In a fifth-generation (5G) non-standalone (NSA) network, fixed wireless access (FWA) customer premise equipment (CPE) needs to be connected to a fourth-generation (4G) base station (e.g., an eNodeB or eNB) and a 5G base station (e.g., a gNodeB or gNB), and the 5G base station needs to have an anchor relationship with the connected 4G base station in order for the FWA CPE to be connected to the 5G base station.
The following detailed description of example implementations refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
The actual 4G and 5G base stations to which a FWA CPE is connected may diverge widely from predicted 4G and 5G base stations. This presents a problem during a planned outage of 4G and 5G base stations since there is no reliable mechanism to predict which FWA CPEs may be impacted by a planned outage and to predict whether the planned outage only degrades service for a FWA CPE or will put the FWA CPE out of service. Furthermore, the FWA CPE can only connect to a 5G base station with an anchor relationship to a 4G base station, node, and the anchoring relationship may also dynamically change. A connection for an FWA CPE may be permanent when the network service is terminated by a customer or a base station, and the 4G base station/5G base station anchoring is permanent until the anchoring is no longer in use. An FWA CPE tends to stay in one physical location for a very long time, and tends to stay connected to the same 4G and 5G base stations until a network outage occurs. For example, a handover of an FWA CPE may occur due to weather conditions (e.g., rain, sleet, snow, and/or like) or planned maintenance to the 4G and 5G base stations.
Thus, current techniques for predicting 4G and 5G base stations connected to an FWA CPE consume computing resources (e.g., processing resources, memory resources, communication resources, and/or the like), networking resources, and/or other resources associated with disrupting network connectivity for an FWA CPE due to a planned network outage, causing a poor user experience for users of an FWA CPE due to disrupting network connectivity for the FWA CPE, failing to identify disconnected FWA CPEs due to a planned network outage, and/or the like.
Some implementations described herein provide a coverage detection system that detects FWA CPE coverage during network outages (e.g., unplanned or planned network outages). For example, the coverage detection system may receive a list of 4G base stations and 5G base stations associated with outages and identifiers of FWA CPEs associated with the 4G base stations and the 5G base stations, and may filter identifiers of the FWA CPEs from the list that fail to satisfy an age out time period to generate a filtered list. The coverage detection system may determine whether all 4G base stations are out of service for a particular identifier of remaining identifiers included in the filtered list, and may identify a particular FWA CPE associated with the particular identifier as out of service based on determining that all 4G base stations are out of service for the particular identifier. The coverage detection system may determine whether all 5G base stations, associated with operational 4G base stations, are out of service for the particular identifier based on determining that not all 4G base stations are out of service for the particular identifier, and may identify the particular FWA CPE associated with the particular identifier as having only 4G service based on determining that all 5G base stations, associated with operational 4G base stations, are out of service for the particular identifier. The coverage detection system may identify the particular FWA CPE associated with the particular identifier as having 4G and 5G service based on determining that not all 5G base stations, associated with operational 4G base stations, are out of service for the particular identifier.
In this way, the coverage detection system detects FWA CPE coverage during a planned network outage. For example, the coverage detection system may utilize a location of an FWA CPE, a connection history of the FWA CPE, 4G and 5G base station anchoring relationships for the FWA CPE, and/or the like to predict an impact of a planned network outage on the FWA CPE. The coverage detection system may analyze a list of 4G and 5G base stations scheduled for a network outage (e.g., planned or unplanned), and may determine a list of FWA CPEs that will be impacted by the network outage. The coverage detection system may also determine a possible impact of the network outage on an FWA CPE, such as a failover to another 4G base station and another 5G base station with possible degradation of service, a failover to another 4G base station with no 5G connection, a complete loss of service (e.g., no failover possibility), and/or the like. Thus, the coverage detection system may conserve computing resources, networking resources, and/or other resources that would have otherwise been consumed by disrupting network connectivity for an FWA CPE due to a planned network outage, causing a poor user experience for users of an FWA CPE due to disrupting network connectivity for the FWA CPE, failing to identify disconnected FWA CPEs due to a planned network outage, and/or the like.
Implementations are described herein in connection with 5G NSA and 5G SA. However, an implementation associated with 5G NSA may be utilized with 5G SA by replacing references to 4G base stations with references to primary 5G base stations and by replacing references to 5G base stations (e.g., anchored to 4G base stations in 5G NSA) with references to secondary 5G base stations (e.g., anchored to primary 5G base stations in 5G SA).
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The connection history of the MDN connection database may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to an nth 4G base station 104 (e.g., eNB #n) with an identifier (e.g., a node ID) at a particular time (e.g., a last connected time); was connected to the first 5G base station 104 (e.g., 5G Node #1), with an identifier (e.g., node ID) and associated with the second 4G base station 104, at a particular time (e.g., a last connected time); was connected to the second 5G base station 104 (e.g., 5G Node #2), with an identifier (e.g., node ID) and associated with the second 4G base station 104, at a particular time (e.g., a last connected time); and was connected to the mth 5G base station 104 (e.g., 5G Node #m), with an identifier (e.g., node ID) and associated with the second 4G base station 104, at a particular time (e.g., a last connected time).
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In a 5G NSA example, 4G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to 4G base station G and 5G base station H. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since 4G base station G and 5G base station H are not impacted by an outage, the FWA CPE 102 may continue to receive 4G service and 5G service.
In another 5G NSA example, 4G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 indicates that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to 4G base station A and 5G base station H. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since 4G base station A is out of service, the FWA CPE 102 may not connect to 5G base station H and may not receive 4G service and 5G service.
In another 5G NSA example, 4G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 indicates that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to 4G base station G and 5G base station D. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since the FWA CPE 102 may connect to 4G base station G and that 5G base station D is out of service, the FWA CPE 102 may only receive 4G service.
In another 5G NSA example, 4G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 indicates that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to 4G base station A and 5G base station D, 4G base station H and 5G base station E, and 4G base station I and 5G base station J. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may connect to 4G base stations H and I, and that the 4G base station I and 5G base station J pair can provide both 4G service and 5G service to FWA CPE 102.
In another 5G NSA example, 4G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 indicates that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to 4G base station A and 5G base station D and to 4G base station I. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may connect to 4G base station I but that 4G base station I has no anchor relationship with any 5G base station. Thus, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may only receive 4G service.
In a 5G SA example, primary 5G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, secondary 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to primary 5G base station G and secondary 5G base station H. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since primary 5G base station G and secondary 5G base station H are not impacted by an outage, the FWA CPE 102 may continue to receive 5G service from primary 5G base station G and secondary 5G base station H.
In another 5G SA example, primary 5G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, secondary 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to primary 5G base station A and secondary 5G base station H. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since primary 5G base station A is out of service, the FWA CPE 102 may not connect to secondary 5G base station H and may not receive 5G service from primary 5G base station A and secondary 5G base station H.
In another 5G SA example, primary 5G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, secondary 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to primary 5G base station G and secondary 5G base station D. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that since the FWA CPE 102 may connect to primary 5G base station G and that secondary 5G base station D is out of service, the FWA CPE 102 may only receive 5G service from primary 5G base station.
In another 5G SA example, primary 5G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, secondary 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to primary 5G base station A and secondary 5G base station D, primary 5G base station H and secondary 5G base station E, and primary 5G base station I and secondary 5G base station J. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may connect to primary 5G base stations H and I, and that the primary 5G base station I and secondary 5G base station J pair can provide both primary and secondary 5G service to FWA CPE 102.
In another 5G SA example, primary 5G base stations A, B, and C may be out of service, secondary 5G base stations D, E, and F may be out of service, the age out time period may be three months, and all connection times associated with an MDN of an FWA CPE 102 may be less than 3 months. An MDN connection record associated with the FWA CPE 102 may indicate that the FWA CPE 102 was connected to primary 5G base station A and secondary 5G base station D and to primary 5G base station I. In such an example, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may connect to primary 5G base station I but that primary 5G base station I has no secondary 5G base station. Thus, the coverage detection system 106 may determine that the FWA CPE 102 may only receive primary 5G service from primary 5G base station I.
In this way, the coverage detection system 106 detects FWA CPE 102 coverage during a planned network outage. For example, the coverage detection system 106 may utilize a location of an FWA CPE 102, a connection history of the FWA CPE 102, 4G and 5G base stations 104 anchoring relationships for the FWA CPE 102, and/or the like to predict an impact of a planned network outage on the FWA CPE 102. The coverage detection system 106 may analyze a list of 4G and 5G base stations 104 scheduled for a network outage (e.g., planned or unplanned), and may determine a list of FWA CPEs 102 that will be impacted by the network outage. The coverage detection system 106 may also determine a possible impact of the network outage on an FWA CPE 102, such as a failover to another 4G base station 104 and another 5G base station 104 with possible degradation of service, a failover to another 4G base station 104 with no 5G connection, a complete loss of service (e.g., no failover possibility), and/or the like. Thus, the coverage detection system 106 may conserve computing resources, networking resources, and/or other resources that would have otherwise been consumed by disrupting network connectivity for an FWA CPE 102 due to a planned network outage, causing a poor user experience for users of an FWA CPE 102 due to disrupting network connectivity for the FWA CPE 102, failing to identify disconnected FWA CPEs 102 due to a planned network outage, and/or the like.
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The FWA CPE 102 includes one or more devices capable of receiving, generating, storing, processing, and/or providing information, such as information described herein. For example, the FWA CPE 102 may include a mobile hotspot device, an FWA device, a CPE, an FWA channel service unit, an FWA data service unit, an FWA router, an FWA wireless access point (WAP) device, an FWA modem, a FWA set-top box, or a similar type of device. The FWA CPE may provide wireless connectivity through radio links between two fixed points. In other words, the FWA CPE may provide wireless Internet access to homes or businesses without laying fiber and cables to provide last mile connectivity.
The base station 104 includes one or more devices capable of transferring traffic, such as audio, video, text, and/or other traffic, destined for and/or received from a user equipment (UE). For example, the base station 104 may include an eNodeB (eNB) associated with a long term evolution (LTE) network that receives traffic from and/or sends traffic to a core network, a gNodeB (gNB) associated with a RAN of a 5G network, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a base station subsystem, a cellular site, a cellular tower, an access point, a transmit receive point (TRP), a radio access node, a macrocell base station, a microcell base station, a picocell base station, a femtocell base station, and/or another network entity capable of supporting wireless communication. The base station 104 may support, for example, a cellular radio access technology (RAT). The base station 104 may transfer traffic between a FWA CPE (e.g., using a cellular RAT), one or more other base stations 104 (e.g., using a wireless interface or a backhaul interface, such as a wired backhaul interface), and/or a core network. The base station 104 may provide one or more cells that cover geographic areas.
The cloud computing system 202 includes computing hardware 203, a resource management component 204, a host operating system (OS) 205, and/or one or more virtual computing systems 206. The cloud computing system 202 may execute on, for example, an Amazon Web Services platform, a Microsoft Azure platform, or a Snowflake platform. The resource management component 204 may perform virtualization (e.g., abstraction) of the computing hardware 203 to create the one or more virtual computing systems 206. Using virtualization, the resource management component 204 enables a single computing device (e.g., a computer or a server) to operate like multiple computing devices, such as by creating multiple isolated virtual computing systems 206 from the computing hardware 203 of the single computing device. In this way, the computing hardware 203 can operate more efficiently, with lower power consumption, higher reliability, higher availability, higher utilization, greater flexibility, and lower cost than using separate computing devices.
The computing hardware 203 includes hardware and corresponding resources from one or more computing devices. For example, the computing hardware 203 may include hardware from a single computing device (e.g., a single server) or from multiple computing devices (e.g., multiple servers), such as multiple computing devices in one or more data centers. As shown, the computing hardware 203 may include one or more processors 207, one or more memories 208, one or more storage components 209, and/or one or more networking components 210. Examples of a processor, a memory, a storage component, and a networking component (e.g., a communication component) are described elsewhere herein.
The resource management component 204 includes a virtualization application (e.g., executing on hardware, such as the computing hardware 203) capable of virtualizing computing hardware 203 to start, stop, and/or manage one or more virtual computing systems 206. For example, the resource management component 204 may include a hypervisor (e.g., a bare-metal or Type 1 hypervisor, a hosted or Type 2 hypervisor, or another type of hypervisor) or a virtual machine monitor, such as when the virtual computing systems 206 are virtual machines 211. Additionally, or alternatively, the resource management component 204 may include a container manager, such as when the virtual computing systems 206 are containers 212. In some implementations, the resource management component 204 executes within and/or in coordination with a host operating system 205.
A virtual computing system 206 includes a virtual environment that enables cloud-based execution of operations and/or processes described herein using the computing hardware 203. As shown, the virtual computing system 206 may include a virtual machine 211, a container 212, or a hybrid environment 213 that includes a virtual machine and a container, among other examples. The virtual computing system 206 may execute one or more applications using a file system that includes binary files, software libraries, and/or other resources required to execute applications on a guest operating system (e.g., within the virtual computing system 206) or the host operating system 205.
Although the coverage detection system 106 may include one or more elements 203-213 of the cloud computing system 202, may execute within the cloud computing system 202, and/or may be hosted within the cloud computing system 202, in some implementations, the coverage detection system 106 may not be cloud-based (e.g., may be implemented outside of a cloud computing system) or may be partially cloud-based. For example, the coverage detection system 106 may include one or more devices that are not part of the cloud computing system 202, such as the device 300 of
The network 220 may include one or more wired and/or wireless networks. For example, the network 220 may include a cellular network (e.g., a 5G network, a 4G network, an LTE network, a third generation (3G) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, etc.), a public land mobile network (PLMN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network (e.g., the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)), a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, the Internet, a fiber optic-based network, and/or a combination of these or other types of networks. The network 220 enables communication among the devices of environment 200.
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The bus 310 includes one or more components that enable wired and/or wireless communication among the components of the device 300. The bus 310 may couple together two or more components of
The memory 330 includes volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. For example, the memory 330 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), a hard disk drive, and/or another type of memory (e.g., a flash memory, a magnetic memory, and/or an optical memory). The memory 330 may include internal memory (e.g., RAM, ROM, or a hard disk drive) and/or removable memory (e.g., removable via a universal serial bus connection). The memory 330 may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The memory 330 stores information, instructions, and/or software (e.g., one or more software applications) related to the operation of the device 300. In some implementations, the memory 330 includes one or more memories that are coupled to one or more processors (e.g., the processor 320), such as via the bus 310.
The input component 340 enables the device 300 to receive input, such as user input and/or sensed input. For example, the input component 340 may include a touch screen, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a microphone, a switch, a sensor, a global positioning system sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or an actuator. The output component 350 enables the device 300 to provide output, such as via a display, a speaker, and/or a light-emitting diode. The communication component 360 enables the device 300 to communicate with other devices via a wired connection and/or a wireless connection. For example, the communication component 360 may include a receiver, a transmitter, a transceiver, a modem, a network interface card, and/or an antenna.
The device 300 may perform one or more operations or processes described herein. For example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., the memory 330) may store a set of instructions (e.g., one or more instructions or code) for execution by the processor 320. The processor 320 may execute the set of instructions to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. In some implementations, execution of the set of instructions, by one or more processors 320, causes the one or more processors 320 and/or the device 300 to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. In some implementations, hardwired circuitry may be used instead of or in combination with the instructions to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 320 may be configured to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
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In some implementations, process 400 includes identifying the particular FWA CPE associated with the particular identifier as having 4G and 5G service based on determining that not all 5G base stations, associated with operational 4G base stations, are out of service for the particular identifier.
In some implementations, process 400 includes receiving another list of primary and secondary 5G base stations associated with outages and other identifiers of other FWA CPEs associated with the primary and secondary 5G base stations; filtering identifiers of the other FWA CPEs from the other list, that fail to satisfy the age out time period, to generate another filtered list; determining whether all primary 5G base stations are out of service for another particular identifier of remaining identifiers included in the other filtered list; identifying another particular FWA CPE associated with the other particular identifier as out of service based on determining that all primary 5G base stations are out of service for the other particular identifier; determining whether all secondary 5G base stations, associated with operational primary 5G base stations, are out of service for the other particular identifier based on determining that not all primary 5G base stations are out of service for the other particular identifier; and identifying the other particular FWA CPE associated with the other particular identifier as having only primary 5G service based on determining that all secondary 5G base stations, associated with operational primary 5G base stations, are out of service for the other particular identifier.
In some implementations, process 400 includes identifying the other particular FWA CPE associated with the other particular identifier as having primary and secondary 5G service based on determining that not all secondary 5G base stations, associated with operational primary 5G base stations, are out of service for the other particular identifier.
In some implementations, process 400 includes receiving a service address of the other particular FWA CPE, a location of a particular primary 5G base station, and an identifier of a particular secondary 5G base station and anchored to the particular primary 5G base station; determining whether the service address is in a coverage area of the particular primary 5G base station based on comparing the service address and the location; determining that the particular FWA CPE has moved based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular primary 5G base station; copying the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE to a move database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular primary 5G base station; copying a connection history of the particular FWA CPE to an address connection database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular primary 5G base station; and deleting an entry for the particular FWA CPE from an identifier connection database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular primary 5G base station.
In some implementations, process 400 includes receiving a service address of the particular FWA CPE, a location of a particular 4G base station of the 4G base stations, and an identifier of a particular 5G base station of the 5G base stations and anchored to the particular 4G base station; determining whether the service address is in a coverage area of the particular 4G base station based on comparing the service address and the location; determining that the particular FWA CPE has moved based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular 4G base station; copying the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE to a move database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular 4G base station; copying a connection history of the particular FWA CPE to an address connection database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular 4G base station; and deleting an entry for the particular FWA CPE from an identifier connection database based on the service address not being in the coverage area of the particular 4G base station.
In some implementations, process 400 includes utilizing the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE from the move database to identify customer information, receiving an updated service address based on the customer information, and providing the updated service address in an account database.
In some implementations, process 400 includes receiving a service address of the particular FWA CPE, a location of a particular 4G base station of the 4G base stations, and an identifier of a particular 5G base station of the 5G base stations and anchored to the particular 4G base station; determining whether the service address is in a coverage area of the particular 4G base station based on comparing the service address and the location; determining whether the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE is in an identifier connection database based on the service address being in the coverage area of the particular 4G base station; determining whether an identifier of the particular 4G base station is in the identifier connection database based on determining that the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE is in the identifier connection database; adding the identifier of the particular 4G base station to the identifier connection database based on determining that the identifier of the particular 4G base station is not in the identifier connection database; and updating the identifier of the particular 4G base station with a latest connection time.
In some implementations, process 400 includes determining whether the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE is in an address connection database based on determining that the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE is not in the identifier connection database, and copying an entry for the particular FWA CPE from the address connection database to the identifier connection database based on determining that the particular identifier of the particular FWA CPE is in the address connection database.
In some implementations, process 400 includes determining whether the identifier of the particular 5G base station is in the identifier connection database, and adding the identifier of the particular 5G base station under the identifier of the particular 4G base station in the identifier connection database based on determining that the identifier of the particular 5G base station is not in the identifier connection database.
In some implementations, process 400 includes updating the identifier of the particular 5G base station with a latest connection time in the identifier connection database based on determining that the identifier of the particular 5G base station is in the identifier connection database.
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As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, and/or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code—it being understood that software and hardware can be used to implement the systems and/or methods based on the description herein.
As used herein, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or the like.
To the extent the aforementioned implementations collect, store, or employ personal information of individuals, it should be understood that such information shall be used in accordance with all applicable laws concerning protection of personal information. Additionally, the collection, storage, and use of such information can be subject to consent of the individual to such activity, for example, through well known “opt-in” or “opt-out” processes as can be appropriate for the situation and type of information. Storage and use of personal information can be in an appropriately secure manner reflective of the type of information, for example, through various encryption and anonymization techniques for particularly sensitive information.
Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of various implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiple of the same item.
No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, or a combination of related and unrelated items), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and/or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”).
In the preceding specification, various example embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.