Patent Application
20190207900
The present technology relates to the field of content generation. More particularly, the present technology relates to techniques for automatically creating and sharing digital content in a computer networking environment.
Users often utilize computing devices for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access media content, share media content, and create media content. In some cases, media content can be provided by members of a social networking system. The media content can include one or a combination of text, images, videos, and audio. The media content may be published to the social networking system for consumption by others.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure can include systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media configured to receive an indication of a first activity by a first user. A content post relating to the first activity is automatically generated. The content post is automatically published to a content feed in a social networking system.
In an embodiment, the automatically generating the content post and the automatically publishing the content post are performed based on a user input indicating a user intent to authorize automatic content posts.
In an embodiment, the automatically generating the content post and the automatically publishing the content post are performed without additional user input other than the user input indicating the user intent to authorize automatic content posts and performance of the first activity by the first user.
In an embodiment, the automatically publishing the content post is performed after completion of the first activity by the first user.
In an embodiment, the automatically publishing the content post is performed while the first user is performing the first activity.
In an embodiment, the content post is removed from publication based on a determination that the first user has completed the first activity.
In an embodiment, a second content post relating to the first activity is automatically generated. The second content post is automatically published to the content feed in the social networking system based on the determination that the first user has completed the first activity.
In an embodiment, the indication of the first activity by the first user is received from a computing device application.
In an embodiment, the computing device application is a media player application, and the receiving the indication of the first activity by the first user comprises receiving an indication that the first user is playing a first media content item through the media player application.
In an embodiment, the first activity is determined based on user location information.
It should be appreciated that many other features, applications, embodiments, and/or variations of the disclosed technology will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the following detailed description. Additional and/or alternative implementations of the structures, systems, non-transitory computer readable media, and methods described herein can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology.
The figures depict various embodiments of the disclosed technology for purposes of illustration only, wherein the figures use like reference numerals to identify like elements. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated in the figures can be employed without departing from the principles of the disclosed technology described herein.
As mentioned, users often utilize computing devices for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices to, for example, interact with one another, access media content, share media content, and create media content. In some cases, media content items can include postings (i.e., content posts) from members of an online community or platform, such as a social networking system. The content posts may include one or a combination of text, images, videos, and audio. The content posts may be published to the social networking system for consumption by others. Under conventional approaches, content posts posted by a member can be included in a profile of the member on the social networking system. In other instances, content posts posted by the member can appear in respective media content feeds of other users who are members of the social networking system. The other users can be connections of the member who posted the content posts.
Under conventional approaches, users can create and publish content to a social networking system. Such content posts can include text, media (e.g., images, videos, audio), or a combination thereof. Other users can access the published content posts through the social networking system. Under conventional approaches, users may be provided with various features or tools to generate content. For example, these features and tools may be provided via a user interface on a mobile application or web browser. Users can interact with the user interface to generate content and publish it to the social networking system. However, conventional approaches for generating and sharing content posts can be burdensome for various reasons. For example, conventional approaches may provide tools or features for users to create compelling content based on interesting images or videos that the user is able to capture. This may lead to a scenario in which a significant portion of content on a social networking system comprises photos or videos captured by users. However, within this ecosystem, users may find it difficult or undesirable to generate or share content about the user when the user is performing a task or is otherwise engaged in an activity that is not easily or faithfully depicted through images or videos. As such, conventional approaches may lead to scenarios in which users only share content when they are participating in an activity they deem to be “photo-worthy.” This can result in long periods of time when individual users are not generating or sharing any content. Furthermore, users may find it burdensome to consistently create content posts relating to commonplace, everyday activities. As such, social networking systems may find it difficult to encourage users to generate frequent content posts for the social networking system.
An improved approach rooted in computer technology overcomes the foregoing and other disadvantages associated with conventional approaches specifically arising in the realm of computer technology. In general, users may be provided with the option to automatically generate and publish content posts. In various embodiments, content posts that are automatically generated and published, i.e., automatic content posts, may relate to activities performed by a user. For example, a user may be provided with the option to automatically generate and publish a content post every time the user listens to music on an application on his or her computing device. Or, in various other examples, a user may be provided with the option to automatically generate and publish a content post every time the user goes for a run, goes out for a meal, consumes a media content item, and the like. The user can be provided, for example, with one or more options for automatic content posts. If the user sets the option to a first setting (e.g., an “on” setting), this can indicate an intent of the user to automatically generate and publish content posts pertaining to a particular type or types of user activities. If the user sets the option to a second setting (e.g., an “off” setting), this can indicate an intent of the user not to automatically generate and publish content posts (e.g., all content posts, or content posts pertaining to a particular type of activity). If a user turns on the option to automatically generate and publish content posts, an activity undertaken by the user can be automatically detected. A content post pertaining to the detected activity can be automatically generated and published to a social networking system. More details relating to the disclosed technology are provided below.
As shown in the example of
In some embodiments, the content provider module 102 can be implemented, in part or in whole, as software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In general, a module as discussed herein can be associated with software, hardware, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, one or more functions, tasks, and/or operations of modules can be carried out or performed by software routines, software processes, hardware, and/or any combination thereof. In some cases, the content provider module 102 can be, in part or in whole, implemented as software running on one or more computing devices or systems, such as on a server system or a client computing device. In some instances, the content provider module 102 can be, in part or in whole, implemented within or configured to operate in conjunction with or be integrated with a social networking system (or service), such as a social networking system 630 of
The content provider module 102 can be configured to communicate and/or operate with the at least one data store 114, as shown in the example system 100. The data store 114 can be configured to store and maintain various types of data. In some implementations, the data store 114 can store information associated with the social networking system (e.g., the social networking system 630 of
The content module 104 can be configured to provide users with access to content (e.g., media content items and/or content posts, such as automatic content posts) that is available through a social networking system. In some instances, this content can include media content items, i.e., content posts, that are posted in content feeds accessible through the social networking system. For example, the content module 104 can provide a first user with access to content posts through an interface that is provided by a software application (e.g., a social networking application) running on a computing device of the first user. The first user can also interact with the interface to post content posts to the social networking system. Such content posts may include text, images, audio, and videos, to name some examples. For example, the first user can submit a content post to be published through the social networking system. The content post may be an automatic content post that is automatically generated and published. In some embodiments, the content post can include, or reference, one or more media content items.
In various embodiments, other users of the social networking system can access content posts posted by the first user. In one example, the other users can access the content posts by searching for the first user by user name through an interface provided by a software application (e.g., a social networking application, browser, etc.) running on their respective computing devices. In some instances, some users may want to see content posts posted by the first user in their respective content feed. To cause content posts posted by the first user to be included in their respective content feed, a user can select an option through the interface to subscribe to, or “follow”, the first user. The follow module 106 can process the user's request by identifying the user as a follower of (or “friend” of) the first user in the social networking system. As a result, some or all content posts that are posted by the first user can automatically be included in the respective content feed of the user. If the user decides that they no longer want to see content from the first user in their respective content feed, the user can select an option through the interface to unsubscribe from, or “unfollow”, the first user. As a result, the follow module 106 can remove the association between the user and the first user so that content posts posted by the first user are no longer included in the content feed of the user.
In some instances, users may want to interact with content posts posted to a social networking system. For example, a user may want to endorse, or “like”, a content post. In this example, the user can select an option provided in the interface to like the desired content post. The interaction module 108 can determine when a user likes a given content post and can store information describing this relationship. The interaction module 108 can also determine when other forms of user interaction are performed and can store information describing the interaction (e.g., information describing the type of interaction, the identity of the user, the identity of the user that posted the content post, and the content post, to name some examples). For example, the user may want to post a comment in response to a content post. In this example, the user can select an option provided in the interface to enter and post the comment for the desired content post. The interaction module 108 can determine when a user posts a comment in response to a given content post and can store information describing this relationship. Other forms of user interaction can include emoji-based reactions to a content post (e.g., selecting an option that corresponds to a particular reaction emoji, e.g., happy, sad, angry, etc.), re-sharing a content post, and transmitting a message to a user pertaining to a particular content post, for example.
In some embodiments, the story module 110 can provide an option that allows users to post their content as stories. In such embodiments, each user has a corresponding story feed in which the user can post content. When a user's story feed is accessed by another user, the story module 110 can provide content posted in the story feed to the other user for viewing. In some embodiments, content posted in a user's story feed may be accessible by any user of the social networking system. In some embodiments, content posted in a user's story feed may only be accessible to followers of the user. In some embodiments, user stories expire after a pre-defined time interval (e.g., every 24 hours). In such embodiments, content posted as a story in a story feed is treated as ephemeral content that is made inaccessible once the pre-defined time interval has elapsed. In contrast, content posted in certain other content feeds, such as a user (or follower) primary content feed, can be treated as non-ephemeral content that remains accessible for a longer and/or an indefinite period of time.
In various embodiments, the automatic sharing module 112 is used to automatically generate and publish a content post. In various embodiments, an automatic content post may pertain to a particular user activity. The automatic sharing module 112 can be configured to automatically detect a user activity, and automatically generate and publish a content post pertaining to that user activity. In certain embodiments, the automatic sharing module 112 can be configured to automatically generate and publish different types of content posts. For example, the different types of content posts can include a live content post and a completed activity content post. A live content post may pertain to a current activity of a user (e.g., an activity that the user is currently undertaking, performing, participating in, etc.), while a completed activity content post may pertain to an activity that a user performed previously. More details regarding the automatic sharing module 112 will be provided below with reference to
The user activity determination module 204 can be configured to receive an indication of a user activity. In certain embodiments, the user activity determination module 204 can be configured to receive indications of a particular type or particular types of user activities. For example, as discussed above, a user may be provided with the option to turn on or turn off automatic content posts. In certain embodiments, the option may be associated with a particular type of user activity or types of user activities. For example, the user may authorize automatic content posts to share: (1) music the user is currently listening to, (2) TV programs or movies the user is currently watching, (3) that the user is on a run, (4) that the user is at the gym working out, (5) that the user is at a particular restaurant eating, (6) other activities, or any combination thereof. Similarly, the user may turn off automatic content posts for an activity or any combination or set of activities. In some instances, the user may be provided with multiple options to turn automatic content posts on or off, with each option being associated with a particular type of activity. In this way, the user can specify what types of activities he or she would like automatically shared, and what types of activities he or she would not like to be automatically shared. In various embodiments, the user may be provided with the option to specify the level or amount of information that can be shared in automatic content posts. For example, the user may indicate that he or she would like to share automatic content posts whenever the user is watching a movie at a movie theater. In this example, the automatic content posts can indicate that the user is watching a movie at a theater, but may not disclose the exact location of the movie theater.
In certain embodiments, the user activity determination module 204 can be configured to receive an indication of a user activity based on information received from an application running on a user computing device. For example, the user activity determination module 204 can receive information from a media player application running on a user computing device indicating that the user is consuming a particular media content item. For example, the user can be listening to a particular song, album, or artist, or watching a particular channel, a particular television show, a particular episode, or a particular movie, etc. In another example, the user activity determination module 204 can receive information from a fitness application running on a user computing device indicating that the user has checked into a gym, or is starting a run, a bike ride, a hike, etc.
In certain embodiments, the user activity determination module 204 can be configured to receive an indication of a user activity based on contextual information. Contextual information can include, for example, user location information. Contextual information, such as user location information, can be used to determine a user activity. For example, if user location information indicates that a user is at the gym, the user activity determination module 204 can determine that the user is exercising. Or if the user location information indicates that the user is at a movie theater, the user activity determination module 204 can determine that the user is watching a movie. If the user location information indicates that the user is at a restaurant, the user activity determination module 204 can determine that the user is dining. Contextual information also can include calendar information or any other information that can be used to determine a user's activity. Many variations are possible.
The user activity determination module 204 can also be configured to determine when an activity has concluded. For example, the user activity determination module 204 can receive information from a computing device or application running on the computing device that a user is no longer performing an activity. For example, the information can indicate that the user has stopped listening to music, stopped watching content, completed an exercise routine, etc. The user activity determination module 204 can also be configured to determine that an activity has completed based on contextual information. For example, if user location information indicates that the user has left a particular location, the user activity determination module 204 can determine that the user's activity at that location (e.g., eating at a restaurant, watching a movie at a movie theater, watching a concert or show at a venue, etc.) has completed.
The live content module 206 can be configured to generate and/or publish live content posts pertaining to a user activity. As discussed above, a live content post may pertain to a user activity that is currently being performed by a user, for example, at the time the live content post is generated and/or published. For example, if a user is listening to music on a media player application, the live content module 206 can be configured to automatically generate one or more live content posts pertaining to the music the user is listening to. For example, a live content post may indicate a song title, artist, and/or album that the user is currently listening to. The live content module 206 can also be configured to generate new live content posts or update existing live content posts to provide updates regarding the user's current activity. For example, if a user consecutively listens to ten songs on a media player application, the live content module 206 can update a live content post, or replace the live content post with a new live content post, with information pertaining to the song that the user is currently listening to. In certain embodiments, a live content post can play media content (e.g., a song, a video, etc.) within the live content post in substantially real-time as it is being consumed by the user. In this way, if another user (e.g., a viewing user) is viewing the live content post, the viewing user can feel as if he or she is participating in the activity with the user. In an example, if a user is on a run or a bike ride, or is traveling from one location to another, the live content post can update the location and/or route of the user in substantially real-time. A live content post may have one or more visual indicators to indicate that the content post pertains to an activity currently being performed by the user (i.e., is a live content post, rather than a content post pertaining to a completed activity).
The completed activity module 208 can be configured to generate and publish completed activity content posts pertaining to a user activity. As discussed above, a completed activity content post may pertain to a user activity that was previously performed by a user, and is now completed. For example, if a user was engaged in a previous activity relating to listening to music on a media player application, the completed activity module 208 can generate a completed activity content post pertaining to the previous activity. In various embodiments, a completed activity content post may summarize a previous activity. For example, a completed activity content post may include a list of songs, artists, and/or albums that a user listened to in an earlier listening session, or may include a completed route of a user's earlier run, etc. In some examples, a completed activity content post may include start and/or end times for a previous activity, a duration of a previous activity, and the like.
As such, in various embodiments, a completed activity content post may differ in various ways from a live content post. For example, a live content post may indicate what a user is currently doing, and may be updated with new information as the user's activity evolves. For example, a live content post can show one song the user is listening to, and then update to show a different song when the user begins listening to a different song, or track a user's route during travel, and then update the user's current location. In contrast, a completed activity content post may provide a summary of an earlier activity by a user. In certain embodiments, a live content post associated with an activity may be removed from a social networking system (e.g., made inaccessible to users on a social networking system) once the activity has been completed, and replaced by a completed activity content post. For example, once a user finishes a listening session (e.g., stops listening to music on a media player application), a live content post may be removed from a user's feed such that other users can no longer view the live content post, and replaced by a completed activity content post that summarizes the user's completed listening session. For example, the completed activity content post can include a complete list of all songs, artists, and albums that the user listened to during the listening session, a start and end time for the listening session, a duration of the listening session, and the like.
In various embodiments, an automatic content post, such as a live content post or a completed activity content post, may be automatically generated and published without additional user input other than the user's initial input approving automatic content posts, and the user's performance of the user activity that results in the automatic content post(s). In other words, once a user has indicated approval for automatic content posts pertaining to one or more types of activities, when the user performs the approved activities, one or more automatic content posts are generated and published without further user input. In certain embodiments, a user may be asked to confirm that he or she is, in fact, performing a particular activity. For example, if an activity is automatically determined from a user's location or other contextual information, the live content module 206 and/or the completed activity module 208 can request user confirmation that the user is, in fact, performing or has, in fact, performed the activity. In such instances, automatic content posts may be automatically generated and published upon receipt of the user confirmation.
In certain embodiments, the live content module 206 and the completed activity module 208 can automatically generate automatic content posts based on one or more content post templates. Each content post template may be associated with one or more types of activities, and may specify information to be included in an automatic content post and how the information is to be presented. For example, a first content post template may specify that a live content post pertaining to music a user is listening to should display a song title, an artist name, and an album name. The first content post template may also specify a particular background image to be presented, a particular font style, size, and/or color, where various pieces of information are to be presented within the live content post, and the like. In another example, a second content post template may specify that a completed activity content post pertaining to music a user has listened to should display a listing of all songs that the user has listened to in a listening session, a start time for the listening session, an end time for the listening session, etc. In a third example, a third content post template may specify that a live content post pertaining to a user traveling from one location to another (e.g., on an airline flight) should display a completed portion of the user's route and the user's current location (e.g., on a map background), while a fourth content post template may specify that a completed activity content post pertaining to a user's travel should display the completed travel route, a starting location, a destination location, the start time, and the end time of the travel, as well as how each piece of information should be presented within the content post. Many variations are possible.
The publication module 210 can be configured to post (i.e., publish) content posts, such as automatic content posts (e.g., live content posts and/or completed activity content posts), to, for example, a social networking system. In some embodiments, users have an option to share content posts as stories in a story feed or in one or more other content feeds. In some embodiments, content included in a user's story feed is treated as ephemeral content. That is, content included in the story feed can be available to other users (e.g., followers of the user) for a limited duration of time, i.e., the content is temporarily available. In some embodiments, content included in other content feeds may be treated as non-ephemeral content. That is, the content can be available to the other users for some longer or indefinite duration of time. These time periods can be pre-defined by the social networking system or, in some embodiments, by the user posting the content post. In some embodiments, a content post posted in a non-ephemeral content feed can be available through the social networking system until the content post is deleted by the user. In various embodiments, an automatic content post can be published to a user's story feed or to one or more other non-ephemeral content feeds. In certain embodiments, a live content post may be published to a particular content feed (e.g., a story feed or a non-ephemeral content feed) while the user is performing a particular activity (e.g., while the activity is still “live”), and then may be removed once the activity is completed.
In
The completed activity content post 406 contains information pertaining to User A's previous activity. In this example scenario, the completed activity content post 406 includes a list of songs that User A listened to in an earlier listening session. The completed activity content post 406 also includes a time indicator 408 indicating how long ago User A performed and/or completed this activity. Like the live content post 306 of
At block 502, the example method 500 can receive an indication of a first activity by a first user. At block 504, the example method 500 can automatically generate a content post relating to the first activity. At block 506, the example method 500 can automatically publish the content post to a content feed in a social networking system.
It is contemplated that there can be many other uses, applications, and/or variations associated with the various embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, user can choose whether or not to opt-in to utilize the disclosed technology. The disclosed technology can also ensure that various privacy settings and preferences are maintained and can prevent private information from being divulged. In another example, various embodiments of the present disclosure can learn, improve, and/or be refined over time.
The user device 610 comprises one or more computing devices that can receive input from a user and transmit and receive data via the network 650. In one embodiment, the user device 610 is a conventional computer system executing, for example, a Microsoft Windows compatible operating system (OS), Apple OS X, and/or a Linux distribution. In another embodiment, the user device 610 can be a device having computer functionality, such as a smart-phone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, etc. The user device 610 is configured to communicate via the network 650. The user device 610 can execute an application, for example, a browser application that allows a user of the user device 610 to interact with the social networking system 630. In another embodiment, the user device 610 interacts with the social networking system 630 through an application programming interface (API) provided by the native operating system of the user device 610, such as iOS and ANDROID. The user device 610 is configured to communicate with the external system 620 and the social networking system 630 via the network 650, which may comprise any combination of local area and/or wide area networks, using wired and/or wireless communication systems.
In one embodiment, the network 650 uses standard communications technologies and protocols. Thus, the network 650 can include links using technologies such as Ethernet, 802.11, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), 3G, 4G, CDMA, GSM, LTE, digital subscriber line (DSL), etc. Similarly, the networking protocols used on the network 650 can include multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), and the like. The data exchanged over the network 650 can be represented using technologies and/or formats including hypertext markup language (HTML) and extensible markup language (XML). In addition, all or some links can be encrypted using conventional encryption technologies such as secure sockets layer (SSL), transport layer security (TLS), and Internet Protocol security (IPsec).
In one embodiment, the user device 610 may display content from the external system 620 and/or from the social networking system 630 by processing a markup language document 614 received from the external system 620 and from the social networking system 630 using a browser application 612. The markup language document 614 identifies content and one or more instructions describing formatting or presentation of the content. By executing the instructions included in the markup language document 614, the browser application 612 displays the identified content using the format or presentation described by the markup language document 614. For example, the markup language document 614 includes instructions for generating and displaying a web page having multiple frames that include text and/or image data retrieved from the external system 620 and the social networking system 630. In various embodiments, the markup language document 614 comprises a data file including extensible markup language (XML) data, extensible hypertext markup language (XHTML) data, or other markup language data. Additionally, the markup language document 614 may include JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data, JSON with padding (JSONP), and JavaScript data to facilitate data-interchange between the external system 620 and the user device 610. The browser application 612 on the user device 610 may use a JavaScript compiler to decode the markup language document 614.
The markup language document 614 may also include, or link to, applications or application frameworks such as FLASH™ or Unity™ applications, the SilverLight™ application framework, etc.
In one embodiment, the user device 610 also includes one or more cookies 616 including data indicating whether a user of the user device 610 is logged into the social networking system 630, which may enable modification of the data communicated from the social networking system 630 to the user device 610.
The external system 620 includes one or more web servers that include one or more web pages 622a, 622b, which are communicated to the user device 610 using the network 650. The external system 620 is separate from the social networking system 630. For example, the external system 620 is associated with a first domain, while the social networking system 630 is associated with a separate social networking domain. Web pages 622a, 622b, included in the external system 620, comprise markup language documents 614 identifying content and including instructions specifying formatting or presentation of the identified content.
The social networking system 630 includes one or more computing devices for a social network, including a plurality of users, and providing users of the social network with the ability to communicate and interact with other users of the social network. In some instances, the social network can be represented by a graph, i.e., a data structure including edges and nodes. Other data structures can also be used to represent the social network, including but not limited to databases, objects, classes, meta elements, files, or any other data structure. The social networking system 630 may be administered, managed, or controlled by an operator. The operator of the social networking system 630 may be a human being, an automated application, or a series of applications for managing content, regulating policies, and collecting usage metrics within the social networking system 630. Any type of operator may be used.
Users may join the social networking system 630 and then add connections to any number of other users of the social networking system 630 to whom they desire to be connected. As used herein, the term “friend” refers to any other user of the social networking system 630 to whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via the social networking system 630. For example, in an embodiment, if users in the social networking system 630 are represented as nodes in the social graph, the term “friend” can refer to an edge formed between and directly connecting two user nodes.
Connections may be added explicitly by a user or may be automatically created by the social networking system 630 based on common characteristics of the users (e.g., users who are alumni of the same educational institution). For example, a first user specifically selects a particular other user to be a friend. Connections in the social networking system 630 are usually in both directions, but need not be, so the terms “user” and “friend” depend on the frame of reference. Connections between users of the social networking system 630 are usually bilateral (“two-way”), or “mutual,” but connections may also be unilateral, or “one-way.” For example, if Bob and Joe are both users of the social networking system 630 and connected to each other, Bob and Joe are each other's connections. If, on the other hand, Bob wishes to connect to Joe to view data communicated to the social networking system 630 by Joe, but Joe does not wish to form a mutual connection, a unilateral connection may be established. The connection between users may be a direct connection; however, some embodiments of the social networking system 630 allow the connection to be indirect via one or more levels of connections or degrees of separation.
In addition to establishing and maintaining connections between users and allowing interactions between users, the social networking system 630 provides users with the ability to take actions on various types of items supported by the social networking system 630. These items may include groups or networks (i.e., social networks of people, entities, and concepts) to which users of the social networking system 630 may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use via the social networking system 630, transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via services provided by or through the social networking system 630, and interactions with advertisements that a user may perform on or off the social networking system 630. These are just a few examples of the items upon which a user may act on the social networking system 630, and many others are possible. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in the social networking system 630 or in the external system 620, separate from the social networking system 630, or coupled to the social networking system 630 via the network 650.
The social networking system 630 is also capable of linking a variety of entities. For example, the social networking system 630 enables users to interact with each other as well as external systems 620 or other entities through an API, a web service, or other communication channels. The social networking system 630 generates and maintains the “social graph” comprising a plurality of nodes interconnected by a plurality of edges. Each node in the social graph may represent an entity that can act on another node and/or that can be acted on by another node. The social graph may include various types of nodes. Examples of types of nodes include users, non-person entities, content items, web pages, groups, activities, messages, concepts, and any other things that can be represented by an object in the social networking system 630. An edge between two nodes in the social graph may represent a particular kind of connection, or association, between the two nodes, which may result from node relationships or from an action that was performed by one of the nodes on the other node. In some cases, the edges between nodes can be weighted. The weight of an edge can represent an attribute associated with the edge, such as a strength of the connection or association between nodes. Different types of edges can be provided with different weights. For example, an edge created when one user “likes” another user may be given one weight, while an edge created when a user befriends another user may be given a different weight.
As an example, when a first user identifies a second user as a friend, an edge in the social graph is generated connecting a node representing the first user and a second node representing the second user. As various nodes relate or interact with each other, the social networking system 630 modifies edges connecting the various nodes to reflect the relationships and interactions.
The social networking system 630 also includes user-generated content, which enhances a user's interactions with the social networking system 630. User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to the social networking system 630. For example, a user communicates posts to the social networking system 630 from a user device 610. Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, images such as photos, videos, links, music or other similar data and/or media. Content may also be added to the social networking system 630 by a third party. Content “items” are represented as objects in the social networking system 630. In this way, users of the social networking system 630 are encouraged to communicate with each other by posting text and content items of various types of media through various communication channels. Such communication increases the interaction of users with each other and increases the frequency with which users interact with the social networking system 630.
The social networking system 630 includes a web server 632, an API request server 634, a user profile store 636, a connection store 638, an action logger 640, an activity log 642, and an authorization server 644. In an embodiment of the invention, the social networking system 630 may include additional, fewer, or different components for various applications. Other components, such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management and network operations consoles, and the like are not shown so as to not obscure the details of the system.
The user profile store 636 maintains information about user accounts, including biographic, demographic, and other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, location, and the like that has been declared by users or inferred by the social networking system 630. This information is stored in the user profile store 636 such that each user is uniquely identified. The social networking system 630 also stores data describing one or more connections between different users in the connection store 638. The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, or educational history. Additionally, the social networking system 630 includes user-defined connections between different users, allowing users to specify their relationships with other users. For example, user-defined connections allow users to generate relationships with other users that parallel the users' real-life relationships, such as friends, co-workers, partners, and so forth. Users may select from predefined types of connections, or define their own connection types as needed. Connections with other nodes in the social networking system 630, such as non-person entities, buckets, cluster centers, images, interests, pages, external systems, concepts, and the like are also stored in the connection store 638.
The social networking system 630 maintains data about objects with which a user may interact. To maintain this data, the user profile store 636 and the connection store 638 store instances of the corresponding type of objects maintained by the social networking system 630. Each object type has information fields that are suitable for storing information appropriate to the type of object. For example, the user profile store 636 contains data structures with fields suitable for describing a user's account and information related to a user's account. When a new object of a particular type is created, the social networking system 630 initializes a new data structure of the corresponding type, assigns a unique object identifier to it, and begins to add data to the object as needed. This might occur, for example, when a user becomes a user of the social networking system 630, the social networking system 630 generates a new instance of a user profile in the user profile store 636, assigns a unique identifier to the user account, and begins to populate the fields of the user account with information provided by the user.
The connection store 638 includes data structures suitable for describing a user's connections to other users, connections to external systems 620 or connections to other entities. The connection store 638 may also associate a connection type with a user's connections, which may be used in conjunction with the user's privacy setting to regulate access to information about the user. In an embodiment of the invention, the user profile store 636 and the connection store 638 may be implemented as a federated database.
Data stored in the connection store 638, the user profile store 636, and the activity log 642 enables the social networking system 630 to generate the social graph that uses nodes to identify various objects and edges connecting nodes to identify relationships between different objects. For example, if a first user establishes a connection with a second user in the social networking system 630, user accounts of the first user and the second user from the user profile store 636 may act as nodes in the social graph. The connection between the first user and the second user stored by the connection store 638 is an edge between the nodes associated with the first user and the second user. Continuing this example, the second user may then send the first user a message within the social networking system 630. The action of sending the message, which may be stored, is another edge between the two nodes in the social graph representing the first user and the second user. Additionally, the message itself may be identified and included in the social graph as another node connected to the nodes representing the first user and the second user.
In another example, a first user may tag a second user in an image that is maintained by the social networking system 630 (or, alternatively, in an image maintained by another system outside of the social networking system 630). The image may itself be represented as a node in the social networking system 630. This tagging action may create edges between the first user and the second user as well as create an edge between each of the users and the image, which is also a node in the social graph. In yet another example, if a user confirms attending an event, the user and the event are nodes obtained from the user profile store 636, where the attendance of the event is an edge between the nodes that may be retrieved from the activity log 642. By generating and maintaining the social graph, the social networking system 630 includes data describing many different types of objects and the interactions and connections among those objects, providing a rich source of socially relevant information.
The web server 632 links the social networking system 630 to one or more user devices 610 and/or one or more external systems 620 via the network 650. The web server 632 serves web pages, as well as other web-related content, such as Java, JavaScript, Flash, XML, and so forth. The web server 632 may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between the social networking system 630 and one or more user devices 610. The messages can be instant messages, queued messages (e.g., email), text and SMS messages, or any other suitable messaging format.
The API request server 634 allows one or more external systems 620 and user devices 610 to call access information from the social networking system 630 by calling one or more API functions. The API request server 634 may also allow external systems 620 to send information to the social networking system 630 by calling APIs. The external system 620, in one embodiment, sends an API request to the social networking system 630 via the network 650, and the API request server 634 receives the API request. The API request server 634 processes the request by calling an API associated with the API request to generate an appropriate response, which the API request server 634 communicates to the external system 620 via the network 650. For example, responsive to an API request, the API request server 634 collects data associated with a user, such as the user's connections that have logged into the external system 620, and communicates the collected data to the external system 620. In another embodiment, the user device 610 communicates with the social networking system 630 via APIs in the same manner as external systems 620.
The action logger 640 is capable of receiving communications from the web server 632 about user actions on and/or off the social networking system 630. The action logger 640 populates the activity log 642 with information about user actions, enabling the social networking system 630 to discover various actions taken by its users within the social networking system 630 and outside of the social networking system 630. Any action that a particular user takes with respect to another node on the social networking system 630 may be associated with each user's account, through information maintained in the activity log 642 or in a similar database or other data repository. Examples of actions taken by a user within the social networking system 630 that are identified and stored may include, for example, adding a connection to another user, sending a message to another user, reading a message from another user, viewing content associated with another user, attending an event posted by another user, posting an image, attempting to post an image, or other actions interacting with another user or another object. When a user takes an action within the social networking system 630, the action is recorded in the activity log 642. In one embodiment, the social networking system 630 maintains the activity log 642 as a database of entries. When an action is taken within the social networking system 630, an entry for the action is added to the activity log 642. The activity log 642 may be referred to as an action log.
Additionally, user actions may be associated with concepts and actions that occur within an entity outside of the social networking system 630, such as an external system 620 that is separate from the social networking system 630. For example, the action logger 640 may receive data describing a user's interaction with an external system 620 from the web server 632. In this example, the external system 620 reports a user's interaction according to structured actions and objects in the social graph.
Other examples of actions where a user interacts with an external system 620 include a user expressing an interest in an external system 620 or another entity, a user posting a comment to the social networking system 630 that discusses an external system 620 or a web page 622a within the external system 620, a user posting to the social networking system 630 a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other identifier associated with an external system 620, a user attending an event associated with an external system 620, or any other action by a user that is related to an external system 620. Thus, the activity log 642 may include actions describing interactions between a user of the social networking system 630 and an external system 620 that is separate from the social networking system 630.
The authorization server 644 enforces one or more privacy settings of the users of the social networking system 630. A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The privacy setting comprises the specification of particular information associated with a user and the specification of the entity or entities with whom the information can be shared. Examples of entities with which information can be shared may include other users, applications, external systems 620, or any entity that can potentially access the information. The information that can be shared by a user comprises user account information, such as profile photos, phone numbers associated with the user, user's connections, actions taken by the user such as adding a connection, changing user profile information, and the like.
The privacy setting specification may be provided at different levels of granularity. For example, the privacy setting may identify specific information to be shared with other users; the privacy setting identifies a work phone number or a specific set of related information, such as, personal information including profile photo, home phone number, and status. Alternatively, the privacy setting may apply to all the information associated with the user. The specification of the set of entities that can access particular information can also be specified at various levels of granularity. Various sets of entities with which information can be shared may include, for example, all friends of the user, all friends of friends, all applications, or all external systems 620. One embodiment allows the specification of the set of entities to comprise an enumeration of entities. For example, the user may provide a list of external systems 620 that are allowed to access certain information. Another embodiment allows the specification to comprise a set of entities along with exceptions that are not allowed to access the information. For example, a user may allow all external systems 620 to access the user's work information, but specify a list of external systems 620 that are not allowed to access the work information. Certain embodiments call the list of exceptions that are not allowed to access certain information a “block list”. External systems 620 belonging to a block list specified by a user are blocked from accessing the information specified in the privacy setting. Various combinations of granularity of specification of information, and granularity of specification of entities, with which information is shared are possible. For example, all personal information may be shared with friends whereas all work information may be shared with friends of friends.
The authorization server 644 contains logic to determine if certain information associated with a user can be accessed by a user's friends, external systems 620, and/or other applications and entities. The external system 620 may need authorization from the authorization server 644 to access the user's more private and sensitive information, such as the user's work phone number. Based on the user's privacy settings, the authorization server 644 determines if another user, the external system 620, an application, or another entity is allowed to access information associated with the user, including information about actions taken by the user.
In some embodiments, the social networking system 630 can include a content provider module 646. The content provider module 646 can, for example, be implemented as the content provider module 102, as discussed in more detail herein. As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities. For example, in some embodiments, one or more functionalities of the content provider module 646 can be implemented in the user device 610. As discussed previously, it should be appreciated that there can be many variations or other possibilities.
The foregoing processes and features can be implemented by a wide variety of machine and computer system architectures and in a wide variety of network and computing environments.
The computer system 700 includes a processor 702, a cache 704, and one or more executable modules and drivers, stored on a computer-readable medium, directed to the processes and features described herein. Additionally, the computer system 700 includes a high performance input/output (I/O) bus 706 and a standard I/O bus 708. A host bridge 710 couples processor 702 to high performance I/O bus 706, whereas I/O bus bridge 712 couples the two buses 706 and 708 to each other. A system memory 714 and one or more network interfaces 716 couple to high performance I/O bus 706. The computer system 700 may further include video memory and a display device coupled to the video memory (not shown). Mass storage 718 and I/O ports 720 couple to the standard I/O bus 708. The computer system 700 may optionally include a keyboard and pointing device, a display device, or other input/output devices (not shown) coupled to the standard I/O bus 708. Collectively, these elements are intended to represent a broad category of computer hardware systems, including but not limited to computer systems based on the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., and the x86-compatible processors manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., as well as any other suitable processor.
An operating system manages and controls the operation of the computer system 700, including the input and output of data to and from software applications (not shown). The operating system provides an interface between the software applications being executed on the system and the hardware components of the system. Any suitable operating system may be used, such as the LINUX Operating System, the Apple Macintosh Operating System, available from Apple Computer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., UNIX operating systems, Microsoft® Windows® operating systems, BSD operating systems, and the like. Other implementations are possible.
The elements of the computer system 700 are described in greater detail below. In particular, the network interface 716 provides communication between the computer system 700 and any of a wide range of networks, such as an Ethernet (e.g., IEEE 802.3) network, a backplane, etc. The mass storage 718 provides permanent storage for the data and programming instructions to perform the above-described processes and features implemented by the respective computing systems identified above, whereas the system memory 714 (e.g., DRAM) provides temporary storage for the data and programming instructions when executed by the processor 702. The I/O ports 720 may be one or more serial and/or parallel communication ports that provide communication between additional peripheral devices, which may be coupled to the computer system 700.
The computer system 700 may include a variety of system architectures, and various components of the computer system 700 may be rearranged. For example, the cache 704 may be on-chip with processor 702. Alternatively, the cache 704 and the processor 702 may be packed together as a “processor module”, with processor 702 being referred to as the “processor core”. Furthermore, certain embodiments of the invention may neither require nor include all of the above components. For example, peripheral devices coupled to the standard I/O bus 708 may couple to the high performance I/O bus 706. In addition, in some embodiments, only a single bus may exist, with the components of the computer system 700 being coupled to the single bus. Moreover, the computer system 700 may include additional components, such as additional processors, storage devices, or memories.
In general, the processes and features described herein may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or series of instructions referred to as “programs”. For example, one or more programs may be used to execute specific processes described herein. The programs typically comprise one or more instructions in various memory and storage devices in the computer system 700 that, when read and executed by one or more processors, cause the computer system 700 to perform operations to execute the processes and features described herein. The processes and features described herein may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit), or any combination thereof.
In one implementation, the processes and features described herein are implemented as a series of executable modules run by the computer system 700, individually or collectively in a distributed computing environment. The foregoing modules may be realized by hardware, executable modules stored on a computer-readable medium (or machine-readable medium), or a combination of both. For example, the modules may comprise a plurality or series of instructions to be executed by a processor in a hardware system, such as the processor 702. Initially, the series of instructions may be stored on a storage device, such as the mass storage 718. However, the series of instructions can be stored on any suitable computer readable storage medium. Furthermore, the series of instructions need not be stored locally, and could be received from a remote storage device, such as a server on a network, via the network interface 716. The instructions are copied from the storage device, such as the mass storage 718, into the system memory 714 and then accessed and executed by the processor 702. In various implementations, a module or modules can be executed by a processor or multiple processors in one or multiple locations, such as multiple servers in a parallel processing environment.
Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices; solid state memories; floppy and other removable disks; hard disk drives; magnetic media; optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs)); other similar non-transitory (or transitory), tangible (or non-tangible) storage medium; or any type of medium suitable for storing, encoding, or carrying a series of instructions for execution by the computer system 700 to perform any one or more of the processes and features described herein.
For purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the description. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the disclosure can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, modules, structures, processes, features, and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the description. In other instances, functional block diagrams and flow diagrams are shown to represent data and logic flows. The components of block diagrams and flow diagrams (e.g., modules, blocks, structures, devices, features, etc.) may be variously combined, separated, removed, reordered, and replaced in a manner other than as expressly described and depicted herein.
Reference in this specification to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “other embodiments”, “one series of embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “various embodiments”, or the like means that a particular feature, design, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The appearances of, for example, the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, whether or not there is express reference to an “embodiment” or the like, various features are described, which may be variously combined and included in some embodiments, but also variously omitted in other embodiments. Similarly, various features are described that may be preferences or requirements for some embodiments, but not other embodiments.
The language used herein has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments of the invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
