the different transmit antennas. Further, at block 1130, a FFT is applied to the determined time domain channel responses to return to the frequency domain and obtain the pilot tones, such as pilot tone 1005 of FIG. 10, for each of the antennas.

In another aspect, data-aided channel tracking may be used to correct for the Doppler Effect. For example, LTF based channel estimation may be used to estimate the CSI for the communication link between the wireless device 202t and the wireless device 202r. Further, data-aided channel tracking for 1 partial stream (1ss) may be used to update the channel estimate.

FIG. 12 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure 1200. At block 1205, the wireless device 202r receives a preamble of a data packet comprising at least one LTF from the wireless device 202t. Further, at block 1210, the wireless device 202r performs a channel estimate based on the received LTF. At block 1215, the wireless device 202r receives data over one or more data tones over one or more symbols from the wireless device 202t. Further, at block 1220, the wireless device 202r estimates the mismatched amplitude, common phase offset, and/or timing drift on the one or more data tones prior to decoding the data. Continuing, at block 1225, the wireless device 202r updates the channel estimates made at block 1210 based on derived current channel from the soft estimated data symbols. The updated channel estimates may then be used for data received over symbols subsequent to the one or more symbols. Further, the channel estimates may again be updated based on additional received data and used for additional symbols.

In another aspect, decoded OFDM symbols from previously received transmissions are used by the wireless device 202r as new LTFs to perform channel estimates for data received in future symbols. The wireless device 202r may use the most recently received (e.g., the 3, 4, or 5 most recently received) decoded OFDM symbols to perform channel estimation, so the estimate is up to date.

FIG. 13 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure 1300. At block 1305, the wireless device 202r receives a preamble of a data packet comprising at least one LTF from the wireless device 202t. Further, at block 1310, wireless device 202r performs a channel estimate based on the received LTF. At block 1315, data is received on one or more data tones over one or more symbols from a wireless device 202t at a wireless device 202r. Further, at block 1320, the wireless device 202r encodes the received data over the one or more symbols. Further, at block 1325, the wireless device 202r utilizes the data over the one or more symbols as pilots for performing channel estimation. Next, at block 1330, the wireless device 202r utilizes the channel estimation for a number of symbols over which additional data is received. Continuing, at block 1335, the wireless device 202r encodes one or more of the most recently received symbols. Further, at block 1340, the wireless device 202r utilizes the encoded one or more of the most recently received symbols as pilots for performing channel estimation. Next, at block 1345, the wireless device 202r utilizes the channel estimation for a number of symbols over which additional data is received. In some aspects, the wireless device 202r may repeat steps 1335 through 1345 until an entire data packet is received.

In another aspect, per-tone residual phase offset tracking may be utilized to perform channel estimation. The wireless device 202r may exploit the residual phase offset information contained in estimated data symbols (e.g., the output of minimum means squared error (MMSE)) before soft slicing for channel estimation.

FIG. 14 illustrates another example channel estimation procedure 1400. At block 1405, the wireless device 202r receives a preamble of a data packet comprising at least one LTF from the wireless device 202t. Further, at block 1410, wireless device 202r performs a channel estimate based on the received LTF. At block 1415, the wireless device 202r receives data over one or more data tones over one or more symbols from the wireless device 202t using the channel estimate. Further, at block 1420, the wireless device 202r estimates the mismatched amplitude, common phase offset, and/or timing drift on one or more pilot tones received. Further, at block 1425, the wireless device 202r determines, prior to decoding, the residual phase offset per data tone based on the phase difference between the estimated one or more data tones and a closest constellation symbol or reference. Next, at block 1430, the wireless device 202r averages the residual phase offset per data tone over multiple estimated data tones over one or more symbols to suppress noise and obtain processing gain. Further, at block 1435, the channel estimate is updated with correction to per tone residual offset based on the result of block 1430 and a common phase offset plus amplitude mismatch based on the result of block 1420.

In some aspects, the wireless device 202r may receive additional data tones over additional symbols. The wireless device 202r may then determine a residual phase offset per data tone based on an average of phase differences between the estimated one or more data tones and the reference and estimates of one or more data tones and one or more additional references.

FIG. 15 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary wireless device 1500 that may be employed within the wireless communication system 100. The device 1500 includes a receiving module 1502 for receiving data. The receiving module 1502 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions discussed above with respect to the blocks 1405 and 1415 illustrated in FIG. 14. The receiving module 1502 may correspond to one or more of the processor 204 and the receiver 212 of FIG. 2. The device 1500 further includes a first estimating module 1504 for estimating mismatched amplitude, common phase offset, and timing drift on one or more pilot tones received. The first estimating module 1504 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions discussed above with respect to the block 1420 illustrated in FIG. 14. The first estimating module 1504 may correspond to one or more of the processor 204 and the DSP 220 of FIG. 2. The device 1500 further includes a determining module 1506 for obtaining the residual phase offset based on the phase difference between the estimated one or more data tones and the closest constellation symbol. The determining module 1506 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions discussed above with respect to the blocks 1425 and 1430 illustrated in FIG. 14. The determining module 1506 may correspond to one or more of the processor 204 and the DSP 220. The device 1500 further includes a second estimating module 1508 for updating the estimate with correction to per tone residual offset and common phase offset plus amplitude mismatch. The second estimating module 1508 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions discussed above with respect to the block 1435 illustrated in FIG. 14. The second estimating module 1508 may correspond to one or more of the processor 204 and the DSP 220.

As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. Further, a “channel width” as used herein may encompass or may also be referred to as a bandwidth in certain aspects.

As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of a list of” items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c.

The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the operations, such as various hardware and/or software component(s), circuits, and/or module(s). Generally, any operations illustrated in the Figures may be performed by corresponding functional means capable of performing the operations.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array signal (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

In one or more aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer readable medium may comprise non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., tangible media). In addition, in some aspects computer readable medium may comprise transitory computer readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

The functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions on a computer-readable medium. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.

Thus, certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein. For certain aspects, the computer program product may include packaging material.

Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium.

Further, it should be appreciated that modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized.

It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.

While the foregoing is directed to aspects of the present disclosure, other and further aspects of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ADDRESSING DOPPLER EFFECT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

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