Systems and methods for closed-loop heating and regeneration of sorbents

Abstract

Some embodiments of the present disclosure present closed-loop heating, temperature-swing adsorption regenerative scrubbing systems and methods. In some embodiments, such embodiments include providing a scrubbing system including a sorbent material, a plurality of dampers for controlling airflow over and/or through the sorbent according to an absorption mode, a closed-loop heating mode and a flushing mode, first controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish flowing an indoor airflow over and/or through the adsorbent during the adsorption mode, second controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish a closed loop airflow during the closed-loop heating mode, and third controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish a purging airflow during the flushing mode.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to scrubbing air and contaminant removal therefrom.

BACKGROUND

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an important consideration for numerous human-occupied spaces including buildings, residential homes, vehicles and other closed spaces occupied by humans. In part, IAQ is affected by various gas contaminants, meaning molecular species that are found indoors at a concentration higher than in natural atmospheric air. Examples of such indoor gas contaminants include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aldehydes, radon, inorganic compound gases, and even ozone. It is desirable to remove some of these contaminants so as to achieve a better environment for the occupants of the space. One important method of cleaning molecular contaminants from indoor air is the use of scrubbers with regenerable sorbents. These are materials that under certain conditions or temperature, pressure and contaminant concentration capture contaminant molecules (adsorption), also referred to as the adsorbates or the adsorbate species; and in other conditions can release the adsorbates (desorption, outgassing, or regeneration which is used interchangeably herein), thus enabling extended use in a cyclical pattern or adsorption and regeneration, known as a swing adsorption cycle. The “swing” refers to the change in conditions that induced the transition from adsorption to desorption.

In a typical scrubbing application, adsorption is achieved in the scrubber by streaming incoming ambient air through one or more beds of permeable adsorbent material that are placed in the scrubber. After some time, the adsorbent begins to saturate and loses its adsorptive properties, at which point it undergoes regeneration.

In conventional temperature swing adsorption (TSA) and temperature/concentration swing adsorption (TCSA), regeneration is achieved by a combination of heating a sorbent material and flushing it with a purge gas. The heating of the sorbent induces desorption, also referred to as evaporation or outgassing of the adsorbates, further enabled by the flow of purge gas to maintain a low concentration of the contaminant species in the vicinity of the sorbent. Without the flow of gas, the desorption process is suppressed by increasing concentration of the contaminant in the ambient surrounding of the sorbent, which is why the constant flow of the purge gas is essential for effective regeneration.

In some embodiments, the heating of the sorbent may be achieved indirectly, by heating the incoming purge gas, as it may be more difficult to apply heat directly to the sorbent itself. In this scenario, the purge gas serves two functions: heating the sorbent and carrying away the contaminant molecules as they evaporate off of the sorbent.

This form of regeneration requires a substantial amount of energy to continually heat up large amounts of incoming purge gas. Additionally, long cool-down time may be necessary after regeneration before the sorbent can be put back to work as an effective adsorbing agent.

SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In some embodiments, a close-loop heating, temperature-swing adsorption scrubbing system including a regenerative sorbent material, a fan, a heater, a first inlet having a controllable damper and configured to receive indoor air, a first outlet having a controllable damper and configured to return indoor air that has flowed over and/or through the sorbent, a second outlet having a controllable damper and configured to expel a purging airflow to an external environment, and at least one bypass conduit having a bypass damper and configured to establish a closed loop airflow between the fan, the heater and the sorbent, where the bypass damper is configured to control an airflow in the bypass conduit. The system also includes a controller configured to control the bypass damper, the fan, the heater, and the inlet and outlet dampers so as to allow the system to operate in an adsorption mode, where:

• • the first inlet damper is open, the bypass damper is closed, the first outlet damper is open, the second outlet damper is closed, the heater is off, and one or more adsorbates in the indoor air are absorbed by the sorbent;a closed-loop heating mode, where:
  • the first inlet damper is closed, the bypass damper is open, the first outlet damper is closed, the second outlet damper is closed, the heater is on, and trapped air within the closed loop is circulated by the fan over the heater to heat the air and then over and/or through the sorbent to heat the sorbent;and a flushing mode, where:
  • the first outlet damper is closed, the second outlet damper is at least partially open, the purging airflow is directed over the heated sorbent to push or otherwise direct adsorbates released from the sorbent caused by heating and exhausted out the second outlet.

Such embodiments (and other embodiments) can include one and/or another of the following additional features, functionalities, structure, and/or clarifications, leading to still further embodiments of the present disclosure:

• • in the flushing mode, the damper for the first inlet is open and the purging airflow comprises indoor air;
  • a second inlet having a controllable damper and configured to receive air from an external air source, wherein in the flushing mode, the damper for the second inlet is open and the purging airflow comprises external air;
  • in the flushing mode, the bypass damper is at least partially open establishing a partial closed loop allowing a fraction P_e of the purging airflow to be exhausted from the second outlet, and a fraction of the P_r of the purging airflow to flow through the bypass conduit;
  • the flushing mode comprises plurality of flushing modes;
  • each flushing mode of the plurality of flushing modes is determined by changing at least one of: the amount each damper is open, the speed of the fan, and the duration that the heater is on;
  • the controller is further configured to control the bypass damper, the fan, the heater, and the inlet and outlet dampers so as to allow the system to operate additionally in a bleeding mode so as to maintain P_e below P_r, where P_e can be less than approximately 80%, less than approximately 50%, or less than approximately 20%,
  • and
  • the purging airflow is indoor air or outdoor air.

In some embodiments, a closed-loop heating, temperature-swing adsorption regenerative scrubbing method is provided and includes providing a scrubbing system including a sorbent material, a plurality of dampers for controlling airflow over and/or through the sorbent according to an absorption mode, a closed-loop heating mode and a flushing mode, first controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish flowing an indoor airflow over and/or through the sorbent during the adsorption mode, second controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish a closed loop airflow during the closed-loop heating mode, and third controlling of the plurality of dampers so as to establish a purging airflow during the flushing mode.

In some embodiments, an sorbent regeneration method for regenerating a sorbent in a temperature swing adsorption cycle and includes during a closed-loop heating phase, recirculating a closed volume of air over and/or through the sorbent while concurrently heating the recirculating air such that the temperature of the sorbent is gradually increased, the closed volume of air being recirculated for a predetermined duration or until an required sorbent regeneration temperature is reached, and during a purge phase, flowing air from an external air source over and/or through the heated sorbent and exhausting the air to the external environment thereafter, wherein at least one adsorbate species that has previously been adsorbed by the sorbent is removed.

Such embodiments (and other embodiments) can include one and/or another of the following additional features, functionalities, structure, and/or clarifications, leading to still further embodiments of the present disclosure:

• • the closed-loop heating phase and purge phase are repeated,
  • during the purge phase, a fraction P_r of the air flowing over and/or through the sorbent is recirculated in an immediate subsequent closed-loop phase and the complementary fraction P_e is exhausted, where P_e is less than approximately 80%, less than approximately 50%, or less than approximately 20%,
  • and
  • the external air source is indoor air or outdoor air.

These and other embodiments, objects and advantages will be even more understood by reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, exemplify the embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain and illustrate principles of the invention. The drawings are intended to illustrate major features of the exemplary embodiments in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale.

FIG. 1A is an illustration of a scrubber configured with a closed loop system constructed and operative according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 1B-1D are each a schematic illustration of an operating mode of a closed loop system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an operating mode of a closed loop system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, various aspects of the present invention will be described with reference to different embodiments. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details presented herein. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the present invention.

In some embodiments, a controllable closed loop for gas circulation creates a multi-step regeneration sequence that separates the heating of the sorbent from the flushing of the adsorbate. FIG. 1A shows a scrubber within a system for scrubbing gas contaminants from air using temperature swing adsorption with partial closed loop regeneration, thus configured. The scrubber may comprise an inlet for indoor air 210 with a corresponding damper 211, an inlet for purge gas 220 with a corresponding damper 221, an outlet for cleaned indoor air 230 with a corresponding damper 231, an outlet for purge gas (or exhaust) 240 with a corresponding damper 241, a sorbent section 250, a fan 260, and a heating coil for regeneration 270. According to some embodiments, the scrubber may be further configured with a closed loop bypass conduit 280 and a bypass damper 281. There may be further provided an electronic controller 290 that can modify the position of the bypass damper 281, as well as control the fan 260, the heater 270 and the other additional dampers. The electronic controller 290 may be positioned within the scrubber or external thereto and in communication therewith. The sorbent section 250 may comprise a sorbent material (also referred to as an “adsorbent material”). An exemplary sorbent material may be a solid support material supporting an amine-based compound, such as disclosed in applicant's PCT application PCT/US12/38343, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other sorbent materials include, but are not limited to, granular adsorbent particles, clay-based adsorbents, carbon, activated carbon, zeolites, natural zeolite, activated charcoal, molecular sieves, silica, silica gel, porous silica, alumina, porous alumina, titanium oxide, carbon fibers, porous polymers, polymer fibers and metal organic frameworks.

FIG. 1B shows the scrubber operating in adsorption phase of a TSA cycle. This is achieved by opening damper 211 and 231, while the fan urges air to enter through inlet 210 and exit through outlet 230.

Regeneration occurs in several steps. In some embodiments, a first step is shown in FIG. 1C. This step—which can be called “closed loop heating mode”—all the external dampers including 211, 221, 231 and 241 are closed, and the bypass damper 281 is open. The fan 260 is operating and the heating coil 270 is heated. The air inside the scrubber is recirculated in a closed loop, through the sorbent, while the heating coil 270 or other heating device may heat the circulating air. This means that a small volume of gas is heated and kept warm while most of the heat is utilized to warm the sorbent itself, rather than a constant stream of purge gas. In some embodiments, the purge gas comprises indoor air and/or outdoor air or fresh air.

As long as the external dampers are closed and air is recirculating, the evaporating adsorbate is not removed from the air volume and thus the concentration of adsorbate species in the circulating air increases, to the point that it hinders further evaporation. In other words, the sorbent temperature increases but much of the adsorbate remains on the surface of the sorbent.

In some embodiments, as seen in FIG. 1D, once a target temperature is reached, the system switches to an open mode, or a “flushing” mode, by opening the exhaust outlet damper 241 and the purge inlet 221 and closing the bypass damper 281 while the fan continues to operate. This causes incoming purge gas to flow through the sorbent and directly to an exhaust. During this phase, adsorbate continues to outgas while being carried away. If the purge gas is kept warm, the sorbent stays warm and outgassing continues while the adsorbate is depleted from the sorbent. Thus in some embodiments, the heating coil 270 is maintained hot during the first part of the flushing mode.

In some embodiments, during the open flushing mode the heater may be turned off. As a result, the fresh purge gas is not kept warm, the sorbent gradually cools. Initially the sorbent may continue outgassing its adsorbates; at some point, the outgassing subsides and eventually stops, whether because it is depleted or because the sorbent temperature has decreased.

In some embodiments, if the sorbent cools too quickly, the system can be programmed to switch back to closed loop heating mode and then again to flush mode, and do so multiple times until sufficient amount of adsorbate has been successfully removed from the sorbent. A temperature sensor (not shown) can be installed inside the scrubber to monitor the temperature. Its reading is provided to control circuit that controls the dampers, the fan and the heater, and the circuit is programmed to maintain the desirable duration and temperature of the various phases of the regeneration process.

In designing the closed loop regeneration there is a tradeoff between, on the one hand, maintaining the sorbent without using too much heating power—which requires less fresh purge gas and less exhaust—and on the other hand, removing the evaporated adsorbates from the vicinity of the sorbent so that they do not impede further evaporation or outgassing.

Some embodiments utilize hybrid regeneration to address this tradeoff by introducing partial closed loop circulation. As seen in FIG. 2, partial closed loop is implemented by partially or fully opening the inlet damper 221, the outlet damper 241, and also partially or fully opening the bypass damper 281. In partial-loop mode, while a stream of gas flows through the sorbent, part of the stream proceeds towards the outlet/exhaust 240, while the remainder is diverted back through the bypass 280, which means that it returns to the fan 260 and the sorbent 250, passing through the heating element 270 on the way.

The returning purge gas is also augmented by a certain amount of fresh purge gas, whereby the two are mixed, heated (if the heater is on) and then forced to flow through the sorbent. The amount of fresh purge gas naturally equals the amount of exhaust, to balance the net air volume of the scrubber.

In this hybrid or partial closed loop mode, the total airflow through the sorbent is a combination of fresh purge gas with recirculating gas returning through the closed-loop bypass 280. The ratio of exhaust to return air (namely recirculated air), which is determined by the partial or complete opening of dampers along each of the two possible paths, can be modified by controlling the mechanical position of the dampers. In some embodiments, variably controlled dampers are configured and controlled by the electronic control circuits so achieve the desired operating conditions at different stages of the regenerating procedure.

The total airflow comprises a certain percentage P_e of exhaust and a complementary percentage P_r of recirculation, where (by definition) P_e+P_r=100%. It is noted that P_e also represents the percentage of fresh incoming purge gas. As explained above, these percentages can be changed by modifying the positioning of the exhaust damper 241, the inlet damper 221, and/or the bypass damper 281.

When P_e is small compared with P_r, the load on the heating element is small since most of the circulating air has already been heated. However, the rate of dilution of the circulating air is also lower and there could be greater buildup of adsorbate concentration in the circulating air.

In contrast, higher P_e relative to P_r keeps the purge gas more diluted, namely lower adsorbate concentration, but typically requires more heat to maintain its temperature or, alternatively, causes a gradual cool down of the sorbent. A low exhaust ratio, namely low P_e mode, may be referred to as a “bleeding” mode, implying that a small fraction of the recirculating air is “bleeding out” to the exhaust, whereas the majority is recirculated. In some embodiments, a bleeding mode comprises less than 10% exhaust, which implies more than 90% recirculated. In other embodiments, a bleeding mode comprises less than 50% exhaust. In other embodiments, a bleeding mode comprises less than 20% exhaust. In other conditions, the exhaust percentage can be much higher. In some embodiments exhaust exceeds 50%. In some embodiments, exhaust exceeds 80%. In some embodiments, the bleeding mode is enabled by configuring the dampers so as to maintain P_e substantially below P_r.

In some embodiments, regeneration in a closed-loop enabled scrubber comprises a sequence of steps or stages, each characterized by the operational mode of the various dampers, the heater and the fan. In one embodiment, an optimal regeneration sequence may comprise five steps, as follows, in a non-limiting example.

Step 1: Closed-loop heating for 20 minutes, wherein the sorbent approaches a target temperature of 60° C.

Step 2: Bleeding 10% of circulation, heater still on to maintain temperature of 60° C.

Step 3: Bleeding 20% of circulation, heater still on (more dilution required as evaporation rate declines, making evaporation more sensitive to ambient adsorbate concentration).

Step 4: Bleeding 30% of circulation, heater off, slow cool down begins while still outgassing.

Step 5: Open loop purge, bypass damper closed, accelerating cool down while extracting remaining amount of adsorbate.

Another control parameter in regeneration is the total flow, which is controlled by the fan and can be modified by use of a variable speed fan. More flow generally uses more energy but flushes the sorbent more effectively and cools down faster. Flow can be described in terms of absolute rate e.g. CFM or liters per second, or in terms of % (i.e. ratio) of maximum fan speed.

Overall, a regeneration sequence comprises a series of steps or phases, each step may be characterized by:

a) Duration

b) Damper settings, e.g. in terms of % opening relative to fully opened position for each damper

c) Heater setting (typically on/off or a thermostat feedback based on the gas temperature).

d) In case of variable speed fan, the fan speed can be one of the settings of each phase Exemplary regeneration sequences are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1 shows an exemplary regeneration sequence:

TABLE 1
Step	Duration	Fan speed	Exhaust (%)	Heater
Preheat (closed)	10 min	100%	0%	Max
Bleed 1 (partial)	15 min	60%	20%	Set point 60° C.
Bleed 2 (partial)	10 min	60%	40%	Set point 60° C.
Purge (open)	5 min	80%	100%	Off
Cool down (open)	5 min	100%	100%	Off

Table 2 shows another exemplary regeneration sequence:

TABLE 2
Step	Duration	Fan speed	Exhaust (%)	Heater
Preheat (closed)	5 min	100%	0%	Set point 60° C.
Bleed (partial)	20 min	100%	10%	Set point 60° C.
Purge (open)	10 min	100%	20%	Off

While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be an example and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto; inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. Some embodiments may be distinguishable from the prior art for specifically lacking one or more features/elements/functionality (i.e., claims directed to such embodiments may include negative limitations).

In addition, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

Any and all references to publications or other documents, including but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, webpages, books, etc., presented anywhere in the present application, are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Moreover, all definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of” “only one of” or “exactly one of” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

Claims

1. A close-loop heating, temperature-swing adsorption scrubbing system comprising: a regenerative sorbent material;a fan;a heater;a first inlet having a controllable damper and configured to receive indoor air;a first outlet having a controllable damper and configured to return indoor air that has flowed over and/or through the sorbent,a second outlet having a controllable damper and configured to expel a purging airflow to an external environment;at least one bypass conduit having a bypass damper and configured to establish a closed loop airflow between the fan, the heater and the sorbent, wherein the bypass damper is configured to control an airflow in the bypass conduit;a controller configured to control the bypass damper, the fan, the heater, and the first inlet and first and second outlet dampers so as to allow the system to operate in: an adsorption mode, wherein: the first inlet damper is open, the bypass damper is closed, first outlet damper is open, the second outlet damper is closed, the heater is off, and one or more adsorbates in the indoor air are absorbed by the sorbent;a closed-loop heating mode, wherein: the first inlet damper is closed, the bypass damper is open, the first outlet damper is closed, the second outlet damper is closed, the heater is on, and trapped air within the closed loop is circulated by the fan over the heater to heat the air and then over and/or through the sorbent to heat the sorbent; anda flushing mode, wherein: the first outlet damper is closed, the second outlet damper is at least partially open, the purging airflow is directed over the heated sorbent to push or otherwise direct adsorbates released from the sorbent caused by heating and exhausted out the second outlet.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein in the flushing mode, the first inlet damper is open and the purging airflow comprises indoor air.

3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a second inlet having a controllable second inlet damper and configured to receive air from an external air source, wherein in the flushing mode, the second inlet damper is open and the purging airflow comprises external air.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein in the flushing mode, the bypass damper is at least partially open establishing a partial closed loop allowing a fraction Pe of the purging airflow to be exhausted from the second outlet, and a fraction Pr of the purging airflow to flow through the bypass conduit.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the flushing mode comprises a plurality of flushing modes.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein each flushing mode of the plurality of flushing modes is determined by changing at least one of: the amount each damper is open, the speed of the fan, and the duration that the heater is on.

7. The system of claim 4, wherein the controller is further configured to control the bypass damper, the fan, the heater, and the first inlet damper and first and second outlet dampers so as to allow the system to operate additionally in a bleeding mode so as to maintain Pe below Pr.

8. The system of claim 4, wherein Pe is less than 80%.

9. The system of claim 4, wherein Pe is less than 50%.

10. The system of claim 4, wherein Pe is less than 20%.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the purging airflow is indoor air or outdoor air.