Patent Grant
11911566
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for generating nitric oxide for use with a ventilation device.
Nitric oxide has found to be useful in a number of ways for treatment of disease, particularly cardiac and respiratory ailments. Previous systems for producing NO and delivering the NO gas to a patient have a number of disadvantages. For example, tank-based systems require large tanks of NO gas at a high concentration and are required to purge with NO when treatment is resumed. Synthesizing NO from NO2 or N2O4 requires the handling of toxic chemicals. Prior electric generation systems involve generating plasma in the main flow of air to be delivered to patients, and generate unsafe quantities of NO2 or O3.
The present disclosure is directed to systems, methods and devices for portable nitric oxide generation and delivery for use both in and out of the hospital.
A wearable nitric oxide generation system is provided, and in some embodiments comprises a housing configured to be wearable, and a reactant gas flow path located in the housing. The reactant gas flow path is configured to provide release of a pressurized reactant gas at specific flow rates to one or more plasma chambers. One or more electrodes are located in the one or more plasma chambers and are configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of the reactant gas through the one or more plasma chambers. A controller is configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide generated in the reactant gas, and disposable cartridge including one or more scavenger paths is configured to remove NO2 from the product gas generated by the one or more plasma chambers. A connector to deliver the product gas to a patient delivery device is also provided.
In some embodiments, the disposable cartridge includes an inlet filter, an exhaust scavenger, and/or one or more exhaust filters. In some embodiments, the system also includes one or more filters positioned to receive NO-enriched air from the one or more scavenger paths and configured to filter the NO-enriched air. In some embodiments, the patient delivery device is selected from a group consisting of a nasal cannula, a tube located near an ear, and a tube in communication with a trachea.
In some embodiments, the system is used with a device selected from a group consisting of a resuscitation instrument, a ventilator, a defibrillator, a ventricular assist device (VAD), a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) system, a Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) system, a non-invasive positive pressure ventilator (NIPPV), a heated high-flow nasal cannula application, a nebulizer, an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); a cardio-pulmonary bypass system, an automated CPR system, an oxygen delivery system, an oxygen concentrator system, an oxygen generation system, and/or an automated external defibrillator (AED) In some embodiments, the system is used with an oxygen generator or an oxygen concentrator to increase nitric oxide production.
In some embodiments, the controller is configured to control the shape of an AC waveform by controlling a frequency and a duty cycle. In some embodiments, the controller measures a resonant frequency of a high voltage circuit and controls a frequency and a duty cycle of an AC waveform to maximize excitation of the high voltage circuit. In some embodiments, the resonant frequency is determined throughout a service life of the system to accommodate changes in environmental conditions, system wear, and/or manufacturing variance. In some embodiments, the resonant frequency is automatically determined at a power-up of the system. In some embodiments, the resonant frequency is automatically determined at the beginning of each patient treatment. In some embodiments, the resonance frequency is stored in memory between uses so that a resonance search is not required at power-up of the system.
In some embodiments, the user interface allows a user to interact with the system, view information about the system and nitric oxide production, and control parameters related to nitric oxide production. In some embodiments, the user interface includes illuminated indicators for alarm status, battery charge status, external power connection, cartridge remaining life, O2 flow detection, GSM connection, and/or NO generation.
In some embodiments, the system also includes a microphone to receive user voice inputs. In some embodiments, the system also includes one or more antennae for GSM, Bluetooth, WiFi and/or other connectivity. In some embodiments, the system also includes a reactant gas source in the form of a reservoir in fluid communication with the one or more plasma chambers. In some embodiments, the reactant gas source is a pump. In some embodiments, the system is portable for use outside a hospital.
In some embodiments, a wearable nitric oxide generation system is provided and comprises a reactant flow path configured to provide release of a pressurized reactant gas at specific flow rates to one or more plasma chambers, and one or more electrodes located in the one or more plasma chambers configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of the reactant gas through the one or more plasma chambers. A controller is configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide generated in the reactant gas. The controller measures a resonant frequency of a high voltage circuit and controls a frequency and a duty cycle of an AC waveform to maximize excitation of the high voltage circuit. A disposable cartridge includes one or more scavenger paths configured to remove NO2 from the product gas generated by the one or more plasma chambers. A connector to deliver the product gas to a patient delivery device is also provided.
In some embodiments, the system is integrated with a device selected from a group consisting of resuscitation instrument, a ventilator, a defibrillator, a ventricular assist device (VAD), a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) system, a Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) system, a non-invasive positive pressure ventilator (NIPPV), a heated high-flow nasal cannula application, a nebulizer, an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); a cardio-pulmonary bypass system, an automated CPR system, an oxygen delivery system, an oxygen concentrator system, an oxygen generation system, and an automated external defibrillator (AED). In some embodiments, the system is portable for use outside a hospital.
In some embodiments, a wearable nitric oxide generation system is provided that comprises a reactant gas flow path configured to provide release of a pressurized reactant gas at specific flow rates to one or more plasma chambers, one or more electrodes located in the one or more plasma chambers configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of the reactant gas through the one or more plasma chambers, and a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide generated in the reactant gas. A disposable cartridge includes one or more scavenger paths configured to remove NO2 from the product gas generated by the one or more plasma chambers, and an oxygen generator or an oxygen concentrator is used to increase nitric oxide production. A connector to deliver the product gas to a patient delivery device is provided.
In some embodiments, the system is integrated with a device selected from a group consisting of resuscitation instrument, a ventilator, a defibrillator, a ventricular assist device (VAD), a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) system, a Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) system, a non-invasive positive pressure ventilator (NIPPV), a heated high-flow nasal cannula application, a nebulizer, an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); a cardio-pulmonary bypass system, an automated CPR system, and an automated external defibrillator (AED). In some embodiments, the system is portable for use outside a hospital.
A method for generating NO with a portable, wearable system is also provided, and includes providing a reactant gas flow path located in a wearable housing. The reactant gas flow path releases a pressurized reactant gas at specific flow rates to one or more plasma chambers. The method also includes generating a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of the reactant gas through the one or more plasma chambers using one or more electrodes that are located in the one or more plasma chambers. A controller regulates the amount of nitric oxide generated in the reactant gas, and disposable cartridge including one or more scavenger paths removes NO2 from the product gas generated by the one or more plasma chambers. The product gas is delivered to a patient delivery device using a connector.
In some embodiments, the NO generation system can be integrated with other systems. In an embodiment, patients that have left or right heart failure can receive a ventricular assist device (VAD) to provide assistance in pumping blood, and a NO generation system can be used in conjunction with or integrated with a VAD system to decrease the effort to pump blood through the lungs. This reduced pumping effort can decrease the size of the VAD, VAD battery requirements, and improve patient oxygenation. In an embodiment, an NO generation device can be used with an AED People suffering from cardiac arrest suffer from oxygen deprivation in their tissues including heart (Myocardial infarction or heart attack) and brain (stroke). NO administration during CPR can increase blood oxygenation, thereby improving the potential for the heart to restart beating when defibrillated or restart on its own. An NO generation device can be constructed as a subsystem within or augment resuscitation instrumentation (e.g. defibrillator, AED, ventilator, manual resuscitation bag, manual chest compression device, automated chest compression device). In an embodiment, an NO generation system can be used as a diagnostic tool in a catheter lab for testing vasoreactivity. In an embodiment, an NO generation system could be used in conjunction with CPR to improve oxygenation of the blood. For example, the NO generation system can be integrated into an automatic CPR system, sharing the same battery, user display, alarm system, speaker and microprocessor. In an embodiment, an NO generation system can be designed to work with manual CPR whereby the device can detect passive respiration as a result of chest compression and supplement inhaled air with NO. In an embodiment, the device can resemble a safety barrier for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, serving as a physical barrier between mouths to prevent the spread of disease whilst supplementing gas flowing to the patient with NO. The device can generate NO when the rescuer breathes into the patient by detecting the presence of the rescuer and or air flow directed at the patient. In an embodiment, an NO generation system can be used for patient activity, rather than continuously. For example, the NO generation system can be used by patients with medical conditions or athletes that use the device for performance enhancement, such as mountaineers, airplane pilots, and cyclists, by improving oxygen uptake particularly in high altitudes. In an embodiment, an NO generator can also be used in conjunction with or integrated into a ventilator or a system that delivers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) to improve oxygen uptake. In an embodiment, an NO generation system can be used with or integrated into a non-invasive positive pressure ventilator (NIPPV) and/or a heated high-flow nasal cannula application. In an embodiment, an NO generation system can be used in conjunction with or integrated into a nebulizer to increase improve oxygen uptake and drug absorption. In an embodiment, an NO generation system may be used in conjunction with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardio-pulmonary bypass to reduce the need for anticoagulants (e.g. heparin).
The present disclosure is further described in the detailed description which follows, in reference to the noted plurality of drawings by way of non-limiting examples of exemplary embodiments, in which like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings, and wherein:
While the above-identified drawings set forth presently disclosed embodiments, other embodiments are also contemplated, as noted in the discussion. This disclosure presents illustrative embodiments by way of representation and not limitation. Numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the presently disclosed embodiments.
The following description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing one or more exemplary embodiments. It will be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the presently disclosed embodiments.
Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, systems, processes, and other elements in the presently disclosed embodiments may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known processes, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.
Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may be terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not discussed or included in a figure. Furthermore, not all operations in any particularly described process may occur in all embodiments. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.
Subject matter will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, specific example aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure. Subject matter may, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any example embodiments set forth herein; example embodiments are provided merely to be illustrative. The following detailed description is, therefore, not intended to be taken in a limiting sense.
In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms, such as “and”, “or”, or “and/or,” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least in part upon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B, or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B, or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a,” “an,” or “the,” again, may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
Throughout this document, the term “pump” is used to represent a component that can generate a flow and/or pressure head in a gas. Examples include but at not limited to blowers, centripetal pumps, piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, ultrasonic pumps, piezo pumps, fans, etc. Designs requiring a flow of reactant gas can also receive a flow of reactant gas from an external pressurized source, eliminating the need for an internal pump component.
Throughout this document, the term “scavenger” is used to represent a component that removes one or more of CO2, NO2 or O3 from a gas mixture. This is also referred to interchangeably in the document as a “scrubber.” Examples include but are not limited to soda lime, noXon and zeolite.
Throughout this document, the term “cannula” is used to describe a conduit for conveying NO-containing product gases from an NO generator to a patient. For the purposes of this document, other types of delivery conduits such as face masks, CPAP masks, Bi-PAP masks, Scoop catheters, single lumen trans-tracheal catheters, multi-lumen trans-tracheal catheters and the like are considered synonymous.
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for portable and compact nitric oxide (NO) generation that can be embedded into other therapeutic devices or used alone. The portable NO generation device allows NO to be generated and delivered to a patient in any location or setting as the device is small enough to be mobile and used anywhere, including in a home of a patient or during travel. The size and portability of the ambulatory NO generation system allows a patient to use the system in a hospital or on-the-go outside a hospital and to have the benefit of NO delivery through a respiratory gas delivery device without having to be in a hospital, clinic or other medical setting. In some embodiments, an ambulatory NO generation system can be comprised of a controller and disposable cartridge. The cartridge can contain filters and/or scavengers for preparing the gas used for NO generation and/or for scrubbing and/or filtering output gases prior to patient inhalation. In some embodiments, the system can utilize an oxygen concentrator to increase nitric oxide production, reduce the rate of NO2 formation and compliment oxygen generator activity as an independent device.
In some embodiments, an exemplary portable NO generation system includes components for reactant gas intake and delivery to a plasma chamber. The plasma chamber includes one or more electrodes therein that are configured to produce, with the use of a high voltage circuit, a product gas containing a desired amount of NO from the reactant gas. The system includes a controller in electrical communication with the high voltage circuit and the electrodes that is configured to control the concentration of NO in the product gas using one or more control parameters relating to conditions within the system and/or conditions relating to a separate device for delivering the product gas to a patient and/or conditions relating to the patient receiving the product gas. The controller is also in communication with a user interface that allows a user to interact with the system, view information about the system and NO production, and control parameters related to NO production.
In some embodiments, the top of the device is reserved for a user interface including buttons and display information. Cannula and oxygen connections are made on the upper edge of a bump on the side of the enclosure. A scavenger cartridge 62 can be located in several locations, including the side of a device 60 (
Patient Delivery Devices
The generated NO in the form of the NO-enriched product gas can be delivered to the patient in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, the NO is delivered through a nasal cannula. In some embodiments, the gases exit an array of holes in the vicinity of the nose of the patient and mix in the space between the cannula and the nose. The cannula can include a variety of configurations. In some embodiments, holes of a cannula 110 are positioned underneath the nose without the use of prongs, as illustrated in
In some embodiments, the device can include a dual-lumen cannula with one lumen for NO and one lumen for O2. In some embodiments, the two gases mix at the base of the nose before exiting the cannula. In some embodiments, NO and O2 are transported in independent lumens and delivered through dual-lumen nasal prongs so that O2 and NO are delivered to each nostril and mixing occurs within the nostril. This allows for the delivery of both medical gases to the patient in the event that one nostril is compromised (partially or fully blocked). This configuration also ensure that the NO is exposed to elevated levels of O2 as late as possible, thereby minimizing the formation of NO2.
In some embodiments, a controller of the NO generation device is configured to deliver NO in a pulsatile fashion, synchronized with patient respiration. The nasal cannula prongs inserted into the patient nostrils can expand in diameter during inspiration flow. The inflated prong can obstruct a larger portion of the nostril than when the prong is not inflated, which allows the inflated prong to partially block the flow of air into the nostril and give preference to the NO-containing gas from the nasal cannula. As the prong decreases in cross-sectional area during exhalation, the uninflated prong does not present a significant obstruction to exhaled gases. The increase in the cross-sectional area of the prong can be accomplished by a non-destructive deformation of the prong material in the radial direction. With sufficient flow, elastomeric materials will contort to increase cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area also increases by circumferential elastic deformation (hoop strain) of the nasal prongs during pumping of gases to the nose.
In some embodiments, a valve at the end of the cannula nasal prong prevents entry of exhaled gases and related humidity into the prong. This can aid in prevention of condensation of humidity within the nasal cannula. In some embodiments, a passive valve in the shape of a cuspid valve or duckbill valve can reduce blocking of exhaled gases through the nose because it becomes smaller in cross-section when gas is not flowing through it. In some embodiments, an active valve is located at the distal end of the nasal prong. In some embodiments, NO-containing gas is pressurized within the cannula behind a valve between breaths and released when inspiration is detected by actively opening the valve. In some embodiments, a pressure-activated “pop-off” valve passively opens when the cannula pressure exceeds the cracking pressure of the valve. Pressure within the cannula is controlled so that the passive valve opens in synchrony with inspiration.
When the patient inspires gas from a nasal cannula, air from the environment entrains and is added to the flow, thereby diluting the gas delivered. An exemplary nasal cannula 170 having features to prevent dilution of the delivered gas is shown in
A nasal cannula can also include features to allow for identification of the device. In some embodiments, a nasal cannula includes a unique identifier to identify it. The unique identified can be positioned in various locations, including in a connector of the nasal cannula. The identifier can be in various forms, including an RFID for wireless communication, a smart chip for direct electrical connection, or a smart bar code to be read optically, or any other mechanism that would allow for identification. In some embodiments, the controller monitors how long the cannula is in use and writes to the memory device to indicate it has been used for the entire duration of its service life. This can also prevent the use of a non-compatible cannula that could result in higher NO2 levels. Other types of information that can be written to the cannula memory device are: part number, lot number, date of manufacture, date of expiration, date of first use, new/used status, patient treatment information, a device settings log, a device alarm log, patient log entries, patient parameter data (respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature, SpO2 level, EtCO2, activity level.
Depending on the placement of the portable NO generation device, the amount of reactant gas, for example ambient air, that is sourced by the device can vary. For example, the ambulatory device can be placed in a bag or worn under a coat of a patient. In this type of scenario, the device may not be able to source sufficient air to be used as the reactant gas to generate a therapeutic amount of NO. In some embodiments, the gas delivery method (cannula, face mask, CPAP mask, etc.) can include an extra lumen for sourcing air, as shown in
It is a common understanding that keeping NO away from O2 as long as possible minimizes NO2 formation. Thus, a delivery device, such as a cannula 190 as shown in
There are different points along the cannula at which the O2 and the NO can be mixed before the gases reach a patient. In some embodiments, it is possible to keep the NO and the O2 separate as long as possible until it enters a patient's nose in order to reduce NO2 formation. The NO2 formation due to high NO concentration is the predominant effect. In some embodiments, it is possible to mix NO with the O2 flow into a common lumen 202 as soon as possible so that transit time to the patient is reduced. Thus, an ambulatory device 200 that introduces high concentration NO to the O2 flow within the ambulatory device can offer reduced NO2 levels at the patient, as shown in an embodiment of an NO generation device 200 shown in
Typically, NO-containing gases are scavenged for NO2, however this is not necessary if the NO2 levels within the product gas (the post-plasma gas) are sufficiently low. In some embodiments involving a scavenger, the scavenger can be located at/within the controller and/or within the delivery tube and/or proximal to the patient. In some embodiments, the cannula tube is filled with scavenger material partially or completely along its length. In some embodiments, the tubing of the cannula is thin because kink-resistance comes from the scavenger material within the tubing rather than the tubing itself. In some embodiments, the cannula tubing is lined with an NO2-absorbing scavenger material fully or partially along its length. In some embodiments, a nasal cannula with pre-scavenger in addition to NO scavenger can be used.
In some embodiments, a nasal cannula includes a scavenger and there is no scavenger at the controller in the portable NO generation device. A device 210 does not have a cartridge at all, such that the system has one disposable component 212 (a cannula) instead of a cannula and a scavenger cartridge, as shown in
In some embodiments, a nasal cannula includes a scavenger near the point of inspiration (e.g. close to the patient, for example, the nose of the patient). In some embodiments, a scavenger is located behind the patient's ear, where the cannula tubing wraps around the ear. In some embodiments, a scavenger housing is located at the base of the patient's neck, like a pendant.
A cannula design can also be varied. Due to the continuous conversion of NO to NO2, it can be advantageous to scavenger the NO-containing gas immediately before it enters the patient. In some embodiments, a nasal cannula can include a scavenger below the nose so the gas passes through the scavenger right before the gas enters the patient. In some embodiments, a scavenger along the length of the cannula tubing hangs like a pendant at the base of the User's neck. In some embodiments, a tubing of a nasal cannula can be lined or coated with scavenger material. In some embodiments, a nasal cannula tube lined with scavenger material contains a material that changes color as an indicator of scavenger exhaustion. In some embodiments, the color-changing material is similar to litmus paper, changing color in the presence of pH changes. In some embodiments, the cannula tubing material itself absorbs NO2 sufficiently that no additional scavenger material is required.
Many patients are self-conscious about using a nasal cannula because it covers part of their face. In some embodiments, NO can also be delivered from a location near the ear to the respiratory tract. In some embodiments, an NO delivery tube is tunneled from the ear to the trachea. In some embodiments, NO is delivered through the ear drum and travels to the respiratory tract through the Eustachian tube. In some embodiments, NO is delivered directly to the trachea through an opening at the base of the anterior neck.
In some embodiments, NO is added to the flow of O2 from an oxygen concentrator within or immediately after the NO controller. This approach is particularly helpful in reducing NO2 formation when a high volume of O2 is used, thereby reducing transit time of NO from controller to patient. Thus, an ambulatory device that introduces high concentration NO to the O2 flow within the device has the potential of reducing NO2 levels at the patient.
Docking Station and Power Source
In some embodiments, a base, or docking, station is provided. The base station can be used to provide charging to the NO generation device battery. Charging may be done using an electrical connection or an inductive connection. The base station can be connected to external devices using a variety of techniques, including but not limited to a telephone line, a cable TV connection, a Wi-Fi connection, and a cellular network connection. In an embodiment, the NO generation device and/or charging station can project information onto a surface. For example, the charging station can project the status of battery charge to the ceiling of a bedroom.
The base station can include various sensors. In some embodiments, the base station can include one or more gas analysis sensors to check calibration of the NO generation device. When the NO generation device is docked, the base station can pull NO-containing air into the base station for analysis of NO levels and/or NO2 levels to ensure safe operation. In some embodiments, the base station can perform calibration on a controller by connecting to a cannula connection. Battery charging can provide time for calibration, although calibration is performed independent of battery charging. Gases for analysis can be sourced from the cartridge connector to the controller, a T-fitting that splits the flow of the controller output gases to enable simultaneous cannula gas delivery and gas analysis, or a dedicated gas port for calibration purposes. The measurements can be made with electrochemical cells, however optical and chemiluminescent means can also be used. The base station can receive power from either an AC power outlet or a DC connection. For example, 12 VDC can be used as this voltage can be found in automobiles. The base station can be used to download data from the NO generation device. The downloaded data can be stored within the base station or exported using the internet, Wi-Fi, wired connection, or cellular network or optical means to a separate external storage location.
Various sources can be used to provide power to the NO generation device. Some users can require use of the NO generator at all times day or night. These users can also need to wear the device in an environment where fluid is present, such as the shower. To address the risk of fluid ingress, in some embodiments the NO generation device is designed with a housing that has minimal openings. For example, the device can be water-proof. Battery charging can be accomplished in a variety of ways, but in an embodiment the battery can be charged via inductive means through the wall of the enclosure. Various other contacts can be used to charge the device, including but not limited to sealed, gold plated contacts. In some embodiments, a base station, or docking station, can be provided as a nest for the NO generator to reside in during charging.
In some embodiments, battery charging can be accomplished through an electrical connection within the enclosure that is fluid-tight. Air for plasma generation is sourced through a micro-filter, such as Gore-Tex to prevent fluid ingress. In some embodiments, the microfilter is hydrophobic to further prevent the ingress of liquid water. The air inlet can have an additional filter to capture large particulate. It can also be protected with louvers and/or a water trap.
In some embodiments, an accessory docking station can plug into a car cigarette lighter or other electrical connection in a vehicle. The docking station can fit within a standard cup holder in a car or hang on the car door. To hang on a car door, the docking station can include a feature that inserts between the inside surface of the car window glass and the window seal. One or more magnets within the generator enclosure and accessory docking station aid the user in seating the generator within the docking station.
It can be understood that the power delivery capability of the base station to NO generator needs to exceed the sum of battery charging power and NO generator operating power so that the batteries can charge. The battery life can vary, but in an embodiment the target battery life is 12 hours. The charging time is required to be less than the battery life, for example 12 hours, so a user can use one device while charging a second device.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device does not include its own battery. Instead, the device can be electrically connected to a separate device, such as an O2 generator, and draw power from the other device's battery or power supply. In some embodiments, an NO generator can be embedded within the O2 generator housing and the NO generator can share the battery, memory, micro-controller, alarm buzzer, user interface, housing, and other components of the O2 generator. It will be understood that the NO generator can be embedded or integrated with other devices as well, including but not limited to a VAD, nebulizer, humidifier, CPR machine, Bi-PAP machine, CPAP machine, heated and humidified jet cannula and/or AED.
Air Sources
In some embodiments, the system can utilize an oxygen concentrator. Patients with pulmonary hypertension are treated with high levels of oxygen (O2). Devices exist that process atmospheric air to increase the oxygen content by separating out the nitrogen content. These devices are portable and battery powered. This concomitant use of NO with an O2 concentrator or oxygen tanks will decrease the demand for O2 and/or improve patient mobility.
NO production is optimized when plasma is generated in a Stoichiometric ratio of 50/50 oxygen to nitrogen. Atmospheric oxygen levels are 21%, but an oxygen concentrator can be used to increase the percentage of oxygen in air. In some embodiments, an output from an oxygen concentrator can be used as the reactant gas and routed through an NO-generation device so that NO production is optimized. This could reduce the size of the battery several fold for a given amount of runtime.
The sources of reactant gas can vary beyond the output of the O2 concentrator. In some cases, a patient is connected to a tank with 100% oxygen or an oxygen concentrator that produces 100% oxygen. In some embodiments, an ambulatory NO generation device can blend the high O2 content gas with atmospheric air to reduce the O2 concentration and increase N2 concentration to optimal levels in the plasma chamber, or use pure air. NO converts to O2 more rapidly in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen. Thus, the device can include features to keep the NO and the O2 separated as long as possible. In some embodiments, air is compressed into a chamber within the NO generation device containing a material with an affinity for N2, such as zeolite. When the chamber is depressurized with reactant gas, the exiting gases have higher oxygen concentration than the ambient air thereby producing higher levels of NO when exposed to plasma. The N2 loaded into the material with affinity for N2 is vented to atmosphere periodically. In some embodiments, the N2 is vented to atmosphere during patient exhalation. In some embodiments, the N2 is vented to atmosphere during patient inspiration. In some embodiments, the N2 is pumped through the plasma chamber with the plasma OFF to the patient during patient exhalation so that there is an alternating pulse train of NO-containing product gases followed by gases that are have little to no NO and higher N2 than the initial reactant gas.
Respiratory events occur quickly, requiring a fast system response to delivery an NO pulse. In some cases, such as when it is desirable to synchronize the pulse with the leading edge of inspiration, the pulse can begin within 50 milliseconds of the beginning of inspiration. This is faster than a timescale over which a pump alone can accelerate from rest to deliver a bolus of NO-containing gas into a tube which will conduct it to the nose. To achieve a fast response, in some embodiments, an ambulatory device prepares a bolus of NO-containing air in a reservoir during patient expiration. When an inspiration is detected, air from a compressed source is released, pushing the NO bolus through the cannula to the patient. In one embodiment, the staging reservoir is one or more cannula lumen. In one embodiment, the lumen within the cannula is a dedicated NO-delivery lumen. The NO-containing gas can pass through a scrubber before staging in the reservoir, after the reservoir, at a location near the patient within the cannula, or not pass through a scrubber at all if NO2 levels are sufficiently low. The reservoir decouples the action of the pump from the delivery of NO-rich gas. The pump stores mechanical potential energy invested in pressurized gas in the reservoir. This store of potential energy can be released more quickly from the reservoir than a small pump could deliver directly. In one embodiment, a large pump delivers gas at a fast rate however it has more mechanical inertia that hinders its ability to change its output rate quickly enough. Both solutions, a pump and/or a pump and reservoir can service a wide range of flow rates while maintaining a fast response time. The reservoir does not need to be an explicit pressure vessel. Any volume in the pneumatic circuit between the pump and the flow control valve or valves can serve as the reservoir. In one embodiment with a reservoir, the reservoir as a volume of 150 ml.
In some embodiments, the ambulatory device sources air from the atmosphere. Air is pulled into the device with a pump and processed with one or more of a mechanical filter, one or more scavengers, and/or one or more carbon filters. At a minimum, an ambulatory NO generation device filters the incoming air prior to generating NO. The mechanical filter size can vary, but in an embodiment is on the order of about 0.22 micron pore size to prevent entry of bacteria. The scavenger can be formed from a variety of material, but in an embodiment is soda lime. The carbon filter is used to remove organic compounds from the air prior to entering the plasma chamber.
In some embodiments, after a filter 252 and a pump 254, a flow controller 256 can also be located before the plasma chamber 258, thereby controlling the flow of reactant gases instead of product gases, as shown in
Scrubber/filter combinations do have finite service life due to the finite NO2-absorbing capacity of the scrubber material and coating of filters with particulate matter. This presents a risk that a patient may not replace their scrubber/filter on time, thereby elevating the risk of NO2 exposure. In one embodiment, the NO generation device prompts the user to replace the scrubber/filter when they remove the device from the charger in the morning. In another embodiment, the device generates an audible alarm at time points leading up to complete scrubber/filter exhaustion so that the user can replace the scrubber/filter in time.
The cover of the scrubber/filter has corresponding openings to permit gas entry and exit, as required. In an embodiment, the device can also have a fully-integrated molecular sieve that removes some of the N2 from the incoming air to optimize the N2 to O2 ratio for increased NO production, improved power efficiency and decreased NO2 scrubbing needed. In some embodiments, a molecular sieve can be located post-plasma chamber to remove a specific gas, such as N2, thereby increasing the fraction of NO and O2 in the effluent gases. In some embodiments, a molecular sieve removes some or all of the O2 post plasma chamber to slow the conversion of NO into NO2.
Cartridges
A cartridge for use with the ambulatory NO generation system can include various features and designs. The system can utilize various different types of cartridges that can be used for different applications. For example, cartridges can vary in size of scavenger depending on the expected duration of use and required NO levels. Cartridges could have one or more pneumatic connections, depending on the application. In an embodiment, a single pneumatic connection can be for a single-lumen nasal cannula connection to the device. In an embodiment, two pneumatic connections can be used for a device that adds NO to an existing gas flow. A first pneumatic connection can be for gas flow into the system, and a second pneumatic connection can be for NO+gas output. In some embodiments, three pneumatic connections can be used for a device that measures the flow of an incoming gas flow, but does not add NO to the gas flow. A first pneumatic connection can be for the incoming gas. A second pneumatic connection can be for outgoing gas to the patient. A third pneumatic connection is for NO-containing gas to the patient. The device can source ambient air through a pneumatic connection in the top of the cartridge or through a grille on the side of the controller or cartridge.
Pneumatic connections may be oriented in a concentric fashion, a line, a polygon or some other shape. In one embodiment, all pneumatic connections are established with one user-motion by use of an integrated pneumatic connector.
In some embodiments, the gas handling can occur within the cartridge. Thus, there are no cleaning issues within the controller, and the controller can lack any openings in the enclosure that can allow for fluid or particular ingress.
The cartridge of the ambulatory NO generation device can have a variety of configurations. In some embodiments, an ambulatory device has a disposable cartridge which may include one or more of the following features: an inlet filter, an inlet scavenger, an inlet carbon filter, an exhaust scavenger, and an exhaust filter. In some embodiments, a connector for a patient delivery device (for example, a nasal cannula) can be connected to the cartridge/disposable portion of the device, rather than the reusable controller. This reduces the number of pneumatic connections to the controller and can decreases the potential of a user to connect the cannula or other delivery device directly to the controller without a scavenger for removing NO2. The connection from a cannula to the cartridge can be different than the connection from cartridge to controller. In some embodiments, the cartridge housing is reusable and only filter elements and/or scrubber material is replaced.
A pneumatic pathway 380 of
In some embodiments, the controller can detect the presence of a cartridge by any mechanism, including but not limited to electronic, optical, radio or mechanical means. In an embodiment, the controller does not activate the NO generation unless a cartridge is present. In an embodiment, the controller can determine whether or not a cartridge has exceeded the cartridge shelf life by reading information from the cartridge using, for example, a bar code on the cartridge and or interrogating a memory device (e.g. RFID tag) located on the cartridge. In some embodiments, the controller marks the time that a cartridge is inserted and limits the service life of the cartridge to a set amount of time from cartridge insertion and/or a set amount of NO molecules passed through the cartridge. The cartridge can also have inputs for sources of other gases (such as O2) to measure flow rate, or to mix with air for synthesis of NO or for patient delivery (such as Helium).
Electrodes
Various electrode designs can be used for NO generation. In some embodiments, automotive-style plugs can be used for NO generation, however they can include resistors and more mass and strength than required. An automotive spark plug is designed for strength with a ceramic insulator and heavy metal ground electrode. In the interest of cost and mass, a custom high voltage electrode is desirable.
Having a single hole for air connection enables the user to insert an electrode assembly from one side with a single action. Various types of retention features can be used, including but not limited to detents, snaps, clamps and other means, to keep an electrode assembly in position within a controller. In another embodiment, there are two pneumatic connections to the electrode assembly from the same side to facilitate installation and removal.
A custom electrode assembly can interface with a controller by registering the electrodes with electrical contacts in the controller. A dual-lumen nipple from the controller can be inserted into the hole in the side of the electrode assembly to deliver air and remove NO-laden air.
In an embodiment, flow of air through the electrode assembly goes across the electrode gap.
Air flow within the electrode assembly can be from one side to the other, as shown in
Manifold Configurations
User Interface and Connectivity
A user interface can be used to display various information relating the functionality of the device and patient information. In some embodiments, an ambulatory NO device 610 can have a user interface that can include a variety of features as shown in
A user interface 620 can include one or more LED indicator lights, as shown in
The system can also include alarms to notify the user of various types of information. For example, alarms can be used for a malfunction of the device, such as lack of plasma detected, or a sedentary time limit that notifies the user that they should move around. A light bar on the outside of the NO generation device provides status of the device. For example, a green or blue light can indicate that there are no alarms. A low battery can make the light bar yellow. A low cartridge life remaining could make light bar yellow. A very low battery, very low cartridge life, or lack of plasma activity could turn the light bar red. Alarms can include voice prompt, a bell sound, visual indicators (lights), and haptic events (vibrations).
The system can be remotely configured by an external device (for example, a smart phone, tablet, or Internet-of-Things (IoT) connected device). Configurable settings include one or more of the following: boost settings, dose increments, dose limits, alarm limits, exercise algorithm (duration, step increase in NO), and/or patient sleep settings.
In some embodiments, the NO generation device can be designed without any software such that the device can include a power source (for example, a battery), one or more high voltage circuits, a timing circuit, one or more electrodes, a pump and a scavenger. The system can deliver either a fixed flow of air with a fixed concentration of NO or pulses of NO. For example, 1 lpm of air with 20 ppm NO can be used. This streamlined design can also include a buzzer and a red light to notify the user if plasma is not detected. In an embodiment, a lack of plasma activity can be detected when the manifold temperature goes below a temperature threshold. In some embodiments, the device does not include a mechanical pump for air, and instead, air can be pulled through the system via Bernoulli effect, venturi effect, other mixing process or specialized mixing valve from passing O2 as it flows to the patient. In some embodiments, an NO delivery controller can have a very minimal user interface consisting only of battery status, NO level, and alarm indicator. The controller can interface with a secondary device, for example a smart phone. The secondary device can be used to provide a graphical user interface, receive patient inputs, receive physician inputs, store data, communicate with the patient, monitor other physiological parameters (for example, respiratory rate and/or heart rate) communicate with a physician, and/or communicate with emergency personnel, and/or communicate physiological parameters and user inputs to the NO generation device. In some embodiments, an optical fiber resides either within or immediately adjacent to a cannula. The optical fiber extends into the patient nostril and is used to measure SpO2, respiration rate, heart rate and other physiologic factors by optical means. In some embodiments, breath is detected at the distal end of the optical fiber by detecting changes in the reflectivity of the end of the fiber as humidity from exhaled gases condense on the end of the fiber during patient exhalation.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device is used with a smartwatch. The smart watch provides a wearable remote user interface, which facilitates user interaction with the NO device and/or an O2 concentrator when the NO device and concentrator are not easily reached (e.g. NO generation device in a backpack). Patient physiological and activity data measured by the smartwatch or entered into the smartwatch by the user can be utilized in the control of NO and O2 therapy. For example, when an increase in user activity is detected by the smartwatch (e.g. increased heart rate, accelerations indicating ambulation, etc.), the smartwatch can communicate to the NO and O2 devices to increase the delivered concentration of NO and O2, respectively.
Similar connectivity can be accomplished by a smartphone/tablet application. The larger display of a smartphone/tablet can provide additional information, such as trending data, a dashboard, step count, etc. The larger processor and increased connectivity of a smart phone or tablet can enhance treatment with more complex algorithms, cloud-connectivity, remote assistance, and other features. Treatment, physiologic and activity data can be stored on a remote device, such as a smartwatch, smartphone or tablet, or the NO generation device itself. In some embodiments, a web browser application presents a dashboard for the user, including current treatment settings, device history, activity log, trending, alarm history, scrubber remaining life and other information related to the patient and treatment. The browser application can be run on a PC, smartphone, tablet, smart phone or other capable device. Information for the web browser app may be communicated directly to the device running the application, or can be delivered through an indirect means, such as cellular network, internet or cloud.
In some embodiments, an NO generation system provides one or more of the following features through the cloud: service information, device usage data, patient physiological data, device performance data, patient activity data, and/or data from other connected devices. In some embodiments, the Cloud is used to provide services, for example: analytics, product upgrades, centralized algorithms, product improvements, and/or AI/Data mining. An NO generation and delivery device can also be connected to social network technology. In some embodiments, the device and/or ancillary devices can be used to add/remove members/roles, share information, share notifications, share alarms, share patient experiences and treatment tips, and/or perform voice/video calls.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device supports voice inputs and voice outputs. For example, a user can say “NO increase” to increase the NO dose or “NO Stop” to cease treatment. The device can also alert the user with a voice prompt about an alarm condition, such as “Replace Scavenger Cartridge” of “20 minutes remaining on battery.”
In one embodiment, an NO generation device has a learning mode when a user begins use of the device. During learning mode, the NO generation device can automatically vary treatment parameters such as NO concentration, NO pulse duration, and NO pulse timing to characterize the patient's physiological response based on SpO2, respiratory rate, heart rate, etc. to optimize the dose delivered. In some embodiments, an NO generation device can sense patient exertion and increase NO output accordingly.
In some embodiments, the NO generation device and/or its ancillary components can detect patient over-exertion and provide a warning. In some embodiments, exertion is detected based on accelerometer data. In some embodiments, exertion is determined by heart rate. In some embodiments, exertion is detected by respiratory rate. In some embodiments, exertion is detected by SpO2 level. In some embodiments, exertion is detected by a combination of one or more of accelerometer measurements, heart rate, respiratory rate, respiratory rate, and/or SpO2.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device has a training/evaluation/placebo mode. In this mode, the user interface, treatment modes and alarms are fully functional except for plasma activity being turned off. Patient parameters can be logged in training mode to aid in clinical evaluations of patient behavior, patient physiological parameters and device use.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device supports a weaning mode. In some embodiments of the weaning mode, the level of NO delivered to the patient is automatically decreased over a set amount of time. In some embodiments, the delivered dose is cut in half every 10 minutes until the dose is <1 ppm prior to the device automatically ceasing treatment. Weaning mode can be interrupted by the user or physician at any time by direct or indirect (wireless, remote control) means in the event that the patient does not respond well to the rate of dose decrease. Weaning mode may also be accomplished interactively with the user, whereby the device serves as a timer and reminds the user/physician to decrease the dose after a predetermined set of time. In some embodiments, weaning is fully-automatic, whereby the dose is decreased based on physiologic parameters measured, such as SpO2, respiratory rate, heart rate and the like. In the event that physiologic parameters indicate that a new dose setting is not being tolerated, the system can automatically return to the prior dose or the dose before that. In another form of weaning, the device doses a subset of breaths rather than decreasing the concentration of NO in each breath. In some embodiments, weaning involves both decreasing the NO concentration and decreasing the number of breaths dosed in a given amount of time.
NO Generation Control
NO generation and treatment control can be achieved in a variety of ways, such that the plasma activity relating to the electrodes can be controlled to control the amount of NO generated in the product gas. In some embodiments, the level of plasma activity can be determined by a look-up-table based on variety of variables, including but not limited to ambient pressure, plasma chamber pressure, O2 concentration, O2 flow rate, target NO level, SpO2 level, air flow level, inspiratory flow level, inspiratory pressure, nasal temperature. Pulsatile plasma generation can be synchronized with patient respirations, but it does not necessarily need to be synchronized with patient respiration for a beneficial clinical effect. Owing to the fairly long half-life of NO (in the order of minutes), NO can reside within the lung over multiple breaths. Patients may not need to breathe fresh NO into the lung every breath, and the NO generation device may not need to generate NO for every breath. In some embodiments, an NO generation device can operate periodically at another frequency or a random frequency, independent of patient respiration and still provide therapeutic benefit. For example, NO generation can be ON for 5 seconds and then OFF for 15 seconds with the intention of providing NO for every third or fourth or any number of breathes.
An NO device can operate in the following additional modes:
In some embodiments, the dosing scheme is based on one or more of the following parameters related to patient or environmental conditions: time of day, patient feedback, patient respiration rate ranges, and/or patient height/ideal body weight. In some embodiments, dosing is prescribed as a certain number of moles of NO per healthy body weight per unit time (Prescription (Rx)=μg/kg/hr).
Given that the patient respiratory rate involves fairly consistent frequency (For example, 10 breaths per minute) and consistent tidal volume (for example 500 ml), an approximate a target dose per breath in ρg/breath or moles/breath can be derived (For example, 8 ρg/breath). The number of moles of NO delivered in a pulse of product gas is a function of the concentration of NO (X), volumetric flow rate ({acute over (ν)}) of the product gas, and duration of the pulse (Δt). It follows that N≈x*{acute over (ν)}*Δt where N=number of moles delivered in a pulse, X=concentration of NO-containing gas, {acute over (ν)}=Volumetric flow rate of NO-containing gas, and Δt=Duration of pulse. Note that ≈I used because pressure and temperature variation effects are assumed to be negligible.
Based on this understanding of dose delivery, multiple dosing schemes can be conceived. In some embodiments, only the concentration (X) of NO containing gas is varied while concentration and volumetric flow rate are held constant. This approach offers benefits in simplicity and noise levels (constant gas flow rate) since only the plasma activity needs to be varied. In some embodiments, only volumetric flow rate ({acute over (ν)}) is varied during a pulse while concentration and duration are held fixed. In some embodiments, only pulse duration (Δt) is varied while volumetric flow rate and concentration are held fixed. Additional permutations exist if more than one variable is changed at a time. For example, in some embodiments, both concentration and volumetric flow rate could be varied in order to deliver a desired dose in a set amount of time. In some embodiments, the concentration is held constant and volumetric flow rate and pulse duration are varied to dose a breath. In some embodiments, the volumetric flow rate is held constant (constant pump speed) and concentration and pulse length are varied. In another embodiment, all three variables are varied in order to dose patient breaths. One advantage to varying all three variables is that optimal dose control varies with patient activity level and respiratory rate. For example, when a patient is sleeping, breaths are long and seldom. An NO generation and delivery system can generate low concentrations of NO over long pulses to dose the long breaths. Contrastingly, when a patient is active and their breaths are shorter, an NO generation and delivery system can increase the concentration and shorten the pulse duration to ensure that a dose is delivered during inspiration. It should be noted that short pulses can require high flow rates and high NO concentrations which can be uncomfortable to the patient and cause more rapid NO2 formation.
The timing of a pulsed dose can be any time within or before the inspiratory event. Pulses occurring before or at the point of inspiration normally require predictive algorithms that calculate when the next breath will occur based on the timing of a series of prior breaths. Pulsed doses occurring after the initiation of inspiration can be based on actual breath detection. The duration of a pulse can vary from tens of milliseconds to the entire duration of inspiration. In one embodiment, the duration of the inspiratory pulse is targeted at one half the duration of inspiration. In one embodiment, the duration of inspiration is based on the duration of the most recent series of breaths. In one embodiment, the duration of the inspiratory pulse is a set unit of time, such as ½ second. In another embodiment, the NO generation and delivery system targets dosing for a fraction of a breath (½ for example) but has an upper time limit. Dosing before or at the time of inspiration may introduce NO containing gas to the patient before gas flow has begun. In this case, the NO containing gas can exit the nose and enter the ambient air. Similarly, pulses with high flow rates, as is often the case with brief pulses, can exceed the flow rate of inspiration, thereby losing NO to the ambient surroundings. In one embodiment, an NO generation system initiates aa long NO pulse after inspiration detection and delivers the pulse until near the end of inspiration at a flow rate well below the inspiratory flow rate, thereby ensuring that NO delivered enters the patient. One benefit to a long pulse approach with an NO generation and delivery system is that NO concentration levels are lower within the pulse for a given dose/breath prescription, thereby reducing NO2 formation.
In some embodiments, the NO delivery pulse begins 50 milliseconds after inspiration detection and lasts 200 milliseconds. In some embodiments, the NO delivery pulse lasts the duration of inspiration.
The dose prescription can be provided to the NO generation and delivery device in a variety of means, including but not limited to: a user (care provider) enters prescription information, prescription information is read from a label, prescription information is sent to the device. The prescription can be generated based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to: patient gender, patient height, patient ideal body weight, patient current body weight, an estimate of tidal volume, actual measured tidal volume, patient tolerance of nasal cannula flow rate and dose/delivery parameters affecting pulse shape.
In some embodiments, the amount of NO generated can be controlled based on the prescription of medical personnel, including a physician. This can allow for less human errors in NO dosage and/or improve quality control. The prescription can provide the dose/delivery methods. There are many ways the prescription could be expressed, including but not limited to being based on time of day, patient feedback, respiration rate ranges, and, patient height/weight. There are many ways the prescription can be provided to the device, including but not limited to a user (for example, a care provider) entering prescription information, prescription information being read from a label, and prescription information being sent to the device.
When breathing rates and/or flow rates are outside the supported range, the device may alarm. In one embodiment, the device employs an automatic/asynchronous (with breath) delivery mode. The asynchronous breathing mode may continue for a set amount of time, or until breaths are detected, or until respirations return to the supported range. In the event that respiratory rates and/or flow rates remain out of range after an initial timeout period, one embodiment of the system escalates the level of the alarm.
In some clinical conditions where a very short pulse of NO-containing gas is to be delivered to the patient and/or the distance from the NO generation device to patient is very long, an NO generation device can stage a pulsed dose of NO-containing gas within the delivery tubing between device and patient prior to delivery. In one embodiment, the NO generator generates a volume of NO-containing gas and advances the volume of gas to a volume of space between device and patient but not all the way to the patient. The volume of space may be a reservoir within the system or the cannula tubing itself, for example. In one embodiment, a 7-foot long cannula with an internal volume of 24 ml is used. Upon detection of an inspiratory event, the NO generator pushes the volume of NO-containing gas the remaining distance into the patient's nose. Actual timing of the NO pulse delivery may be related to other physiologic and non-physiologic events, such as the end of exhalation, amount of time since the last breath, or average respiratory period for the last “n” breaths, for example. Scrubbing of the NO-containing gas may occur within the NO generation device and/or anywhere along the length of the delivery tube, including the tube itself and very proximal to the patient. For slow respiratory rates, an NO generation and delivery system can minimize NO2 levels in the product gas by producing and staging the NO-pulse into the delivery tubing as late as possible. This is done by starting the NO delivery pulse creation at a time such that it will be staged within the tube just prior to inspiration, based on prior respiratory event timing. In one embodiment, the NO generation device operates so completion of NO pulse staging coincides with the end of patient exhalation. Delivery of the staged volume to the patient can be done by increasing pump speed and/or releasing pressure from a pressure source. In one embodiment, a pressurized reservoir of gas is released by opening a proportional valve to push the NO-containing volume of gas to the patient at the correct time. In one embodiment, release of the NO-containing volume of gas is predictively delivered based on the timing of prior breaths. In another embodiment, the release of NO-containing gas is delivered in response to an event, such as the detection of inspiration or the end of exhalation.
In some embodiments, an NO generation device makes an ongoing pulse train of NO-containing gas and non-NO containing gas pulses. The transit time between device and patient is usually known so that the NO-containing pulses arrive at the patient nose in synchrony with inspiratory events. Non-NO containing pulses flush out the tubing between breaths so that NO-containing gases are continuously moving, reducing idle time which could increase the formation of NO2. The pulse train can be adjusted by varying the flow rate of the pulse train, the width of each pulse and the concentration of NO in each pulse to response to changes in patient respiratory rate and activity level. In some embodiments, the pump flow rate is generally constant in the presence of constant inspiratory activity and only plasma parameters are varied to control NO concentration. In some embodiments, the pump flow rate is varied throughout the respiratory cycle.
A variety of treatment inputs can be used to control the function of the device. In some embodiments, a level of NO generation is set by the user within limits set by a physician. In some embodiments, the user has no control of dose level. In some embodiments, a system can automatically increase NO generation based on indications of increased patient activity from sensor measurements. Examples can include an accelerometer within the NO generator that can sense increased activity of the user, measured SPO2 level within the patient, receiving the breath trigger signal from an O2 deliver device, and a respiration sensor that can detect increased respiratory rate indicative of increased activity.
Various methods can be used alone or in concert to detect respiration, such as a strain sensor on the skin of the patient, a microphone, a pressure sensor in the NO delivery line, a pressure sensor in a dedicated lumen from device to nose, a temperature sensor under the nose, a pressure sensor under the nose, a flow sensor under the patient nose, an optical sensor within the air flow of the nose, an accelerometer on the patient chest, a displacement sensor on the patient, a strain sensor on the patient chest, or other means. In one embodiment, a microphone is placed on the patient neck. In some embodiments, a strain sensor is placed on the skin of the patient's torso. By detecting patient respiratory activity, such as breathing rate, breathing depth, breath pulse shape, the NO generation system can optimize NO delivery. Patient-mounted sensors may be wired to the cannula or directly to the NO generator. In other embodiments, the sensors are wireless and communicate via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, infrared, RF or some other means to the controller. In some embodiments, pressure is measured within the lumen that delivers NO to the patient. In some embodiments, an algorithm ignores the pressure signal during an NO delivery pulse, then monitors for an inspiratory event as the patient exhales.
The breath detection signal can vary with patient anatomy, patient disease state, patient activity (sleep vs. active), or other patient-related factors. Thus, an NO generation system can require tuning of the breath detection algorithm for each individual patient. In some embodiments, a delta-pressure threshold is adjusted for each patient as part of device installation. The delta-pressure threshold can be dynamically adjusted by the device, based on patient activity, time of day (awake vs. sleeping), mounting in the charger (indicating more sedentary activity) or other factors that could affect the inspiratory event.
A patient's respiratory rate may vary with exertion. Faster respiratory rates could lead to excessive NO delivery if the NO generation system delivers the same amount of NO with every breath. It should also be noted that respiratory depth (i.e. tidal volume) can vary as well and is generally independent of respiratory rate. For NO treatment to be effective, the concentration of NO in the patient lungs (bronchioles and/or aveoli and/or other parts of the lung) should be at therapeutic levels periodically, if not continuously, owing to the fact that NO has physiologic effects that persist within the tissue for some time and diminish according to the NO physiologic half-life. In one embodiment, the NO generation system doses a subset of breaths, using a combination of one or more of respiratory rate, tidal volume, physiological NO half-life, inspired O2 concentration, target dose, recent historical dose information, and/or NO oxidation rate to determine which inspirations to dose. In another embodiment, NO is delivered with each breath but pulse parameters are varied based on one or more of respiratory rate, estimated entrainment fraction, physiologic NO half-life, NO oxidation rate, and/or inspired O2 levels to achieve target NO concentration within the lung. In one embodiment, the amount of NO delivered per breath is adjusted based on respiratory rate such that the overall prescribed deliver rate is achieved by delivering discrete parcels in each breach or a subset of breaths without computing or compensating for tidal volume changes. In one embodiment, the NO generation system delivers a consistent pulse each a pulse is delivered and has a maximum number of breaths that it will dose per unit time. In another embodiment involving consistent doses, based on a moving average, if the number of dosed breaths per unit time exceeds a threshold, the device stops NO delivery until the moving average falls below the threshold. In another embodiment, the volume of the pulse is consistent but the concentration of NO is varied to achieve the desired dose. In another embodiment, the pulse duration is consistent but one or more of the pulse flow rate and concentration are varied to achieve the desired dose. In another embodiment, the pulse flow rate is consistent, but one or more of the pulse duration, and concentration are varied to achieve the requested dose. In another embodiment, the target delivery amount per breath is fixed based on assumed breathing parameters, and periodic “make-up” pulses are used whose NO content is varied to compensate for actual measured breathing patterns,
Features can also be added to the delivery device to detect respiration. In some embodiments, a wire runs up one tube and down the other tube of a nasal cannula. Between the nostrils, there is a small thermistor. One way of making such a thermistor is to use a piece of Mylar with sputtered aluminum on it. Respirations are detected by looking at the changes in resistance of the thermistor, indicating the warmth of exhalation of cooling of inhalation. Two wires could run in one tube too. In some embodiments, sensing could also be done by stretching the wire to be thinner in the area of temperature sensing. In some embodiments, the barb of the nasal cannula is metallic and conductive so that it is part of the thermistor circuit. This works best when there is wire in two lumens and two barb connections to the controller. In some embodiments, a thermocouple under the nose can be provided. In some embodiments, an NO delivery device can include a cannula NO lumen that bifurcates as it reaches the controller. One lumen connects to the scavenger and the other lumen connects to a blind hole with a pressure sensor for detecting respirations. In some embodiments, an NO delivery device is provided where an NO line pressure is sensed within the controller near the cannula connection point so that patient respirations can be sensed via pressure.
There are various techniques that can be used to detect respiration. In some embodiments, an NO delivery device 670, as shown in
In some embodiments, the NO delivery device 680 can include an O2 input connection 682 and separate O2 output connection 684, as shown in
The level of NO can also be adjusted based on activity of an O2 source. The O2 source can vary, such as a tank-based system or an O2 concentrator. For example, the NO generation device could monitor flow of O2 within an O2 delivery lumen and increase NO levels in linear proportion (or some other algorithm) to O2 flow. In some embodiments, O2 from an O2 concentrator can flow through the disposable component of the NO generation device where it is measured by a flow sensor. In some embodiments, O2 flows through a reusable portion of the NO generator and the O2 flow sensor consists of either a delta-pressure sensor with a flow restriction, a hot wire anemometer, or other sensor with the intended purpose of measuring flow. In an embodiment, the system can have a direct electrical or wireless connection to the O2 generator and receive inputs on O2 generation levels. In some embodiments, the NO generation system can measure the strain in the O2 line of the cannula to understand the level of O2 delivery and the mode (pulsatile vs. constant). In some embodiments, the radial displacement of the O2 line can be sensed with an ultrasonic sensor to detect O2 flow levels and patterns. For example, the oxygen tube of a nasal cannula can be pushed into a slot on the side of the housing. In some embodiments, a line from an O2 concentrator is inserted into the slot on the side of the housing. A pressure, strain, ultrasound, force, displacement, microphone, or optical sensor can be used to detect perturbations in the O2 tube wall. The magnitude of perturbations can be enhanced by placing a small flow restriction (a bump for example) within the oxygen flow path to create some back pressure behind the restriction. The wall strain/displacement/pressure sensor will detect the flow activity of the O2 source and enable the NO generator to synchronize NO delivery with the oxygen supply. One benefit of this approach is the O2 line runs continuously from the O2 source to the either the cannula or nasal prongs without a connector. Another benefit is that the housing of the NO generation device does not require any openings which could permit fluid or other contamination to enter the sealed housing. The slot could be horizontal or vertical and can be the mechanical holder for the oxygen tube. The magnetic driven power connection can also be expanded to make the magnet bigger and more powerful to add to the retention of the base to the generator.
It can be a challenge for an NO generation and delivery system to detect an inspiration, generate NO and delivery NO in real time. This is due to the time it takes for inspiration to be detected, time required to initiate NO flow and transit time from the generator to the patient.
Environmental influences can also affect NO generation. For example, an NO generation device can operate at high altitude or low altitude due to its ability to vary NO generation based on a measurement of ambient pressure and or plasma chamber pressure.
In some embodiments, a NO generation device includes an inlet filter scavenger, an air pump, and an electrode assembly. In some embodiments, an electrode assembly can be sized to last the lifetime of the device, which can vary but in an embodiment can be up to 5 years. This can reduce the complexity of the device and can spare the user from having to replace electrodes. In some embodiments, electrodes can be part of the cartridge or a separate assembly, requiring periodic replacement. In some embodiments, automotive-style electrode assemblies can be used.
It is possible for the device to include features to prevent overheating. As the ambulatory device can be placed in various locations, including on an O2 generator trolley or a battery charger (for example, positioned at a 45 degree angle for stability and ease of reading a display), or be worn by a patient, for example on a belt, in a bag or worn under a coat, it is possible for the device to overheat. In some embodiments, the air that is used to generate NO could be run over heat exchangers to cool the electronics. In one embodiment, the NO generator is located at the air inlet for an O2 concentrator. In some embodiment, the air used to generate NO could be run over heat exchangers to cool the electronics. In some embodiments, the enclosure of the NO generation device is made from a thermally-conductive material, such as aluminum. Heat-generating components can be dispersed throughout the enclosure and mounted to the enclosure such that the heat is conducted to the surface of the enclosure evenly, thereby enabling heat to leave the system without elevating the surface temperature of the controller enclosure beyond safe levels. In some embodiments, the charging current of the device is governed so that the additional heat caused by battery charging does not overheat the device. In some embodiments, the battery charging current is controlled by the internal enclosure temperature so that faster charging currents are used when thermally permissible.
Many internal components of an NO generation device can be integrated into the device enclosure. For example, the manifold that routes reactant gas, product gas, and O2 through the device can be integrated into the enclosure thereby reducing device volume, device mass, and assembly time. In one embodiment, an open motor 730 is mounted directly to the NO generation device enclosure 734 to reduce the mass of having a separate motor enclosure (
Control Circuitry
In some embodiments, the electronics of an NO generation and delivery device have three primary groupings, as shown in
In some embodiments, the User Control and Monitoring (UCM) circuitry 742 as shown in
It can be possible that a user connects to a stationary O2 concentrator when at home and use a line, such as a 50 foot (15 m) line, to receive O2. The transit time of NO in a 50′ line could be long enough that unsafe levels of NO2 form. In some embodiments, a line, such as a 50′ line, can be provided with proprietary connectors that have a NO2 scavenger at the patient end to remove NO2 closer to the patient. Proprietary connection could involve custom thread, RFID, bar code, or other features.
Treatment settings, alarm limits, and treatment limits can all be variable and can be set, for example, by a physician. The settings can be made in a variety of ways, including but not limited to through the use of a remote device (for example, cell phone), an imbedded user interface, or by turning a screw/knob or other mechanism connected to a potentiometer.
NO Recirculation
In some embodiments of inhaled nitric oxide therapy systems, the pneumatic pathway conducts gas in a single direction from the NO source (i.e. tank or generation unit) to the point where the NO-rich gas is injected into the flow in the inspiratory circuit (
In some embodiments, recirculation of gas between the NO source 810 and the point of injection 812 can be achieved (
At standard temperature and pressure, nitric oxide reacts with the oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO2 is a toxic pollutant to which human exposure should be limited. The rate of oxidation of NO is the rate of formation of NO2. The reaction rate increases when the NO concentration is higher, or the oxygen concentration is higher. The reaction is not very sensitive to temperature near standard temperature and pressure. During inhaled NO treatment, it is necessary to maintain a constant concentration of inhaled NO, while minimally diluting the inspiratory flow. Therefore, the NO source is typically a reasonably high concentration (˜500-1000 ppm). If the NO source is a tank of compressed gas, and the balance gas is an inert species such as nitrogen, the only significant NO2 formation occurs in the inspiratory circuit after the NO-rich gas is mixed in the correct proportion with the inspiratory flow to achieve the desired dose concentration.
In some embodiments, an electric arc is used to generate nitric oxide from ambient air. The nitric oxide (NO) is present in concentration on the order of 50-5000 ppm depending on the desired dose and inspiratory flow. However, leftover oxygen and nitrogen remain virtually unchanged from their atmospheric concentrations of approximately 21% and 78% respectively. Therefore, NO2 is forming from the moment NO is generated in the arc. Some of this NO2 can be chemically removed after the electric NO generator before the NO-rich gas is mixed into the inspiratory flow.
Depending on the detailed design of the pneumatic circuit, and the details of the inspiratory flow rate and NO-therapy, the residence time of the NO-rich, O2-rich gas in the volume after chemical NO2 removal but before injection may be excessive. Excessive residence time leads to greater NO2 formation.
In some embodiments, there is a recirculating loop of NO-rich gas. The gas is constantly circulating, and only a portion is diverted to the inspiratory limb. Recirculation limits residence time, so NO2 formation can be limited. Moreover, gas that returns to the NO source can be “re-scrubbed” so to limit NO2 accumulation.
The flow of NO-rich gas can be directed to the inspiratory limb by closing the injection valve on the return leg, otherwise NO-rich gas is continuously recirculating in the loop. In some embodiments, a portion of the gases within the recirculation loop flow out of the loop and through gas analysis sensors within the system to monitor one or more of NO, NO2, and O2 levels in the product gas. In some embodiments, sample gases are drawn from the return leg of the recirculation circuit. In some embodiments, product gases are sampled after the scrubber.
Wearability
Safety Features
Various safety features can be incorporated in the NO generation device. In an embodiment, safety features can be used when a device sits idle for a while, as NO within the delivery tube can turn to NO2. Prior to resuming use, the tube can be rid of NO2 without pumping the NO to the patient. For example, the NO delivery pump can be run in reverse to pull NO2 away from the patient and into the scavenger. The pump can run for a certain amount of time or for a certain number of pump rotations that can be related to the volume of the NO delivery line. In one embodiment, the duration of pump purge activity is determined by the cannula length which is entered into or read by the controller. After the NO2 has been removed from the tube, the pump can return to forward flow and plasma generation can be initiated. In an embodiment, the system can prevent NO from residing the NO delivery line when treatment is not being administered. The pump can be run for a period of time after plasma generation stops thereby purging the NO delivery line with air and pushing all of the NO out to the patient. In another approach, lines can be blown out, or purged of all gas before beginning treatment.
In one embodiment, product gas is analyzed with one or more gas sensors prior to exiting the NO generation device and entering the cannula. These effluent gases can be analyzed for NO, NO2 and O2 content, for example. In another embodiment, a dedicated lumen in the cannula is used to pull a sample of product gases from the delivery lumen to gas analysis sensors for analysis.
It is important for an NO generation device to know that reactant gas flow is occurring through the plasma reservoir. In one embodiment, an NO generation device uses one or more of the following means to ensure reactant gas flow: sensing pump motor current, an encoder related to pump and/or motor operation, a flow sensor that detects reactant gas flow within the reactant gas flow path, one or more pressure sensors within the plasma chamber or in fluid communication with the reactant gas flow, a thermistor within the reactant gas flow, and/or a hot wire anemometer within the reactant gas flow.
One issue that can occur with cannula-based NO delivery is kinking of the delivery line, potentially slowing or stopping NO delivery to the patient. In some embodiments, the system can use one or more of the following indicators to detect a kinked line: NO line pressure, O2 line pressure, NO pump current, NO line flow, O2 line flow, respiration signal fidelity, and plasma activity (suppressed by high pressure).
Another issue that can occur with an ambulatory NO generation device that delivers through a cannula is mouth breathing. Talking and snoring can also present respiratory conditions similar to mouth breathing. Patients that breath through their mouth do not receive the same dose as when they breathe through their nose when wearing a nasal cannula. In some embodiments, the NO generation and delivery system can detect inadequate nasal respiration and/or mouth breathing and can respond by increasing the NO delivery to accommodate and/or warning the user. If the system is able to deliver NO to the patient (pump current is normal, NO flow is normal) but if the system is not able to detect respirations at the nose, then the patient is probably breathing through their mouth.
Other safety features can also be included with an ambulatory NO generation device. It is possible for users to forget to replace the NO2 scavenger component at appropriate times. In some embodiments, a device can prompt a user to replace a scavenger when they remove the device from the charger in the morning. In some embodiments, an ambulatory device can include a built-in accelerometer to detect patient activity. In some embodiments, an ambulatory device can include features to detect patient exertion and provide a warning. The warning can be based on various measurements and data, including accelerometer data and/or respiratory rate.
In one embodiment, an NO generation and delivery system can provide feedback to the user and/or O2 delivery system regarding the O2 delivery treatment. For example, in one embodiment, the flow rate of O2 through the NO delivery system is measured. In the event that O2 pulses do not coincide with patient respirations or are not happening at all, the NO generation system can generate an alarm for the user. In one embodiment, the NO generation and delivery system provides a breath detection signal for an O2 delivery system.
In one embodiment, the NO generation system can alert the user if there is evidence that the current NO dose level is not correct. For example, low SpO2 levels or high heart rate can indicate that the patient is not receiving sufficient NO. In this case, the device could warn the user. In one embodiment, the NO dose level is changed automatically, within reasonable limits to see if an adjustment in NO dose can improve a physiological parameter.
In some embodiments, an NO generation and delivery device alters the dose level over time based on the patient's physiological response to NO. In some embodiments, a high NO dose is delivered to the patient for an initial period of time to dilate the patient's lung vessels followed by a lower NO dose to sustain the lung vessel dilation.
In some embodiments, a portable NO generation device 880 can be controlled such that it can only be used in conjunction with another therapy, including but not limited to a left ventricular assist device 882 (LVAD) as shown in
If all the required conditions are met, the physician can register the portable NO devices and the UDI of the LVAD as well as one or more patient identifiers, with measures to protect confidentiality in accordance with HIPAA. The physician can generate an electronic prescription for the patient that is forwarded to a pharmacy. A prescription label for a portable NO device can be created under certain conditions, including but not limited to a valid prescription being generated by the physician, and the device association data being available (Step 892).
A physician or other medical professional, for example a respiratory therapist, can train a patient on the portable NO device and can activate the device for the first time (Step 894). In some embodiment, the portable NO devices prompt for a valid prescription label and reads the prescription label, seeks a valid expiration date and the clinical indication which must be LVAD associated with elevated PVR. The portable NO device reads device association data (UDIs for the device). If the required information for is validated, the device is enabled and therapy can commence. If any element of the required information is not met, the device alarms and therapy cannot commence. If during therapy, any elements of the required prescription information become invalid (for example, the prescription expiration date has passed), the device will alarm and therapy will terminate. Once therapy is discontinued for any reason, the physician can discontinue therapy and release the portable NO devices for use with a new patient (Step 896).
In use, the initiation of treatment with a stand-alone, ambulatory NO generator can include the steps of ensuring that a controller battery is fully charged, and removing a fresh cartridge from a vacuum-sealed packaging. The cartridge is installed into the controller by orienting it with the nasal cannula connection up and flat side toward a user display. The cartridge is pressed down into the controller until a user senses a tactile and/or audible “click.” A nasal cannula is connected to the connector at the top of the cartridge, and the controller is turned on. It will be understood that the cannula and cartridge can also be unitary. The controller can go through a boot process and cartridge check. If the cartridge is used or expired, the controller user display can present an alarm. Upon successful completion of a boot and cartridge check, all indicators on the user interface can be green and the device can automatically begin delivering NO.
In use, the initiation of treatment with an NO generation system and oxygen concentrator can include the steps of ensuring that the controller battery is fully charged, and removing a fresh cartridge from a vacuum-sealed packaging. The cartridge is installed into the controller by orienting it with the nasal cannula connection up and flat side toward the User display. The cartridge is pressed down into the controller until the user senses a tactile and/or audible “click.” A method of carrying the NO generation device is selected and installed. For example, the controller can be attached to an oxygen bottle or an oxygen generator, and the NO generation device can be worn on a belt or on a shoulder strap. The oxygen side of the dual-lumen cannula is connected to the oxygen source, and the oxygen tube is pressed into the oxygen tube groove in the NO device enclosure until it is fully seated. The NO side of the dual-lumen cannula is connected to the output of the NO generator. The cannula prongs are placed in the nose of a patient and the left and right tubes are run around the corresponding ear. Any excess cannula tubing is coiled and secured to the NO generator with the attached strap. The O2 concentrator is turned on and its settings are adjusted to the desired outputs. The NO generation device is turned on, and the NO delivery setting are chosen (for example, synchronous, asynchronous, or constant NO delivery). The desired NO output in ppm and flow rate is also chosen.
In some embodiments, a flat prismatic Lithium Ion battery pack is used to enable compact packing of the device.
In some embodiments, the ambulatory NO generation device is designed to automatically increase NO production upon detection of activity within preprogrammed limits. The +/−buttons can be used to adjust the NO dose within preprogrammed limits. A “Boost” button can be used for a brief bolus of NO. Disposable cartridges are identified with a proprietary memory device. In one embodiment, one or more of the following parameters are entered into a disposable component memory device: cannula length, cannula inner diameter, cannula volume, the patient height, ideal body weight, and/or current weight. The system will not function without cartridges from the OEM.
All patents, patent applications, and published references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It will be appreciated that several of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or application. Various alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art.
This application is a continuation patent application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/703,497, filed Mar. 24, 2022, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/332,915, filed May 27, 2021, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/724,233, filed Dec. 21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,033,705, which is a continuation patent application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/363,505 filed Mar. 25, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,576,239, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/907,258 filed Feb. 27, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,328,228, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/463,943 filed Feb. 27, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/463,956 filed Feb. 27, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/509,394 filed May 22, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/553,572 filed Sep. 1, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/574,173 filed Oct. 18, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/614,492 filed Jan. 7, 2018, and the contents of each of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
This invention was made with government support under Grant Number TR001704 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
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