Patent Application
20120197542
Alumina is used as a feedstock in the production of aluminum metal in aluminum electrolysis cells. Alumina quality may vary, sometimes significantly, depending on supplier and/or grade, among other factors. This variance in alumina quality may impact operation of the aluminum electrolysis cells. One parameter that may vary is alumina flowability. For example,
Broadly, the present application relates to systems and methods for determining one or more properties of an alumina feedstock. Those properties may be used to change the operating parameters of one or more aluminum electrolysis cells (e.g., in an effort to improve the performance of one or more aluminum electrolysis cells).
In one aspect, a system includes an alumina storage unit containing, or adapted to contain, an alumina feedstock. The system may include an alumina supply member in communication with the alumina storage unit. The alumina supply member may also be in communication with an aluminum electrolysis cell. For example, the alumina supply member may include a passageway having a distal end portion, a proximal end portion and a middle portion. The distal end portion may be in communication with the alumina storage unit. The proximal end portion may be in communication with the aluminum electrolysis cell. The middle portion is disposed between the distal end portion and the proximal end portion. The alumina feedstock of the alumina storage unit may periodically flow through the alumina supply member (e.g., via the passageway) and to the aluminum electrolysis cell. A measurement device may be in communication with the alumina supply member. The measurement device may be configured to measure a supply member property (e.g., alumina feedstock temperature) and transmit a first signal to a processor. The processor may be configured to receive the first signal and produce supply member property data (e.g., alumina feedstock temperature data) based, at least in part, on the first signal. This data may be used to predict an alumina property (e.g., alumina flowability). For example, the system may include a data analyzer configured to analyze the supply member property data and provide/output a predicted alumina property based on the supply member property data.
In one embodiment, the measurement device is a thermocouple. The thermocouple may be located proximal to, within and/or or adjacent the passageway of the alumina supply member. As alumina feedstock of the alumina supply flows through the passageway, the thermocouple may obtain temperature readings, which may be converted to temperature data via the processor. A data analyzer may receive the temperature data and correlate such data to a predicted alumina property (e.g., alumina flowability, alumina particle size distribution, including the average particle size, alumina feed rate and/or amount) using one or more models. The data analyzer may output the predicted alumina property, for example, to a display, a control device and/or other apparatus and/or systems. In turn, alumina flow parameters may be adjusted. A plurality of alumina storage units, alumina supply members, measurement devices, processors, and/or data analyzers may be used, as appropriate.
In one approach, an alumina flow control device (e.g., a valve) is in communication with the alumina storage unit and/or the alumina supply member. The alumina flow control device may be in communication with a controller (e.g., a computer; a PLC). The controller may adjust the alumina flow control device, based at least in part, on the predicted alumina property.
In one approach, an alumina supply member is configured to achieve a predetermined residence time of the alumina feedstock so as to facilitate measurement of the supply member property. In one embodiment, the predetermined residence time corresponds to a time interval adequate to obtain reliable temperature measurements. For example, a thermocouple may require at least one second of contact with the alumina feedstock to obtain reliable temperature measurements. In one embodiment, the predetermined residence time is at least about 2 seconds. In other embodiments, the predetermined residence time is at least about 2.5 seconds, or at least about 3 seconds, or at least about 3.5 seconds, about 4 seconds, or at least about 4.5 seconds, or more.
The predetermined residence time may also/alternatively be related to a time interval that is non-intrusive to alumina feed operations. For example, an aluminum electrolysis cell may require an alumina feed cycle (sometimes called a drop, shot, or dump) every 5 to 60 seconds. In this regard, in one embodiment, the predetermined residence time may be not greater than about 30 seconds. In other embodiments, the predetermined residence time may be not greater than about 25 seconds, or not greater than about 20 seconds, or not greater than about 15 seconds, or not greater than about 10 seconds, or not greater than about 9 seconds, or, not greater than about 8 seconds, or not greater than about 7 seconds, or not greater than about 6 seconds, or not greater than about 5 seconds, or less.
In one embodiment, the predetermined residence time is in the range of from about 1 second to about 30 seconds. In another embodiment, the predetermined residence time is in the range of from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds. In one embodiment, the predetermined residence time is in the range of from about 2.5 seconds to about 10 seconds. In one embodiment, the predetermined residence time is in the range of from about 3 seconds to about 5 seconds. Other combinations of the above-described minimum and maximum predetermined residence time values may be employed, depending on alumina supply member and/or aluminum electrolysis cell requirements.
Relative to the predetermined residence time, the passageway of the alumina supply member may include a narrowing portion. For example, the middle portion may have a first diameter (or other length, if non-circular/non-oval), and the distal end portion may have a second diameter. In one embodiment, the first diameter is smaller than the second diameter. In one embodiment, the first diameter is sized to achieve the predetermined residence time range. The measurement device may be in communication with any suitable narrower portion of the passageway, such as the middle portion and/or proximal end portion of the alumina supply member. This may facilitate measurement of the supply member property.
In one embodiment, the first diameter is at least about 5 mm. In other embodiments, the first diameter is at least about 10 mm, or at least about 12 mm, or at least about 14 mm, or at least about 16 mm, or at least about 18 mm, or at least about 20 mm, or more.
In one embodiment, the first diameter is not greater than about 50 mm. In other embodiments, the first diameter is not greater than about 45 mm, or not greater than about 40 mm, or not greater than about 38 mm, or not greater than about 36 mm, or not greater than about 34 mm, or not greater than about 32 mm, or not greater than about 30 mm, or less.
In one embodiment, the first diameter has a size in the range of from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In another embodiment, the first diameter has a size in the range of from about 10 mm to about 40 mm. In yet another embodiment, the first diameter has a size in the range of from about 15 mm to about 30 mm. Other combinations of the above-described minimum and maximum diameters may be employed, depending on alumina supply member and/or aluminum electrolysis cell requirements.
Methods of supplying alumina feedstock to an aluminum electrolysis cell are also provided. In one aspect, a method may include the steps of electrolytically producing aluminum metal in an aluminum electrolysis cell, flowing alumina feedstock through an alumina supply member that is in communication with the aluminum electrolysis cell, measuring (e.g., concomitant to the flowing step) at least one supply member property, producing supply member data based on the supply member property, and analyzing the supply member data, thereby determining characteristics of the alumina feedstock.
In one embodiment, the characteristic of the alumina feedstock at least includes alumina flowability. In these embodiments, a measurement device may measure a plurality of temperature measurements associated with the alumina supply member (e.g., the alumina feedstock temperature), such as during or concomitant to the flowing alumina feedstock step. In such embodiments, temperature data is produced from the temperature measurements, and such temperature data are correlated to a predicted alumina flowability (e.g., during the analyzing step). In one embodiment, the temperature data is compared to historical operational data, and a predicted alumina flowability may be output (e.g., using a model). The predicted alumina flowability may be compared to a target alumina flowability, after which it may be determined whether to complete a control response. In one embodiment, a method includes the step of adjusting one or more operation parameters associated with the flow of the alumina feedstock (e.g., in response to the comparing step; based on the determined characteristics of the alumina feedstock). In one embodiment, the analyzing step includes developing an alumina prediction model based, at least in part, on the supply member data. The analyzing step may include outputting at least one predicted alumina property utilizing the alumina prediction model.
These and other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the described technology are set forth in part in the description that follows and will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following description and figures, or may be learned by practicing the described technology. Other variations, embodiments and features of the present disclosure will become evident from the following detailed description, drawings and claims.
Various ones of the above-described aspects, approaches and embodiments may be combined and/or substituted, as appropriate, to achieve various inventive systems, methods and apparatus for determining one or more properties of an alumina feedstock. Furthermore, the above-described systems may be utilized in conjunction with the above-described methods, and vice-versa, as appropriate, to achieve various inventive systems, methods and apparatus for determining one or more properties of an alumina feedstock.
a is schematic view of one embodiment of an alumina supply member of an aluminum feedstock evaluation system.
b is schematic view of another embodiment of an alumina supply member of an aluminum feedstock evaluation system.
Reference will now be made in detail to the accompanying drawings, which at least assist in illustrating various pertinent embodiments of the present invention.
Referring now to
As shown in
In one embodiment, the alumina control system 40 is operable to adjust an operation parameter associated with the system 1 to adjust the flow of the alumina feedstock 12 to the one or more aluminum electrolysis cells 30. For example, the alumina control system 40 may be electrically interconnected to control components of the alumina storage unit 10 and/or the alumina supply member 20 (e.g., valve 25) via a wireless or wired electrical connection 14. In turn, the alumina control system 40 may adjust the feed rate of the alumina feedstock 12 via the electrical connection 14 based on the analyzed supply member data.
The alumina control system 40 may measure one or more properties via connection 16 to evaluate the alumina feedstock 12. For example, the alumina control system 40 may obtain a plurality of temperature measurement associated with the alumina supply member 20 as alumina flows through the supply member 20 to facilitate evaluation of the alumina feedstock 12. In one embodiment, one or more thermocouples are located proximal or in the alumina supply member 20 to measure the temperature of the supply member 20 as alumina passes through the supply member. The alumina feedstock 12 is generally supplied to the alumina supply member 20 on a periodic basis (i.e., non-continuous). The alumina feedstock 12 generally has a different temperature than that of the alumina supply member 20. By measuring the temperature profile of the alumina feedstock 12 during alumina feed periods, the alumina control system 40 may be able to predict the properties of the alumina feedstock (e.g., its flowability) and/or the status of the alumina supply member (e.g., status normal; status non-normal such as plugged or continuously open).
One embodiment of an alumina control system 40 is illustrated in
The measurement device 42 is a device capable of measuring a property (e.g., an attribute, characteristic) of the alumina supply member. For example, a measurement device may measure temperature (e.g., of the alumina as it flows through the alumina supply member 20). The measurement device 42 may also/alternatively be a device capable of measuring time, temperature, pressure, volume, area, light amount(s), and/or light wavelength(s), among others. In this regard, the measurement device 42 may be one or more of an electromagnetic sensor (e.g., a laser, a light beam, a radar, a capacitance sensor), an audio sensor (e.g., an acoustic sensor), an image capture device (e.g., a camera), a vibration sensor (e.g., a piezoelectric sensor) and a temperature sensor (e.g., a thermocouple, a thermometer), to name a few. The measurement device 42 may be located proximal the alumina supply member 20. In one embodiment, the measurement device 42 may be coupled to the alumina supply member. For example, the measurement device 42 may be bonded to the alumina supply member 20 (e.g., melted, welded, adhesively connected). In one embodiment, the measurement device 42 may be in direct communication with a passageway of the alumina supply member 20 (e.g., via a hole). In other embodiments, the measurement device 42 may be located remote of the alumina supply member 20. For example, the measurement device 42 may measure a property (e.g., electromagnetic, acoustic) remote of the alumina supply member 20, such as by electromagnetic radiation 34.
The processor 44 is a computerized device capable of processing signals (e.g., carry out operations on and/or measurements on) for outputting supply member data. The processor 44 is operable to process the measurements of the measurement device 42 and output supply member data based thereon (e.g., binary data). The processor 44 may be a device separate from the measurement device 42, or the processor 44 may be included with the measurement device 42. For example, a processor 44 of a general purpose computer may receive and process a signal from the measurement device 42, and may output supply member data. In other embodiments, the processor 44 is a programmable logic controller (PLC). Other arrangements may be used.
The data analyzer 46 is operable to analyze supply member data and provide an output relating to alumina properties of the alumina feedstock 12, the alumina storage unit 10 and/or the alumina supply member 20 (e.g., a predicted property of the alumina and/or a status of the alumina supply member). The data analyzer 46 is electrically interconnectable to the processor 44 and is operable to analyze the supply member data to facilitate approximation of alumina feedstock properties and/or determination of an appropriate control response. For example a digital interface, such as a IEEE-1394 compliant digital interface may be used to electrically interconnect the data analyzer 46 to the processor 44 and/or the measurement device 42. The data analyzer 46 may be, for example, a computerized device, such as a general purpose computer comprising hardware and software that enables the computerized device to receive the supply member data and perform calculations based thereon. Upon receipt of the supply member data, the data analyzer 46 may analyze supply member data to facilitate evaluation of the alumina feedstock 12 (e.g., approximation of the properties of the alumina feedstock) and/or determination of the appropriate control response. In one embodiment, the data analyzer 46 may analyze supply member data for a plurality of alumina feedstock feeding periods to facilitate evaluation of the alumina feedstock 12 and/or determination of the appropriate control response.
The data analyzer 46 may analyze the supply member data to facilitate evaluation of the alumina feedstock 12 and/or the status of the alumina supply member. In one embodiment, various one(s) of the supply member data are correlated to form one or more alumina prediction model(s) and/or to output one or more predicted alumina parameter(s). The alumina prediction model may be a model that employs supply member data to evaluate the alumina feedstock. In one embodiment, the alumina prediction model uses supply member data to output one or more predicted alumina parameter(s). In one embodiment, supply member data are correlated to form the alumina prediction model and/or output the predicted alumina parameter(s). The data analyzer 46 may thus utilize supply member data to evaluate the alumina feedstock and output a predicted alumina parameter (e.g., a physical characteristic of the alumina; the status of the alumina supply member). In one embodiment, the predicted alumina parameter is a predicted flowability of the alumina feedstock. In other embodiments, the predicated alumina parameter is one or more of alumina particle size distribution ((D10, D50, D99, etc.) alumina feed rate and/or alumina feed amount, among others. In turn, the predicted alumina parameter(s) may be evaluated to determine whether a processing parameter (e.g., alumina flow rate) should be modified, for example, by comparing the predicted physical properties of the alumina feedstock, as obtained from the alumina prediction model, to standard (e.g., average) physical properties of an alumina feedstock.
An alumina prediction model is a model that uses supply member data and outputs one or more predicted alumina parameters. The alumina prediction model may utilize current and/or historical supply member data and/or other data to develop a model that may utilize current or future supply member data to evaluate an alumina feedstock (e.g., to predict one or more physical properties of the alumina feedstock). In one embodiment, the alumina prediction model is developed using one or more of partitioning, ordinary or stepwise regression, partial least squares regression, neural networks non-linear regression, and response-surface modeling statistical analysis techniques, among others. In one embodiment, the alumina prediction model utilizes a plurality of the supply member data and other data to develop and/or maintain the model. The supply member data may be used to develop and/or maintain the model and the other data may be used to develop, maintain and/or verify the model. For example, supply member data may be correlated to develop a prediction tool for predicting a physical property of the alumina. The other data may be used to verify whether the prediction tool is sufficiently accurate. In one embodiment, the other data is data associated with the alumina feedstock. For example, physical measurements of the alumina feedstock may be utilized as the other data in the alumina prediction model. Hence, the alumina prediction model utilizes at least some supply member data to provide a model that facilitates evaluation of the alumina feedstock.
Utilizing the alumina prediction model, the data analyzer 46 may utilize supply member data to output one or more predicted alumina parameter. The predicted alumina parameters may be properties relating to the alumina feedstock, such as properties relating to alumina flowability and/or alumina particle size distribution, among others. For example, the alumina properties may be alumina flowability. In another instance, the alumina properties may be related to the alumina particle size distribution. In yet another instance, the alumina properties may be an alumina feed rate and/or feed amount. Predicted alumina parameters may alternatively or additionally relate to the properties or status of the alumina supply member. For example, a predicted alumina parameter may be that the status of the alumina supply member is normal. A predicted alumina parameter may be that the status of the alumina supply member is non-normal, such as plugged or continuously open, among others.
In one embodiment, the data analyzer 46 may receive supply member data and may utilize this supply member data in conjunction with the alumina prediction model to output one or more predicted alumina parameters, such as alumina flowability, alumina particle size distribution, or other suitable alumina properties. In a particular embodiment, the data analyzer calculates an alumina flowability based on supply member data utilizing an alumina prediction model. In this embodiment, an alumina prediction model may be formed by utilizing the following formula:
a0+a(1)*f1+a(2)*f(2)+ . . . a(n)*f(n)
where n is the number of linear terms used in the model, which may be determined by application of a statistical regression technique to the supply member dataset(s), where a0=an intercept, where a(1), a(2) . . . a(n) are regression coefficients estimated by from statistical regression, and where f(1), f(2) . . . f(n) are statistical summaries of one or more supply member characteristic data. In one embodiment, the statistical summary includes, in no particular order, at least one of the following statistics for at least one of the supply member data:
Once developed, the alumina prediction model may be utilized with new or additional supply member data to evaluate one or more alumina feedstocks. In one embodiment, the data analyzer 46 uses the supply member data with the alumina prediction model to predict alumina flowability. The data analyzer 46 may compare the predicted alumina flowability to a desired alumina flowability. For example, an aluminum electrolysis cell may require an alumina flow rate of at least about 1.5 g/sec (e.g., at least about 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 g/sec). If the predicted alumina flowability obtained from the supply member data and alumina prediction model is at or above the target flow rate, no changes may be needed with respect to the supply of alumina feedstock to the aluminum electrolysis cells. If the predicted alumina flowability is outside of the target flow rate, an operation parameter may be adjusted. The alumina prediction model may be static or may be dynamically adjusted based on received supply member data and/or other data.
The output predicted alumina property/ies may be utilized in a variety of ways. For example, the predicted alumina property/ies may be provided to the controller 48 for use in controlling the supply of alumina feedstock to one or more aluminum electrolysis cells. The controller 48 may be interconnectable with at least the data analyzer 46 and operable to output control parameters to control the supply of alumina feedstock. For example, the controller 48 may send signals (e.g., via connection 54) to the alumina storage unit 10 and/or the alumina supply member 20, or components associated therewith (e.g., valve(s), such as valve 25) to facilitate an appropriate adjustment of the feed rate of those sources based on received alumina prediction parameters. The controller 48 may be, for example, a computerized device operable to send signals to one or more of the alumina supply unit 10, the alumina supply member 20, and/or a measurement device 42. The controller 48 and data analyzer 46 may be integrated in a single computerized device, or may be separate units.
The alumina control system 40 may be related to a single aluminum electrolysis cell or a plurality of aluminum electrolysis cells. In one embodiment, the alumina control system 40 is associated with a control room, where the operation parameters of one or more aluminum electrolysis cells may be adjusted based on the predicted alumina parameter(s). For example, variance in high alumina flowability indicates that alumina dissolution rates may also vary. The type and/or amount of alumina feedstock supplied may be adjusted accordingly so as to facilitate increased performance of such aluminum electrolysis cells. In turn, less emissions and/or higher aluminum metal production rates may be realized.
In another approach, the predicted alumina property/ies, supply member data and/or a suggested control response may be displayed via a display 50, which may be electrically interconnected to the data analyzer 46. In one embodiment, a sensory indication (e.g., a visual, audible, and/or olfactory indication) may be provided by an alumina control system 40 to alert an operator with respect to the operating conditions of an alumina supply system. For example, an audible alarm, a light, or other indicator may be triggered if the predicted alumina parameter(s) and/or supply member data indicates that the physical properties of the alumina feedstock and/or the alumina feedrate to the aluminum electrolysis cells may be outside of tolerable production limits/ranges. In one embodiment, an operator may view one or more of the predicted alumina property/ies, supply member data and/or a suggested control response via the display 50 and then take appropriate action. For example, if an alumina storage unit 10 and/or alumina supply member 20 has a flow rate that is too high (a supply valve is broken), or too low (e.g., clogged), the operator may take appropriate action. In these embodiments, the data analyzer and/or a model may not be required since an alarm may be triggered simply by the supply member data itself being outside of a predetermined target. For example, when the alumina supply member has a flow rate that is too high due to a broken valve, the temperature may be measured to be continuously low. When the alumina supply member has a flow rate that is too low due to clogging, the temperature may be measured to be continuously high.
As shown in
One embodiment of an aluminum supply member is illustrated in
The size of the first diameter 128 is generally dependent on the type of alumina used, but is generally less than the second diameter 129. In one embodiment, the second diameter 129 has a diameter that is coincidental to the outlet diameter (not shown) of the alumina storage unit 10. In one embodiment, the second diameter 129 is about 52 mm. In these embodiments, the first diameter 128 is generally less than about 50 mm. In one embodiment, the first diameter 128 is at least about 5 mm. In other embodiments, the first diameter 128 is at least about 8 mm, or at least about 10 mm, or at least about 12 mm, or at least about 14 mm, or at least about 16 mm, or at least about 18 mm, or at least about 20 mm. In one embodiment, the first diameter 128 is not greater than about 48 mm. In other embodiments, the first diameter 128 is not greater than about 46 mm, or not greater than about 44 mm, or not greater than about 42 mm, or not greater than about 40 mm, or not greater than about 38 mm, or not greater than about 36 mm, or not greater than about 34 mm, or not greater than about 32 mm, or not greater than about 30 mm. In one embodiment, the first diameter 128 is in the range of from about 5 mm to about 50 mm. In other embodiments, the first diameter 128 is in the range of from about 10 mm to about 40 mm, or about 15 mm to about 35 mm, or about 20 mm to about 30 mm.
The third diameter 130 may be coincidental in size or larger than the first diameter 128. In other embodiments (not illustrated), the first diameter 128 is larger than one or more of the second diameter 129 or the third diameter 130. Other manners of tailoring residence time may be employed. For example, a plug or other flow restricting devices, apparatus or systems may be utilized relative to the alumina supply member to achieve suitable alumina feedstock residence times.
b illustrates another embodiment of an alumina supply member 220. In this embodiment, a passageway 227 of the alumina supply member 220 is tortuous. The middle portion 126 of the passageway 227 of the alumina supply member 220 includes the first diameter 228 and the second diameter 229. A measurement device 42, in this case a timing device (e.g., a laser), measures the amount of time it takes for the alumina feedstock to flow through the middle portion 126 for each alumina supply period. This supply member data (flow time) may be supplied to the data analyzer 46, which may output predicted alumina parameters (e.g., anticipated alumina dissolution rate) based on the flow time.
Referring back to
The alumina storage units and/or alumina supply members may distribute alumina at the same time, or the alumina storage units and/or alumina supply members may distribute alumina at a different time periods. In any event, each alumina storage unit and/or alumina supply member of an aluminum electrolysis cell may be separately controlled via an alumina control system. Likewise, or one or more alumina storage units and/or one or more corresponding and/or alumina supply members may be jointly controlled via an alumina control system. Thus, tailored supply rates and/or amounts and/or types of alumina within various portions of the aluminum electrolysis cell 300 may be realized/achieved.
Methods of supplying alumina feedstock to an aluminum electrolysis cell are also provided, one embodiment of which is illustrated in
The measure supply member property step (304) measures the property of a supply member (e.g., the temperature of alumina feedstock flowing therethrough). Various measurements can be completed, as described above. The producing supply member data step 306 may be accomplished via, for example, processor that outputs supply member data (e.g., temperature data) based on the measured property/ies. In one embodiment, the data may be in a binary data format (e.g., when a processor is integrated with a measurement device), and the binary data may be supplied (e.g., via electrical communication) to a data analyzer.
Referring now to
If the analysis step 308 suggests that the alumina feedstock is suitable (e.g., suitable for maintaining or improving the efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis cell), current aluminum production conditions may be maintained 360. If the analysis step 308 suggests that the alumina feedstock and/or flow rate, among others, is unsuitable or may soon become unsuitable, one or more operation parameters associated with the production of the aluminum metal production may be adjusted 310. For example, the amount or type of alumina fed to the aluminum electrolysis cell may be adjusted 312. The measure supply member property 304, produce supply member data 306 and analyze supply member data 308 steps may be repeated, as necessary, to facilitate evaluation of alumina feedstock and production of aluminum metal in the aluminum electrolysis cells.
An alumina feedstock is flowed through an alumina supply member having a first diameter and a second diameter. The first diameter is varied using a series of plugs having diameters in the range of from about 12.8 to about 50.8 mm (i.e., no plug). The second diameter is 50.8 mm. Thermocouples are used to measure the temperature profile of the alumina feedstock as the alumina feedstock flows through the alumina supply member at the various first diameters. The average time it takes for the alumina feedstock to flow through the alumina supply member (the alumina flow funnel time) is also measured manually via a timer. Based on these measurements, an alumina prediction model is developed using partial least squares regression, correlating the temperature profile of the alumina supply member to the flow funnel time. A regression analysis indicates that the model is accurate. The explained variance between actual flow funnel time and predicted flow funnel time is between about 0.74 and about 0.98, indicating that using temperature measurements associated with the alumina feedstock flowing through an alumina supply member is a reliable method for approximating one or more properties of an alumina feedstock. First diameters in the range of 20 to 30 mm prove accurate in predicting alumina properties based on temperature measurements.
While the present technology has generally been described in relation to evaluation of a an alumina feedstock in an aluminum electrolysis cell environment, the teachings provided herein may also be applied to other alumina feed systems. Moreover, while various embodiments of the present technology have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present described technology.
